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Denney RL, Thinda S, Finn PM, Fazio RL, Chen MJ, Walsh MR. Development of a measure for assessing malingered incompetency in criminal proceedings: Denney competency related test (D-CRT). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024; 46:124-140. [PMID: 38346168 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2314731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experts frequently assess competency in criminal settings where the rate of feigning cognitive deficit is demonstrably elevated. We describe the construction and validation of the Denney Competency Related Test (D-CRT) to assess feigned incompetency of defendants in the criminal adjudicative setting. It was expected the D-CRT would prove effective at identifying feigned incompetence based on its two alternative, forced-choice and performance curve characteristics. METHOD Development and validation of the D-CRT occurred in described phases. Items were developed to measure competency based upon expert review. Item analysis and adjustments were completed with 304 young teenage volunteers to obtain a proper spread of item difficulty in preparation for eventual performance curve analysis (PCA). Test-retest reliability was assessed with 44 adult community volunteers. Validation included an analog simulation design with 101 jail detainees using MacArthur Competency Assessment Test-Criminal Adjudication and Word Memory Test as criterion measures. Effects of racial/ethnic demographic differences were examined in a separate study of 208 undergraduate volunteers. D-CRT specificity was identified with 46 elderly clinic referrals diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. RESULTS Item development, adjustment, and repeat analysis resulted in item probabilities evenly spread from .28 to 1.0. Test-retest correlation was good (.83). Internal consistency of items was excellent (KR-20 > .91). D-CRT demonstrated convergent validity in regard to measuring competency related information and as well as malingering. The test successfully differentiated between jail inmates asked to perforfm their best and inmates asked to simulate incompetency (AUC = .945). There were no statistically significant differences found in performance across racial/ethnic backgrounds. D-CRT specificity remained excellent among elderly clinic referrals with significant cognitive compromise at the recommended total score cutoff. CONCLUSIONS D-CRT is an effective measure of feigned criminal incompetency in the context of potential cognitive deficiency, and PCA is assistive in the determination. Additional validation using knowns groups designs with various mental health-related conditions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Denney
- Missouri Memory Center, Citizens Memorial Healthcare, Bolivar, MO, USA
| | | | - Patrick M Finn
- Department of Mental Health, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Michelle J Chen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael R Walsh
- Departments of Forensic Psychology and Neuropsychology, Burrell Behavioral Health, Springfield, MO, USA
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Glen ET, Hostetter G, Ruff RM, Roebuck-Spencer TM, Denney RL, Perry W, Fazio RL, Garmoe WS, Bianchini KJ, Scott JG. Integrative Care Models in Neuropsychology: A National Academy of Neuropsychology Education Paper. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 34:141-151. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronald M Ruff
- San Francisco Clinical Neurosciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert L Denney
- Missouri Memory Center, Citizen’s Memorial Healthcare, Bolivar, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James G Scott
- University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Fazio RL, Denney RL. Comparison of Performance of the VIP and WMT in a Criminal Forensic Sample. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:1069-1079. [PMID: 29373627 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the efficacy of the Validity Indicator Profile (VIP) and Word Memory Test (WMT) in a criminal forensic population. Method Potential participants included 225 male evaluees from a maximum-security Federal prison referred for neuropsychological evaluation for either forensic purposes or for suspected neurocognitive dysfunction as part of a medical evaluation. Examinees were included in the analysis if administered the VIP (Verbal, Nonverbal, or both tests) and WMT along with at least two other freestanding PVTs; 74 satisfied these criteria. Participants were then categorized as having probable Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction (+MND) if they failed at least two freestanding validity indicators, negative for MND (-MND) if they passed all indicators, and Possible MND (pMND) if they failed one indicator. Results Groups were very demographically similar. There were significant differences in WMT scores and distribution of VIP profiles across groups. Whether using traditional or investigative cut scores, and whether using the WMT with or without consideration of a GMIP profile, the WMT demonstrated superior sensitivity and specificity on nearly every comparison. Conclusions The VIP, when interpreted in the traditional fashion, and the WMT with GMIP, both had more than adequate psychometric properties when used with criminal forensic evaluees, strengthening the body of literature supporting their use for these types of evaluations. Counting a positive on either of the VIP subtests as an indication of +MND improves the psychometric properties of the VIP slightly, although the WMT had the better overall classification accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Fazio
- Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, North Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Robert L Denney
- Neuropsychological Associates of Southwest Missouri, Springfield, MO, USA
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Fazio RL. Toward a Neurodevelopmental Understanding of Pedophilia. J Sex Med 2018; 15:1205-1207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.04.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fazio RL, Faris AN, Yamout KZ. Use of the Rey 15-Item Test as a performance validity test in an elderly population. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult 2017; 26:28-35. [DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1353994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Fazio
- Central Arkansas VA Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Fazio RL, Dyshniku F, Lykins AD, Cantor JM. Leg Length Versus Torso Length in Pedophilia: Further Evidence of Atypical Physical Development Early in Life. Sex Abuse 2017; 29:500-514. [PMID: 26459491 DOI: 10.1177/1079063215609936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult men's height results from an interaction among positive and negative influences, including genetic predisposition, conditions in utero, and influences during early development such as nutritional quality, pathogen exposure, and socioeconomic status. Decreased height, reflected specifically as a decreased leg length, is strongly associated with increased risk of poorer health outcomes. Although prior research has repeatedly shown that pedophiles are shorter than nonpedophiles, the largest study to date relied on self-reported height. In the present study, pedophiles demonstrated reduced measured height and reduced leg length as compared with teleiophiles. Given the prenatal and early childhood origins of height, these findings contribute additional evidence to a biological, developmental origin of pedophilia. In addition, the magnitude of this height difference was substantially larger than that found in children exposed to a variety of early environmental stressors, but similar to that seen in other biologically based neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Fazio
- 1 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Amy D Lykins
- 3 University of New England, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James M Cantor
- 1 Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 4 University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Espírito-Santo H, Pires CF, Garcia IQ, Daniel F, Silva AGD, Fazio RL. Preliminary validation of the Portuguese Edinburgh Handedness Inventory in an adult sample. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2017; 24:275-287. [PMID: 28362169 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1290636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) is persistently the most used inventory to evaluate handedness, being neuropsychological investigation and clinical practice. Despite this, there is no information on how this instrument functions in a Portuguese population. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the sociodemographic influences on handedness and establish psychometric properties of the EHI in a Portuguese sample. The sample consisted of 342 adults (157 men and 185 women), assessed with a battery of neuropsychological tests. The mean EHI Laterality Quotient was 63.52 (SD = 38.00). A much high percentage of ambiguous-handedness compared to left-handedness was detected. An inconsistency was found between the preference for formal education activities (writing-drawing-using scissors) and the remaining EHI activities. From sociodemographic variables, only age, area, and regions of residence showed significant influence on EHI scores. The reliability and temporal reliability of EHI were adequate. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a one-factor model (χ2/df = 2.141; TLI = 0.972; CFI = 0.979; RMSEA = 0.058). The inconsistency between formal education and nonformal activities could be an indicator of social pressure. The present data give support for the notion that handedness measured by EHI is potentially sensitive to sociodemographic and cultural influences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernanda Daniel
- a Instituto Superior Miguel Torga , Coimbra , Portugal.,b Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Saúde da Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Alexandre Gomes da Silva
- b Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Saúde da Universidade de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.,c Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
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Moeini M, Khaleghi A, Mohammadi MR, Zarafshan H, Fazio RL, Majidi H. Cortical Alpha Activity in Schizoaffective Patients. Iran J Psychiatry 2017; 12:1-7. [PMID: 28496495 PMCID: PMC5425346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Electrophysiological studies have identified abnormal oscillatory activities in the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Biological and pathophysiological evidence suggests specific deficits in serotonin (5-HT) receptor function in schizoaffective disorder (SA), a clinical syndrome with characteristics of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This study investigated alpha oscillations in patients with SA. Method: Electroencephalography was used to measure ongoing and evoked alpha oscillations in 38 adults meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for SA, and in 39 healthy controls. Results: Spontaneous alpha power of the participants with SA was significantly lower than that of healthy participants [F (1, 75) = 8.81, P < 0.01]. Evoked alpha activity was also decreased in SA compared to controls [F (1, 75) = 5.67, P = 0.025]. Conclusion: A strong reduction of alpha power in the posterior regions may reflect abnormality in the thalamocortical circuits. It is shown that hypoxia and reduced cerebral blood flow is associated with reduced alpha activity among different regions of the brain. Therefore, it can be concluded that greatly decreased alpha activity, particularly in centro-parietal and occipital regions, is related to SA symptoms such as hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Moeini
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Tel: 021 55422001, Fax: 021 55421959
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Zarafshan
- Psychiatry & Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Majidi
- Technical and Vocational University, Hamedan, Iran
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Rezaei F, Hosseini Ramaghani NA, Fazio RL. The effect of a third party observer and trait anxiety on neuropsychological performance: the Attentional Control Theory (ACT) perspective. Clin Neuropsychol 2016; 31:632-643. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1266031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei
- Psychology Department, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran
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Biddle CM, Fazio RL, Dyshniku F, Denney RL. Effects of handcuffs on neuropsychological testing: Implications for criminal forensic evaluations. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2016; 25:82-90. [PMID: 27805429 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2016.1247093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological evaluations are increasingly performed in forensic contexts, including in criminal settings where security sometimes cannot be compromised to facilitate evaluation according to standardized procedures. Interpretation of nonstandardized assessment results poses significant challenges for the neuropsychologist. Research is limited in regard to the validation of neuropsychological test accommodation and modification practices that deviate from standard test administration; there is no published research regarding the effects of hand restraints upon neuropsychological evaluation results. This study provides preliminary results regarding the impact of restraints on motor functioning and common neuropsychological tests with a motor component. When restrained, performance on nearly all tests utilized was significantly impacted, including Trail Making Test A/B, a coding test, and several tests of motor functioning. Significant performance decline was observed in both raw scores and normative scores. Regression models are also provided in order to help forensic neuropsychologists adjust for the effect of hand restraints on raw scores of these tests, as the hand restraints also resulted in significant differences in normative scores; in the most striking case there was nearly a full standard deviation of discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiona Dyshniku
- b Department of Psychology , University of Windsor , Windsor , Ontario , Canada
| | - Robert L Denney
- c Neuropsychological Associates of Southwest Missouri , Springfield , Missouri , USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John H. Denning
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert L. Denney
- Neuropsychological Associates of Southwest Missouri, Springfield, MO, USA
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12
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Dyshniku F, Murray ME, Fazio RL, Lykins AD, Cantor JM. Minor Physical Anomalies as a Window into the Prenatal Origins of Pedophilia. Arch Sex Behav 2015; 44:2151-2159. [PMID: 26058490 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-015-0564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is steadily accumulating to support a neurodevelopmental basis for pedophilia. This includes increased incidence of non-right-handedness, which is a result primarily of prenatal neural development and solidified very early in life. Minor physical anomalies (MPAs; superficial deviations from typical morphological development, such as un-detached earlobes) also develop only prenatally, suggesting them as another potential marker of atypical physiological development during the prenatal period among pedophiles. This study administered the Waldrop Physical Anomaly Scale to assess the prevalence of MPAs in a clinical sample of men referred for assessment following a sexual assault, or another illegal or clinically significant sexual behavior. Significant associations emerged between MPA indices and indicators of pedophilia, including penile responses to depictions of children, number of child victims, and possession of child pornography. Moreover, greater sexual attraction to children was associated with an elevated craniofacial-to-peripheral anomalies ratio. The overall sample demonstrated a greater number of MPAs relative to prior samples of individuals with schizophrenia as well as to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Dyshniku
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle E Murray
- Sexual Behaviours Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Rachel L Fazio
- Sexual Behaviours Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Amy D Lykins
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive, and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - James M Cantor
- Sexual Behaviours Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zhang D, Pang Y, Cai W, Fazio RL, Ge J, Su Q, Xu S, Pan Y, Chen S, Zhang H. Development and psychometric properties of an informant assessment scale of theory of mind for adults with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2015; 26:481-501. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fazio RL, Cantor JM. Factor structure of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory versus the Fazio Laterality Inventory in a population with established atypical handedness. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2015; 22:156-60. [PMID: 25651136 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2014.940043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) has consistently remained the most used handedness inventory despite its limitations. The psychometric properties of handedness inventories, however, are increasingly important due to their use in matching groups for neuroimaging research. This study compared the performance of the EHI and the Fazio Laterality Inventory (FLI) in a population with atypical handedness. Whereas the EHI demonstrated a single-factor loading in this population, the FLI's previously demonstrated single factor dissociated into two factors: fine motor/ballistic movements and expressive/instrumental movements. This dissociation is similar to that seen when tests of cognitive constructs--which tend to load on a single factor in intact populations--dissociate when administered to populations with difficulties in the assessed domain. This pattern of performance lends further support for the use of the FLI to more accurately assess handedness. Future research in other populations with atypical laterality may illuminate additional factors of the FLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Fazio
- a Law and Mental Health Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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Fazio RL, Wunderlich T, Wilson N, Akeson S. MMPI-2-RF characteristics of individuals with interstitial cystitis. J Psychosom Res 2014; 77:359-62. [PMID: 25294780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to describe the psychological functioning of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome patients utilizing MMPI-2-RF scoring. METHODS The MMPI-2 was administered to 60 individuals who reported a diagnosis of IC. Responses were scored in the MMPI-2-RF format. Fifty-one protocols were deemed valid. RESULTS Elevations were discovered on scales FBS-r (symptom validity), RC1 (somatic complaints), and MLS (malaise). Participants were split into two groups based on extreme elevations on RC1; the high RC1 group produced higher scores on 39 scales including clinically significant elevations on 17 scales. CONCLUSION Over 25% of this sample had an emotional component to their physical concerns. This knowledge about the psychological characteristics of IC patients may have clinical utility for physicians and other treatment providers. The results argue strongly for psychological evaluation as a component of IC diagnosis and treatment. Those with significant emotional overlay to their somatic complaints may be best managed through psychological interventions and minimally invasive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Fazio
- School of Professional Psychology at Forest Institute, United States.
| | - Ted Wunderlich
- School of Professional Psychology at Forest Institute, United States
| | - Nicolas Wilson
- School of Professional Psychology at Forest Institute, United States
| | - Steven Akeson
- School of Professional Psychology at Forest Institute, United States
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Hanson Misialek L, Fazio RL, Denney RL, Myers WG. Limited predictive accuracy of the Booklet Category Test in a criminal forensic sample. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2014; 20:77-82. [PMID: 23397993 DOI: 10.1080/09084282.2012.670162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A known-groups design was used to evaluate the clinical decision rules of the validity indicators of the Booklet Category Test for the detection of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction (MND) in an incarcerated male sample. Participants were 128 inmates who were classified into MND and presumed valid groups using the Slick, Sherman, and Iverson ( 1999 ) criteria. While errors on Subtests I and II had the best classification accuracy at 71.1% with 95.1% specificity and 49.3% sensitivity, the associated area under the curve (AUC) indicated only "acceptable" discrimination due to poor sensitivity. Logistic regression confirmed that errors on Subtests I and II were the only statistically significant validity indicator. The remaining validity indicators performed poorly with AUCs at < .70, indicating no discriminative power. The effectiveness of the clinical decision rules of the validity indicators in predicting the presence of MND evidenced limited support. A positive finding on Subtest I and II errors was clinically significant in this sample, but negative results revealed no utility. Validity indices composed from different items may yield more effective results among male prisoners referred for neuropsychological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Hanson Misialek
- The School of Professional Psychology at Forest Institute, Springfield, MO 65807, USA
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Fazio RL, Lykins AD, Cantor JM. Elevated rates of atypical handedness in paedophilia: theory and implications. Laterality 2014; 19:690-704. [PMID: 24666135 PMCID: PMC4151814 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2014.898648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple factors determine handedness including genetics, prenatal stress and post-natal environmental conditions. Atypical handedness, whether manifest as increased sinistrality or decreased strength of lateral preference, has been noted in a wide variety of populations with neuropathology. Those with atypical sexual preferences, specifically paedophilia, also manifest reduced rates of right-handedness. This paper uses the largest sample of phallometrically assessed men to date to establish the pattern of atypical handedness in paedophilia. Specifically, whereas prior research has largely characterized participants dichotomously as right-handed or non-right-handed and/or used self-report of writing hand, this paper expands upon such reports by using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory's laterality quotient. Participants' handedness and phallometrically assessed sexual preference were analyzed both as continuous and categorical variables, and the responses of those scoring in the range of ambiguous-handedness were evaluated to ascertain whether they were ambiguously handed or more accurately described as mixed-handed. Results indicated those producing scores in the range of ambiguous-handedness demonstrated response patterns consistent with ambiguous-handedness, rather than mixed-handedness. Paedophiles demonstrated high rates of non-right-handedness primarily manifested as sinistrality, whereas those who had a sexual preference for pubescent children evidenced increased ambiguous-handedness. Results support a view of ambiguous-handedness as less pathological than previously hypothesized, and of a neurodevelopmental origin of paraphilic sexual preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Fazio
- Law and Mental Health Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy D. Lykins
- School of Behavioural, Cognitive and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - James M. Cantor
- Law and Mental Health Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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