1
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Shoshin A, Burdakov A, Ivantsivskiy M, Reichle R, Udintsev V, Guirao J, Pak S, Zvonkov A, Kravtsov D, Sorokina N, Sulyaev Y, Listopad A, Gavrilenko D, Taskaev A, Shabunin E, Seryomin V, Shiyankov S, Zaytcev E, Seleznev P, Semenov A, Polosatkin S, Taskaev S, Kasatov D, Shchudlo I, Bikchurina M, Modestov V, Smirnov A, Pozhilov A, Lobachev A, Loginov I, Shagniev O, Kirienko I, Buslakov I. Integration of ITER diagnostic ports at the Budker institute. Fusion Engineering and Design 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Pataki A, Hermann D, Ingesson L, Meister H, Nadasi G, Penzel F, Reichle R, Sanchez J, Walach U. Flexible vacuum vessel bolometer camera design in ITER to adapt to the final position of the gaps between Blanket Modules. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Jaksic N, Meister H, Penzel F, Hermann D, Pataki A, Reichle R. On structural analyses of the ITER vacuum vessel bolometer camera housing conceptual design. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Dmitriev AM, Babinov N, Bazhenov A, Bukreev I, Elets D, Filimonov V, Koval A, Kueskiev G, Litvinov A, Mikhin E, Razdobarin A, Samsonov D, Senitchenkov V, Solovei V, Terechenko I, Tolstyakov SY, Varshavchik L, Chernakov P, Chernakov A, Chernakov A, Tugarionov S, Shigin P, Leipold F, Reichle R, Walsh M, Pflug A. RF plasma cleaning of water-cooled mirror equipped with notch filter based on shorted λ/4 line. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Meister H, Penzel F, Szabo-Balint Z, Reichle R, Ingesson L. Performance estimations for the ITER bolometer diagnostic. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Martin V, Esquembri S, Awanzino C, Nieto J, Ruiz M, Reichle R. ITER upper visible/infrared wide angle viewing system: I&C design and prototyping status. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Damiani C, Palmer J, Takeda N, Annino C, Balagué S, Bates P, Bernal S, Cornellá J, Dubus G, Esqué S, Gonzalez C, Ilkei T, Lewczanin M, Locke D, Mont L, Perrier B, Puiu A, Ruiz E, Shuff R, Van De Ven N, Van Hille C, Van Uffelen M, Choi C, Friconneau J, Hamilton D, Martin J, Murakami S, Reichle R, Cuevas JS, Maruyama T, Noguchi Y, Saito M. Overview of the ITER remote maintenance design and of the development activities in Europe. Fusion Engineering and Design 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Penzel F, Meister H, Hermann D, Pataki A, Walcz E, Nadasi G, Szabo-Balint Z, Tatar L, Walach U, Ingesson LC, Reichle R, Sanchez J. System level design of the ITER bolometer port plug cameras. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10E109. [PMID: 30399684 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ITER bolometer diagnostic is planned to have 550 lines of sight (LOS) distributed all over the vessel. 240 channels are provided by cameras mounted in two upper ports and in one equatorial port. This paper describes the current status of the system level design of the port cameras and the solutions proposed on how to implement all required camera components while meeting a multitude of competing requirements. Sensor holders, support structures, and different apertures depending on the camera type (pinhole or collimator), cable connectors, ceramic track plates, and many mineral insulated cables have to be integrated within a restricted space envelope to guarantee functionality. The design of the internal electrical interfaces and the external mechanical mountings will be described as well. Using the example of an upper port camera with 60 LOS, the assembly of the camera components is explained and two currently discussed architecture options for the remote handling maintenance scheme in the hot cell are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Penzel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Meister
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Hermann
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Pataki
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Walcz
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, 29-33, Konkoly-Thege M. u., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G Nadasi
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, 29-33, Konkoly-Thege M. u., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Z Szabo-Balint
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, 29-33, Konkoly-Thege M. u., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Tatar
- Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 29-33, Konkoly-Thege M. u., 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - U Walach
- Fusion for Energy, c/ Josep Pla no. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L C Ingesson
- Fusion for Energy, c/ Josep Pla no. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Reichle
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
| | - J Sanchez
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St. Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France
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9
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Vizvary Z, Bourdel B, Garcia-Carrasco A, Lam N, Leipold F, Pitts R, Reichle R, Riccardo V, Rubel M, De Temmerman G, Thompson V, Widdowson A. Engineering design and analysis of an ITER-like first mirror test assembly on JET. Fusion Engineering and Design 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Gil C, De Michelis C, Elbeze D, Fenzi C, Gunn JP, Imbeaux F, Lotte P, Mazon D, Meyer O, Missirlian M, Moreau P, Reichle R, Sabot R, Saint-Laurent F, Segui JL, Simonin A, Travere JM, Vallet JC. Diagnostic Systems on Tore Supra. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst09-a9175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gil
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - D. Elbeze
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - C. Fenzi
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - J. P. Gunn
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - F. Imbeaux
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Ph. Lotte
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - D. Mazon
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - O. Meyer
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Ph. Moreau
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - R. Reichle
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - R. Sabot
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - J.-L. Segui
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - A. Simonin
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - J.-C. Vallet
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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11
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Kim J, Andrew P, Reichle R. Plasma-Wall-Interaction Diagnostics in ITER: Dust, Erosion, and Tritium Retention. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst12-a13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Kim
- ITER Organization, Diagnostics Division, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - P. Andrew
- ITER Organization, Diagnostics Division, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - R. Reichle
- ITER Organization, Diagnostics Division, 13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
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12
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Leipold F, Reichle R, Vorpahl C, Mukhin EE, Dmitriev AM, Razdobarin AG, Samsonov DS, Marot L, Moser L, Steiner R, Meyer E. Cleaning of first mirrors in ITER by means of radio frequency discharges. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D439. [PMID: 27910595 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
First mirrors of optical diagnostics in ITER are subject to charge exchange fluxes of Be, W, and potentially other elements. This may degrade the optical performance significantly via erosion or deposition. In order to restore reflectivity, cleaning by applying radio frequency (RF) power to the mirror itself and thus creating a discharge in front of the mirror will be used. The plasma generated in front of the mirror surface sputters off deposition, restoring its reflectivity. Although the functionality of such a mirror cleaning technique is proven in laboratory experiments, the technical implementation in ITER revealed obstacles which needs to be overcome: Since the discharge as an RF load in general is not very well matched to the power generator and transmission line, power reflections will occur leading to a thermal load of the cable. Its implementation for ITER requires additional R&D. This includes the design of mirrors as RF electrodes, as well as feeders and matching networks inside the vacuum vessel. Mitigation solutions will be evaluated and discussed. Furthermore, technical obstacles (i.e., cooling water pipes for the mirrors) need to be solved. Since cooling water lines are usually on ground potential at the feed through of the vacuum vessel, a solution to decouple the ground potential from the mirror would be a major simplification. Such a solution will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leipold
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R Reichle
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - C Vorpahl
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 St Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - E E Mukhin
- Ioffe Institute, Polytechnicheskaya St. 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - A M Dmitriev
- Ioffe Institute, Polytechnicheskaya St. 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - A G Razdobarin
- Ioffe Institute, Polytechnicheskaya St. 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - D S Samsonov
- Ioffe Institute, Polytechnicheskaya St. 26, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - L Marot
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Moser
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Steiner
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Garcia-Munoz M, Kocan M, Ayllon-Guerola J, Bertalot L, Bonnet Y, Casal N, Galdon J, Garcia Lopez J, Giacomin T, Gonzalez-Martin J, Gunn JP, Jimenez-Ramos MC, Kiptily V, Pinches SD, Rodriguez-Ramos M, Reichle R, Rivero-Rodriguez JF, Sanchis-Sanchez L, Snicker A, Vayakis G, Veshchev E, Vorpahl C, Walsh M, Walton R. Conceptual design of the ITER fast-ion loss detector. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11D829. [PMID: 27910499 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A conceptual design of a reciprocating fast-ion loss detector for ITER has been developed and is presented here. Fast-ion orbit simulations in a 3D magnetic equilibrium and up-to-date first wall have been carried out to revise the measurement requirements for the lost alpha monitor in ITER. In agreement with recent observations, the simulations presented here suggest that a pitch-angle resolution of ∼5° might be necessary to identify the loss mechanisms. Synthetic measurements including realistic lost alpha-particle as well as neutron and gamma fluxes predict scintillator signal-to-noise levels measurable with standard light acquisition systems with the detector aperture at ∼11 cm outside of the diagnostic first wall. At measurement position, heat load on detector head is comparable to that in present devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garcia-Munoz
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Kocan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - J Ayllon-Guerola
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - L Bertalot
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Y Bonnet
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - N Casal
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - J Galdon
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - J Garcia Lopez
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - T Giacomin
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - J Gonzalez-Martin
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - J P Gunn
- CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - M C Jimenez-Ramos
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - V Kiptily
- CCFE, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - S D Pinches
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - M Rodriguez-Ramos
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - R Reichle
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - J F Rivero-Rodriguez
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - L Sanchis-Sanchez
- Department of Atomic, Molecular and Nuclear Physics, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - A Snicker
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany
| | - G Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - E Veshchev
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Ch Vorpahl
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - M Walsh
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - R Walton
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
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14
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Howard J, Kocan M, Lisgo S, Reichle R. Stokes-Doppler coherence imaging for ITER boundary tomography. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E561. [PMID: 27910470 DOI: 10.1063/1.4963712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An optical coherence imaging system is presently being designed for impurity transport studies and other applications on ITER. The wide variation in magnetic field strength and pitch angle (assumed known) across the field of view generates additional Zeeman-polarization-weighting information that can improve the reliability of tomographic reconstructions. Because background reflected light will be somewhat depolarized analysis of only the polarized fraction may be enough to provide a level of background suppression. We present the principles behind these ideas and some simulations that demonstrate how the approach might work on ITER. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the ITER Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Howard
- Plasma Research Laboratory, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - M Kocan
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, F-13115 St. Paul lez Durance, France
| | - S Lisgo
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, F-13115 St. Paul lez Durance, France
| | - R Reichle
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, F-13115 St. Paul lez Durance, France
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15
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Pitcher CS, Barnsley R, Bertalot L, Encheva A, Feder R, Friconneau J, Hu Q, Levesy B, Loesser GD, Lyublin B, Macklin B, Martins J, Padasalagi S, Pak S, Reichle R, Sato K, Serikov A, Seyvet F, Suarez A, Udintsev V, Vayakis G, Veshchev E, Walker C, Walsh M, Watts C, Zhai Y. Port-Based Plasma Diagnostic Infrastructure on ITER. Fusion Science and Technology 2013. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-a18065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. S. Pitcher
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - R. Barnsley
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - L. Bertalot
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - A. Encheva
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - R. Feder
- Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - J.P. Friconneau
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Q. Hu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - B. Levesy
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | | | | | - B. Macklin
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - J.P. Martins
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - S. Padasalagi
- Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - S. Pak
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - R. Reichle
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - K. Sato
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Naka, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - A. Serikov
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - V. Udintsev
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - G. Vayakis
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - E. Veshchev
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - C. Walker
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - M. Walsh
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - C. Watts
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon sur Verdon, 13115 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Y. Zhai
- Princeton Plasma Physics Lab, Princeton, NJ, USA
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16
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Reichle R, Beaumont B, Boilson D, Bouhamou R, Direz MF, Encheva A, Henderson M, Huxford R, Kazarian F, Lamalle P, Lisgo S, Mitteau R, Patel KM, Pitcher CS, Pitts RA, Prakash A, Raffray R, Schunke B, Snipes J, Diaz AS, Udintsev VS, Walker C, Walsh M. Concept development for the ITER equatorial port visible∕infrared wide angle viewing system. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E520. [PMID: 23127027 DOI: 10.1063/1.4734487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ITER equatorial port visible∕infrared wide angle viewing system concept is developed from the measurement requirements. The proposed solution situates 4 viewing systems in the equatorial ports 3, 9, 12, and 17 with 4 views each (looking at the upper target, the inner divertor, and tangentially left and right). This gives sufficient coverage. The spatial resolution of the divertor system is 2 times higher than the other views. For compensation of vacuum-vessel movements, an optical hinge concept is proposed. Compactness and low neutron streaming is achieved by orienting port plug doglegs horizontally. Calibration methods, risks, and R&D topics are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reichle
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, 13115 St Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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17
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Pitcher C, Barnsley R, Feder R, Hu Q, Loesser G, Lyublin B, Padasalagi S, Pak S, Reichle R, Sato K, Udintsev V, Walker C, Walsh M, Zhai Y. Nuclear engineering of diagnostic port plugs on ITER. Fusion Engineering and Design 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2012.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Reichle R, Andrew P, Counsell G, Drevon JM, Encheva A, Janeschitz G, Johnson D, Kusama Y, Levesy B, Martin A, Pitcher CS, Pitts R, Thomas D, Vayakis G, Walsh M. Defining the infrared systems for ITER. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10E135. [PMID: 21033997 DOI: 10.1063/1.3491199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor will have wide angle viewing systems and a divertor thermography diagnostic, which shall provide infrared coverage of the divertor and large parts of the first wall surfaces with spatial and temporal resolution adequate for operational purposes and higher resolved details of the divertor and other areas for physics investigations. We propose specifications for each system such that they jointly respond to the requirements. Risk analysis driven priorities for future work concern mirror degradation, interfaces with other diagnostics, radiation damage to refractive optics, reflections, and the development of calibration and measurement methods for varying optical and thermal target properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reichle
- ITER Organization, 13115 St. Paul-lez-Durance, France.
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19
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Bourgade JL, Costley AE, Reichle R, Hodgson ER, Hsing W, Glebov V, Decreton M, Leeper R, Leray JL, Dentan M, Hutter T, Moroño A, Eder D, Shmayda W, Brichard B, Baggio J, Bertalot L, Vayakis G, Moran M, Sangster TC, Vermeeren L, Stoeckl C, Girard S, Pien G. Diagnostic components in harsh radiation environments: possible overlap in R&D requirements of inertial confinement and magnetic fusion systems. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10F304. [PMID: 19044617 DOI: 10.1063/1.2972024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The next generation of large scale fusion devices--ITER/LMJ/NIF--will require diagnostic components to operate in environments far more severe than those encountered in present facilities. This harsh environment is the result of high fluxes of neutrons, gamma rays, energetic ions, electromagnetic radiation, and in some cases, debris and shrapnel, at levels several orders of magnitude higher than those experienced in today's devices. The similarities and dissimilarities between environmental effects on diagnostic components for the inertial confinement and magnetic confinement fusion fields have been assessed. Areas in which considerable overlap have been identified are optical transmission materials and optical fibers in particular, neutron detection systems and electronics needs. Although both fields extensively use cables in the hostile environment, there is little overlap because the environments and requirements are very different.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bourgade
- CEA/DAM Ile de France, Bruyères le Châtel, 91297 Arpajon Cedex, France
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Meister H, Giannone L, Horton LD, Raupp G, Zeidner W, Grunda G, Kalvin S, Fischer U, Serikov A, Stickel S, Reichle R. The ITER bolometer diagnostic: status and plans. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10F511. [PMID: 19044656 DOI: 10.1063/1.2965002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A consortium consisting of four EURATOM Associations has been set up to develop the project plan for the full development of the ITER bolometer diagnostic and to continue urgent R&D activities. An overview of the current status is given, including detector development, line-of-sight optimization, performance analysis as well as the design of the diagnostic components and their integration in ITER. This is complemented by the presentation of plans for future activities required to successfully implement the bolometer diagnostic, ranging from the detector development over diagnostic design and prototype testing to RH tools for calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meister
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, EURATOM Association, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
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Davi M, Corre Y, Guilhem D, Jullien F, Reichle R, Salasca S, Travère JM, de la Cal E, Manzanares A, de Pablos JL, Migozzi JB. Progress of the ITER equatorial vis/IR wide angle viewing system optical design. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10F509. [PMID: 19044654 DOI: 10.1063/1.2958091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The equatorial vis/IR wide angle viewing system is present in four ITER diagnostic equatorial ports. This instrument will cover a large field of view with high spatial and temporal resolutions, to provide real time temperature measurements of plasma facing components, spectral data in the visible range, information on runaway electrons, and pellet tracking. This diagnostic needs to be reliable, precise, and long lasting. Its design is driven by both the tokamak severe environment and the high performances required for machine protection. The preliminary design phase is ongoing. Paramount issues are being tackled, relative to wide spectral band optical design, material choice, and optomechanical difficulties due to the limited space available for this instrument in the ports, since many other diagnostics and services are also present. Recent progress of the diagnostic optical design and status of associated R&D are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Davi
- Association Euratom CEA, CEA/DSM/IRFM, Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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Reichle R, Leibfried D, Knill E, Britton J, Blakestad RB, Jost JD, Langer C, Ozeri R, Seidelin S, Wineland DJ. Experimental purification of two-atom entanglement. Nature 2006; 443:838-41. [PMID: 17051214 DOI: 10.1038/nature05146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Entanglement is a necessary resource for quantum applications--entanglement established between quantum systems at different locations enables private communication and quantum teleportation, and facilitates quantum information processing. Distributed entanglement is established by preparing an entangled pair of quantum particles in one location, and transporting one member of the pair to another location. However, decoherence during transport reduces the quality (fidelity) of the entanglement. A protocol to achieve entanglement 'purification' has been proposed to improve the fidelity after transport. This protocol uses separate quantum operations at each location and classical communication to distil high-fidelity entangled pairs from lower-fidelity pairs. Proof-of-principle experiments distilling entangled photon pairs have been carried out. However, these experiments obtained distilled pairs with a low probability of success and required destruction of the entangled pairs, rendering them unavailable for further processing. Here we report efficient and non-destructive entanglement purification with atomic quantum bits. Two noisy entangled pairs were created and distilled into one higher-fidelity pair available for further use. Success probabilities were above 35 per cent. The many applications of entanglement purification make it one of the most important techniques in quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reichle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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Seidelin S, Chiaverini J, Reichle R, Bollinger JJ, Leibfried D, Britton J, Wesenberg JH, Blakestad RB, Epstein RJ, Hume DB, Itano WM, Jost JD, Langer C, Ozeri R, Shiga N, Wineland DJ. Microfabricated surface-electrode ion trap for scalable quantum information processing. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:253003. [PMID: 16907302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.253003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Individual laser-cooled 24Mg+ ions are confined in a linear Paul trap with a novel geometry where gold electrodes are located in a single plane and the ions are trapped 40 microm above this plane. The relatively simple trap design and fabrication procedure are important for large-scale quantum information processing (QIP) using ions. Measured ion motional frequencies are compared to simulations. Measurements of ion recooling after cooling is temporarily suspended yield a heating rate of approximately 5 motional quanta per millisecond for a trap frequency of 2.83 MHz, sufficiently low to be useful for QIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seidelin
- Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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Leibfried D, Knill E, Seidelin S, Britton J, Blakestad RB, Chiaverini J, Hume DB, Itano WM, Jost JD, Langer C, Ozeri R, Reichle R, Wineland DJ. Creation of a six-atom 'Schrödinger cat' state. Nature 2005; 438:639-42. [PMID: 16319885 DOI: 10.1038/nature04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among the classes of highly entangled states of multiple quantum systems, the so-called 'Schrödinger cat' states are particularly useful. Cat states are equal superpositions of two maximally different quantum states. They are a fundamental resource in fault-tolerant quantum computing and quantum communication, where they can enable protocols such as open-destination teleportation and secret sharing. They play a role in fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and enable improved signal-to-noise ratios in interferometry. Cat states are very sensitive to decoherence, and as a result their preparation is challenging and can serve as a demonstration of good quantum control. Here we report the creation of cat states of up to six atomic qubits. Each qubit's state space is defined by two hyperfine ground states of a beryllium ion; the cat state corresponds to an entangled equal superposition of all the atoms in one hyperfine state and all atoms in the other hyperfine state. In our experiments, the cat states are prepared in a three-step process, irrespective of the number of entangled atoms. Together with entangled states of a different class created in Innsbruck, this work represents the current state-of-the-art for large entangled states in any qubit system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leibfried
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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Langer C, Ozeri R, Jost JD, Chiaverini J, Demarco B, Ben-Kish A, Blakestad RB, Britton J, Hume DB, Itano WM, Leibfried D, Reichle R, Rosenband T, Schaetz T, Schmidt PO, Wineland DJ. Long-lived qubit memory using atomic ions. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:060502. [PMID: 16090932 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.060502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate experimentally a robust quantum memory using a magnetic-field-independent hyperfine transition in 9Be+ atomic ion qubits at a magnetic field B approximately = 0.01194 T. We observe that the single physical qubit memory coherence time is greater than 10 s, an improvement of approximately 5 orders of magnitude from previous experiments with 9Be+. We also observe long coherence times of decoherence-free subspace logical qubits comprising two entangled physical qubits and discuss the merits of each type of qubit.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Langer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
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Nishitani T, Shikama T, Reichle R, Hodgson E, Ishitsuka E, Kasai S, Yamamoto S. In-situ irradiation test of mica substrate bolometer at the JMTR reactor for the ITER diagnostics. Fusion Engineering and Design 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(02)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Negative hydrogen ions are exposed to a short infrared laser pulse of 2.15 microm wavelength and 250 fs duration. An imaging technique is used to record the energy resolved angular distribution of photoelectrons. The energy spectrum reveals at least three excess photon detachment channels. A quantum interference effect, resulting in an unusual dependence of the angular distribution on the electron kinetic energy, is most prominent in the lowest two-photon detachment channel. The appearance of this effect is discussed in terms of the threshold law of photodetachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reichle
- Fakultät für Physik, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Nishitani T, Shikama T, Fukao M, Reichle R, Sugie T, Kakuta T, Kasai S, Snider R, Yamamoto S. Neutron irradiation tests on diagnostic components at JAERI. Fusion Engineering and Design 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(01)00375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hirsch R, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Hanson R, Scott WW, Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC. Familial aggregation of osteoarthritis: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:1227-32. [PMID: 9663480 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199807)41:7<1227::aid-art13>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the familial aggregation of osteoarthritis (OA) in a cohort of healthy volunteers drawn from a community setting. METHODS Hand radiographs obtained between 1978 and 1991 and bilateral standing knee radiographs obtained between 1984 and 1991 were read for changes of OA, using Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) scales. The hand sites were distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints, proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints, and first carpometacarpal (CMC1) joints. For each joint group, the presence of OA in at least 1 joint in a joint group, the number of affected digits in each joint group, and the sum of the K-L grade across all joints were analyzed. Polyarticular OA was recorded if there were OA findings in 2 of 3 hand joint groups plus 1 or both knees. Data from 167 families with hand radiographs, 157 families with knee radiographs, and 148 families with both hand and knee radiographs were analyzed for sib-sib correlations. RESULTS After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, clinically relevant sib-sib common correlations were found for OA of the DIP, PIP, and CMC1 joints, for OA at 2 or 3 hand sites, and for polyarticular OA (r = 0.33-0.81) when OA was defined according to the number of affected joints or as the sum of the K-L grade across all joints. CONCLUSION These results from a cohort of volunteers drawn from a community setting and ascertained without regard to OA status demonstrate familial aggregation of OA and contribute to the evidence for heritability of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hirsch
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Müller U, Braun M, Reichle R, Salzgeber RF. Vibrational frequencies of the 2p 2A2″ and 3d 2E″ states of the triatomic deuterium molecule. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lethbridge-Cejku M, Tobin JD, Scott WW, Reichle R, Roy TA, Plato CC, Hochberg MC. Axial and hip bone mineral density and radiographic changes of osteoarthritis of the knee: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Rheumatol 1996; 23:1943-7. [PMID: 8923372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between axial and hip bone mineral density (BMD) and radiographic changes of knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS BMD of the lumbar spine and/or right hip was measured, using dual photon absorptiometry, in 402 men and 247 women in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who had bilateral standing knee radiographs taken between 1984 and 1991. Radiographs were read for features of OA using Kellgren-Lawrence and reliable individual feature scales. The relationship between BMD and radiographic changes of OA was examined using multiple linear regression adjusting for age, body mass index, and smoking. Additional analyses with adjustment for menopausal status and estrogen replacement therapy were performed in a subset of women. RESULTS Adjusted mean lumbar spine BMD was higher in subjects with knee osteophytes in both sexes: 1.23 +/- 0.02 vs 1.18 +/- 0.01 g/cm2 (p = 0.02) in men, and 1.12 +/- 0.02 vs 1.08 +/- 0.01 g/cm2 (p = 0.07) in women. There were no differences in levels of adjusted hip BMD by presence of any radiographic features of OA in either men or women. CONCLUSION These results show that both men and women with radiographic changes of knee OA, specifically osteophytosis, have higher levels of adjusted spine but not hip BMD.
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Hirsch R, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW, Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin J, Hochberg MC. Association of hand and knee osteoarthritis: evidence for a polyarticular disease subset. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55:25-9. [PMID: 8572729 PMCID: PMC1010077 DOI: 10.1136/ard.55.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between hand and knee osteoarthritis (OA) in a community based population. METHODS Radiographs of 695 participants aged > or = 40 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were read for changes of OA, using Kellgren-Lawrence grade > or = 2 as the case definition. RESULTS Logistic regression analyses, adjusting for age, gender and body mass index, revealed a significant association between OA in the knee and the following joint groups: distal and proximal interphalangeal (DIP, PIP) and Hand2 (OA in two or more hand joint groups) for grade 2-4 and grade 3-4 disease, and the first carpometacarpal (CMC1) joint for grade 3-4 disease. CONCLUSION There is an association between OA in hand sites and the knee. The strength of the associations increases with increasing disease severity. For the PIP site, there is a trend toward increasing strength of association for increasing numbers of affected joints and bilateral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hirsch
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Office of Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, Bethesda, MD 20892-6500, USA
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Soyer P, Heath D, Bluemke DA, Choti MA, Kuhlman JE, Reichle R, Fishman EK. Three-dimensional helical CT of intrahepatic venous structures: comparison of three rendering techniques. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1996; 20:122-7. [PMID: 8576462 DOI: 10.1097/00004728-199601000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the advantages and disadvantages of various rendering techniques to obtain three-dimensional (3D) displays of intrahepatic venous structures with helical CT data. MATERIALS AND METHODS After rapid preprocessing segmentation of the liver, helical CT data (8 mm slice thickness overlapped every 4 mm) from 10 patients were reconstructed using maximum intensity projection (MIP), volume rendering, and surface rendering algorithms. Three-dimensional imaging was evaluated blindly and independently by three observers for presence of artifacts and overall quality. RESULTS Three-dimensional displays showed the hepatic veins and fifth order portal branches with the volume and MIP rendering techniques. Best overall quality in the 3D representation of the liver was achieved with the MIP technique (p < 0.05). Small details in venous anatomy and portal involvement by tumor were better imaged with the MIP technique. "Stair-step" artifacts markedly degraded the 3D displays obtained with the surface rendering technique, making it inappropriate for imaging the intrahepatic venous structures. CONCLUSION Maximum intensity projection appears to be an adequate technique to perform 3D imaging of intrahepatic venous structures with helical CT data when 8 mm slice thicknesses overlapping every 4 mm are used. However, optimization of imaging protocols needs to be done and compared in a larger series.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Soyer
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Soyer P, Bluemke DA, Reichle R, Calhoun PS, Bliss DF, Scherrer A, Fishman EK. Imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: 1. Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165:1427-31. [PMID: 7484579 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.165.6.7484579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary hepatic malignant tumor after hepatocellular carcinoma, accounting for 5-30% of all primary hepatic malignant tumors [1]. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas can be classified as peripheral cholangiocarcinoma, which originates from an interlobular biliary duct, or as hilar cholangiocarcinoma, which originates from a main hepatic duct or from the bifurcation of the common hepatic duct. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas account for only about half of cholangiocarcinomas, and this pictorial essay focuses only on the peripheral form of the disease. Clinically, therapeutically, and radiologically, these two types of cholangiocarcinomas differ. Features suggestive of the diagnosis of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma can be shown by sonography, CT, and MR imaging. Cholangiography and angiography have a limited role in evaluating this neoplasm that manifests as a focal mass. This essay reviews the appearances of peripheral cholangiocarcinoma and discusses the various imaging techniques that can be used to evaluate this unusual tumor that is often resectable and potentially curable.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Soyer
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Soyer P, Bluemke DA, Reichle R, Calhoun PS, Bliss DF, Scherrer A, Fishman EK. Imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: 2. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165:1433-6. [PMID: 7484580 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.165.6.7484580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (also called Klatskin's tumor) is more common than peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. Sonography, CT, MR imaging, angiography, and cholangiography can suggest the diagnosis, but the major issue of imaging with this tumor is to determine whether the tumor is resectable. The anatomic location of hilar cholangiocarcinoma makes resection difficult, so that surgical exploration of patients with this condition should be undertaken only when preoperative evaluation has shown a potential for curative resection. Preoperative assessment of resectability of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is often extensive, requiring several types of imaging. This pictorial essay reviews the imaging features of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The role of imaging in the preoperative planning, with specific emphasis on staging extent of disease, including hepatic and vascular involvement, is discussed and illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Soyer
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW, Reichle R, Ettinger WH, Zonderman A, Costa P, Plato CC, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC. Association of radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee with knee pain: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Arthritis Care Res 1995; 8:182-8. [PMID: 7654803 DOI: 10.1002/art.1790080311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between self-reported knee pain and radiographic features of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS A sample of participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (452 Caucasian males and 223 Caucasian females) completed questionnaires and underwent a standing radiograph of both knees at the same biennial visit between 1984 and 1989. Radiographs were interpreted using both the Kellgren-Lawrence and individual features scales. Odds ratios were calculated for the association of radiographic features with knee pain after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. RESULTS Overall, 156 (23%) persons reported ever having knee pain, and 104 (15%) reported current knee pain (within the previous year). Both ever knee pain and current knee pain were significantly associated with the presence of definite knee OA (Kellgren-Lawrence grade > or = 2) and with the presence of all individual features. There was a direct relationship between all measures of severity of radiographic OA and knee pain. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that radiographic features of knee OA are significantly associated with knee pain. The data also support the continued use of the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale for defining knee OA in population studies.
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Hochberg MC, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW, Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin JD. The association of body weight, body fatness and body fat distribution with osteoarthritis of the knee: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Rheumatol Suppl 1995; 22:488-93. [PMID: 7783067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of body weight, body fatness, and body fat distribution with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS Bilateral standing knee radiographs, taken between 1985 and 1991, of 465 Caucasian men and 275 Caucasian women subjects aged 40 and above in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were read by one investigator for grade of OA using Kellgren-Lawrence scales. Measures of obesity, assessed at same visit as the last radiograph during this interval, included body mass index, percent body fat, and body fat distribution. RESULTS Both men and women with definite knee OA had higher age adjusted mean levels of body mass index, while women only had higher age adjusted mean levels of percent body fat. Both women and men in the highest tertile of body mass index had significantly increased odds of both definite and bilateral knee OA; women in the middle and highest tertile of percent body fat had significantly increased odds of both definite and bilateral knee OA, and men in the highest tertile of waist-hip ratio had significantly increased odds of bilateral knee OA. After adjusting for body mass index, however, the association of percent body fat and waist-hip ratio with knee OA in women and men, respectively, was no longer significant. CONCLUSION These data further extend observations that body weight is associated with both definite and bilateral knee OA in both sexes, and support a stronger contribution of mechanical as opposed to systemic factors to explain this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hochberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Hochberg MC, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW, Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin JD. Upper extremity bone mass and osteoarthritis of the knees: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10:432-8. [PMID: 7785465 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To examine the association of upper extremity bone mass with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, bilateral standing knee radiographs, taken between 1985 and 1991, in 430 Caucasian male and 266 Caucasian female subjects aged 40 years and above in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, were read by one investigator for grade of OA using Kellgren-Lawrence scales. Several measures of upper extremity bone mass, size, and density, including combined cortical thickness (CCT), total width and percentage of cortical area of the second metacarpal, and bone mineral content (BMC), width, and density of the distal third of the left radius measured with single photon absorptiometry, were assessed at the same visit. In univariate analyses, men and women with definite knee OA were significantly older, men had significantly greater radial width, and women had significantly lower bone mass as measured by both CCT and BMC. After adjustment for age and body weight, however, men with knee OA had significantly higher BMC and radial width while neither of these measures of upper extremity bone mass and size was significantly associated with the presence of definite knee OA in women. Neither measure of upper extremity bone density was significantly associated with definite knee OA in either sex. These data suggest that, although men (but not women) with definite knee OA have significantly higher levels of adjusted radial bone mass and size, subjects with knee OA do not have significantly higher levels of adjusted bone mineral density at either upper extremity site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hochberg
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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Lethbridge-Cejku M, Tobin JD, Scott WW, Reichle R, Plato CC, Hochberg MC. The relationship of age and gender to prevalence and pattern of radiographic changes of osteoarthritis of the knee: data from Caucasian participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Aging (Milano) 1994; 6:353-7. [PMID: 7893781 DOI: 10.1007/bf03324264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of radiographic changes of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee by age and gender in Caucasian participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Bilateral standing weight-bearing radiographs of the knee in 547 male and 351 female subjects (aged 20 and above) were read for changes of knee OA using Kellgren-Lawrence and individual features scales. Prevalence of definite (Kellgren-Lawrence grade > or = 2 changes) knee OA increased with advancing age in both sexes. Approximately 50 percent in both sexes showed bilateral involvement. Men aged 59 and below were more likely to have unilateral impairment than men aged 60 and above; no such differences were found in females. These data demonstrate that age and gender influence both the prevalence and pattern of radiographic changes of knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lethbridge-Cejku
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Hochberg MC, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW, Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin JD. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee. Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37:1177-80. [PMID: 8053956 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780370811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. METHODS Serum IGF-1 levels were compared in 162 male and 101 female subjects age > or = 20 stratified by presence of radiographic changes of OA of the knee. RESULTS Mean serum IGF-1 levels were significantly lower in subjects with knee OA; however, after adjustment for age-related changes in IGF-1 levels, these differences were no longer significant. CONCLUSION These data fail to support the hypothesis that serum IGF-1 levels are reduced in subjects with OA of the knee independent of the known age-related changes in these levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hochberg
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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Trerotola SO, Darcy MD, Ehrman KO, Harris VJ, Johnson M, Krol KL, Malloy P, Redd D, Reichle R, Savader SJ. 1994 SCVIR annual meeting notes. Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994; 5:541-8. [PMID: 7949708 DOI: 10.1016/s1051-0443(94)71551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Scott WW, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Reichle R, Wigley FM, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC. Reliability of grading scales for individual radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee. The Baltimore longitudinal study of aging atlas of knee osteoarthritis. Invest Radiol 1993; 28:497-501. [PMID: 8320066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The authors present an atlas of individual radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee and evaluate the inter- and intra-reader reliability of trained readers using this atlas. METHODS Four trained readers graded 30 standing anterior-posterior knee radiographs for eight selected features of osteoarthritis (medial and lateral osteophytes, joint space narrowing, and sclerosis; osteophytes of the tibial spines and chondrocalcinosis) as well as the Kellgren-Lawrence global scale. Inter- and intra-reader reliability were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS For all features except sclerosis and osteophytes of the tibial spines, inter-reader reliability ranged from 0.63 to 0.83, whereas intra-reader reliability ranged from 0.82 to 0.95. CONCLUSION Using this atlas, trained readers are reliable in measuring the presence and severity of individual radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee. This atlas should be useful in clinical and epidemiologic studies of osteoarthritis of the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Scott
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Juni JE, Reichle R. Measurement of hepatocellular function with deconvolutional analysis: application in the differential diagnosis of acute jaundice. Radiology 1990; 177:171-5. [PMID: 2399315 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.177.1.2399315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A direct, noninvasive technique was developed to quantitate hepatocyte function with computer assessment of scintiscans obtained after administration of technetium-99m disofenin in 53 patients with acute jaundice: 32 patients with normal livers, 10 patients with acute biliary obstruction, and 11 patients with acute hepatocellular dysfunction. In all patients a final clinical diagnosis was obtained with follow-up for a minimum of 4 months and, in most patients with obstruction or dysfunction, with surgery, intraoperative cholangiography, ultrasound, and/or computed tomography. Heart (blood pool) and liver time-activity curves were generated for 32 minutes after intravenous injection of 5-15 mCi (185-555 MBq) of Tc-99m disofenin and were subjected to deconvolutional analysis to determine the first-pass hepatocyte extraction fraction (HEF) of the tracer. The difference in HEF between patients with obstruction and those with dysfunction was highly significant (P = 3.3 X 10(-19)). Deconvolutional analysis eliminates the effects of tracer recirculation, thus permitting direct measurement of hepatic disofenin extraction, and appears to provide functional information useful in evaluation of the patient with acute jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Juni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
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Tagge EP, Campbell DA, Reichle R, Averill DR, Merion RM, Dafoe DC, Turcotte JG, Juni JE. Quantitative scintigraphy with deconvolutional analysis for the dynamic measurement of hepatic function. J Surg Res 1987; 42:605-12. [PMID: 3295392 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4804(87)90003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical technique known as deconvolutional analysis was used to provide a critical and previously missing element in the computations required to quantitate hepatic function scintigraphically. This computer-assisted technique allowed for the determination of the time required, in minutes, of a labeled bilirubin analog (99mTc-disofenin) to enter the liver via blood and exit via bile. This interval was referred to as the mean transit time (MTT). The critical process provided for by deconvolution is the mathematical simulation of a bolus injection of tracer directly into the afferent blood supply of the liver. The raw data required for this simulation are obtained from the intravenous injection of labeled disofenin, a member of the HIDA family of radiopharmaceuticals. In this study, we perform experiments which document that the simulation process itself is accurate. We then calculate the MTT under a variety of experimental conditions involving progressive hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury and correlate these results with the results of simultaneously performed BSP determinations and hepatic histology. The experimental group with the most pronounced histologic findings (necrosis, vacuolization, disorganization of hepatic cords) also have the most prolonged MTT and BSP half-life. However, both quantitative imaging and BSP testing are able to identify milder degrees of hepatic ischemic injury not reflected in the histologic evaluation. Quantitative imaging with deconvolutional analysis is a technique easily adaptable to the standard nuclear medicine minicomputer. It provides rapid results and appears to be a sensitive monitor of hepatic functional disturbances resulting from ischemia and reperfusion.
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Tagge E, Campbell D, Reichle R, Merion R, Dafoe D, Schwartz R, Rosenberg L, Turcotte J, Juni J. Quantitative hepatic scintigraphy to evaluate ischemic/reperfusion injury in porcine liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1987; 19:1095-7. [PMID: 3274284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Tagge
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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Reichle R. [80th anniversary of E.K. Frey]. Thoraxchir Vask Chir 1968; 16:293-6. [PMID: 4875898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Reichle R. [Current views on breast cancer]. Munch Med Wochenschr 1968; 110:1679-86. [PMID: 5754910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Reichle R. Eitrige Mediastinitis als Spätkomplikation nach antethorakaler Oesophagusplastik. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1956. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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