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Reid G, Kort R, Alvarez S, Bourdet-Sicard R, Benoit V, Cunningham M, Saulnier D, van Hylckama Vlieg J, Verstraelen H, Sybesma W. Expanding the reach of probiotics through social enterprises. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:707-715. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2018.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapid rise in microbiome and probiotic science has led to estimates of product creation and sales exceeding $50 billion within five years. However, many people do not have access to affordable products, and regulatory agencies have stifled progress. The objective of a discussion group at the 2017 meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics was to identify mechanisms to confer the benefits of probiotics to a larger portion of the world’s population. Three initiatives, built around fermented food, were discussed with different methods of targeting populations that face enormous challenges of malnutrition, infectious disease, poverty and violent conflict. As new candidate probiotic strains emerge, and the market diversifies towards more personalised interventions, manufacturing processes will need to evolve. Information dissemination through scientific channels and social media is projected to provide consumers and healthcare providers with rapid access to clinical results, and to identify the nearest location of sites making new and affordable probiotic food and supplements. This rapid translation of science to individual well-being will not only expand the beneficiaries of probiotics, but also fuel new social enterprises and economic business models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Reid
- Canadian Research and Development Centre for Probiotics, Microbiology & Immunology, and Surgery, University of Western Ontario, Room F3-106, P.O. Box 5777, STN B, London, N6A 4V2 Ontario, Canada
| | - R. Kort
- Yoba for Life foundation, Hunzestraat 133-A, 1079 WB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- TNO Microbiology and Systems Biology, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, the Netherlands
- VU University Amsterdam; Micropia, Natura Artis Magistra, Plantage Kerklaan 38-40, 1018 CZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S. Alvarez
- Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, Tucuman 4000, Argentina
| | - R. Bourdet-Sicard
- Danone Access, Africa & India, Danone Nutricia Research, Avenue de la Vauve, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - V. Benoit
- General Mills, Nutrition and Technology Solutions, 9000 Plymouth Avenue N, Minneapolis, MN 55427, USA
| | - M. Cunningham
- Research and Development, Metagenics (Aust) Pty Ltd., P.O. Box 675, Virginia BC, Queensland 4014, Australia
| | - D.M. Saulnier
- Novozymes A/S, Hillerødgade 42, 2200 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - H. Verstraelen
- Vulvovaginal Disease Clinic, Dept. of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospital 0P4, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - W. Sybesma
- Yoba for Life foundation, Hunzestraat 133-A, 1079 WB Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ruemmele FM, Bier D, Marteau P, Rechkemmer G, Bourdet-Sicard R, Walker WA, Goulet O. Clinical evidence for immunomodulatory effects of probiotic bacteria. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 48:126-41. [PMID: 19179874 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31817d80ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Close, tightly orchestrated interactions between the intestinal epithelium and the mucosa-associated immune system are critical for normal intestinal absorptive and immunological functions. Recent data indicate that commensal intestinal microbiota represents a major modulator of intestinal homeostasis. This review analyzes the process of intestinal colonization and the interaction of microbiota with the intestinal epithelium and mucosal immune system, with special reference to the first years of extrauterine life. Dysregulation of the symbiotic interaction between intestinal microbiota and the mucosa may result in a pathological condition with potential clinical repercussions. Based on the concept that there is a beneficial and symbiotic relation between the host and endogenous microbiota, strategies aimed at directly modulating intestinal microbiota with regard to disease prevention or treatment have been developed. One strategy involves administering viable probiotic bacteria. Clinical evidence for the beneficial effect of probiotics in the prevention and/or treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis, infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea, allergic diseases, and inflammatory bowel disorders is reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Ruemmele
- Department of Pediatrics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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Tien MT, Girardin SE, Regnault B, Le Bourhis L, Dillies MA, Coppée JY, Bourdet-Sicard R, Sansonetti PJ, Pédron T. Anti-inflammatory effect of Lactobacillus casei on Shigella-infected human intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3841-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Shigella invades epithelial cells by inducing cytoskeletal reorganization localized at the site of bacterial-host cell interaction. During entry, the Shigella type III secretion apparatus allows the insertion of a pore that contains the IpaB and IpaC proteins into cell membranes. Insertion of this complex is thought to allow translocation of the carboxy-terminus moiety of IpaC, but also of other Shigella effectors, such as IpaA, into the cell cytosol. IpaC triggers actin polymerization and the formation of filopodial and lamellipodial extensions dependent on the Cdc42 and Rac GTPases. IpaA, on the other hand, binds to the focal adhesion protein vinculin and induces depolymerization of actin filaments. IpaA and the GTPase Rho are not required for actin polymerization at the site of bacterial contact with the cell membrane, but allow the transformation of the IpaC-induced extensions into a structure that is productive for bacterial entry. Rho is required for the recruitment at entry foci of ezrin, a cytoskeletal linker required for Shigella entry, and also of the Src tyrosine kinase. The Src tyrosine kinase activity, which is required for Shigella-induced actin polymerization, also appears to be involved in a negative regulatory loop that downregulates Rho at the site of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tran Van Nhieu
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Shigella, the causative agent of bacillar dysentery, invades colonic epithelial cells and moves intracellularly to spread from cell to cell. The processes of Shigella entry, determined by the Ipa proteins, and of actin-based motility, dependent on the IcsA/VirG protein, represent different levels of bacterial manipulation of the cell cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bourdet-Sicard
- Unité de pathogénie microbienne moléculaire, Inserm U389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Bourdet-Sicard R, Rüdiger M, Jockusch BM, Gounon P, Sansonetti PJ, Nhieu GT. Binding of the Shigella protein IpaA to vinculin induces F-actin depolymerization. EMBO J 1999; 18:5853-62. [PMID: 10545097 PMCID: PMC1171651 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.21.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, enters into epithelial cells by a macropinocytic process. IpaA, a Shigella protein secreted upon cell contact, binds to the focal adhesion protein vinculin and is required for efficient bacterial uptake. IpaA was shown here to bind with high affinity to the N-terminal residues 1-265 of vinculin. Using co-sedimentation and solid-phase assays, we demonstrated that binding of IpaA to vinculin strongly increases the association of vinculin with F-actin. We also characterized a depolymerizing activity on actin filaments associated with the vinculin-IpaA complex both in vitro and in microinjected cells. We propose that the conformational change of vinculin induced by IpaA binding allows interaction of the vinculin-IpaA complex with F-actin and subsequent depolymerization of actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bourdet-Sicard
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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