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Villeneuve DL, Blackwell BR, Cavallin JE, Collins J, Hoang JX, Hofer RN, Houck KA, Jensen KM, Kahl MD, Kutsi RN, Opseth AS, Santana Rodriguez KJ, Schaupp CM, Stacy EH, Ankley GT. Verification of In Vivo Estrogenic Activity for Four Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Identified as Estrogen Receptor Agonists via New Approach Methodologies. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:3794-3803. [PMID: 36800546 PMCID: PMC10898820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Given concerns about potential toxicological hazards of the thousands of data-poor per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) currently in commerce and detected in the environment, tiered testing strategies that employ high-throughput in vitro screening as an initial testing tier have been implemented. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of previous in vitro screening for identifying PFAS capable, or incapable, of inducing estrogenic responses in fish exposed in vivo. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed for 96 h to five PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA]; 1H,1H,8H,8H-perfluorooctane-1,8-diol [FC8-diol]; 1H,1H,10H,10H-perfluorodecane-1,10-diol [FC10-diol]; 1H,1H,8H,8H-perfluoro-3,6-dioxaoctane-1,8-diol [FC8-DOD]; and perfluoro-2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic acid [HFPO-DA]) that showed varying levels of in vitro estrogenic potency. In agreement with in vitro screening results, exposure to FC8-diol, FC10-diol, and FC8-DOD caused concentration-dependent increases in the expression of transcript coding for vitellogenin and estrogen receptor alpha and reduced expression of insulin-like growth factor and apolipoprotein eb. Once differences in bioconcentration were accounted for, the rank order of potency in vivo matched that determined in vitro. These results provide a screening level benchmark for worst-case estimates of potential estrogenic hazards of PFAS and a basis for identifying structurally similar PFAS to scrutinize for putative estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Brett R. Blackwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jenna E. Cavallin
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jacob Collins
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - John X. Hoang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Rachel N. Hofer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Keith A. Houck
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Jensen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Michael D. Kahl
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Robin N. Kutsi
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Anne S. Opseth
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Kelvin J. Santana Rodriguez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Christopher M. Schaupp
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Emma H. Stacy
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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Hofer RN, Lin A, House BC, Purvis CN, Harris BJ, Symes SJK, Giles DK. Exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) influence permeability, antimicrobial peptide resistance, biofilm formation and membrane phospholipid structure in an A-layer and non-A-layer strain of Aeromonas salmonicida. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:31-45. [PMID: 36088584 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a Gram-negative bacterium that can infect a wide host range of fish populations, including salmonids and non-salmonids as well as freshwater and marine life. Some strains of A. salmonicida cause the disease furunculosis, which can cause lethargy, intestinal inflammation, ulcers, haemorrhaging and death. The infection is spread through fish-to-fish contact, and the presence of infection can have devastating effects on cultivated fish populations. The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of non-A-layer and A-layer A. salmonicida strains to incorporate polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into their lipid profile and test the phenotypic effects thereof. Lipids were extracted from PUFA-exposed cultures and analysed for lipid modification by thin-layer chromatography and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, showing A. salmonicida, regardless of A-layer, capable of incorporating all seven of the PUFAs studied. Phenotypic effects were determined through the use of assays that tested for biofilm formation, membrane permeability and cyclic peptide susceptibility. Temperature-dependent effects on biofilm formation were observed, and PUFA exposure showed significant (p < .001) increases in membrane permeability as tested by the uptake of the hydrophobic compounds crystal violet and ethidium bromide. Additionally, some PUFAs elicited modest protection and vulnerability against the membrane-targeting cyclic peptides polymyxin B (PMB) and colistin. The diverse, strain-specific responses to exogenous PUFAs may allude to evolved adaptive strategies that enhance survival, persistence and virulence of non-pathogenic and pathogenic members of bacteria that oscillate between environmental and fish host niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Hofer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Allen Lin
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Benjamin C House
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher N Purvis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bradley J Harris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - Steven J K Symes
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
| | - David K Giles
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
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Blackwell BR, Ankley GT, Biales AD, Cavallin JE, Cole AR, Collette TW, Ekman DR, Hofer RN, Huang W, Jensen KM, Kahl MD, Kittelson AR, Romano SN, See MJ, Teng Q, Tilton CB, Villeneuve DL. Effects of Metformin and its Metabolite Guanylurea on Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Reproduction. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:2708-2720. [PMID: 35920346 PMCID: PMC10634263 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, along with its biotransformation product guanylurea, is commonly observed in municipal wastewaters and subsequent surface waters. Previous studies in fish have identified metformin as a potential endocrine-active compound, but there are inconsistencies with regard to its effects. To further investigate the potential reproductive toxicity of metformin and guanylurea to fish, a series of experiments was performed with adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). First, explants of fathead minnow ovary tissue were exposed to 0.001-100 µM metformin or guanylurea to investigate whether the compounds could directly perturb steroidogenesis. Second, spawning pairs of fathead minnows were exposed to metformin (0.41, 4.1, and 41 µg/L) or guanylurea (1.0, 10, and 100 µg/L) for 23 days to assess impacts on reproduction. Lastly, male fathead minnows were exposed to 41 µg/L metformin, 100 µg/L guanylurea, or a mixture of both compounds, with samples collected over a 96-h time course to investigate potential impacts to the hepatic transcriptome or metabolome. Neither metformin nor guanylurea affected steroid production by ovary tissue exposed ex vivo. In the 23 days of exposure, neither compound significantly impacted transcription of endocrine-related genes in male liver or gonad, circulating steroid concentrations in either sex, or fecundity of spawning pairs. In the 96-h time course, 100 µg guanylurea/L elicited more differentially expressed genes than 41 µg metformin/L and showed the greatest impacts at 96 h. Hepatic transcriptome and metabolome changes were chemical- and time-dependent, with the largest impact on the metabolome observed at 23 days of exposure to 100 µg guanylurea/L. Overall, metformin and guanylurea did not elicit effects consistent with reproductive toxicity in adult fathead minnows at environmentally relevant concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2708-2720. © 2022 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Blackwell
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adam D. Biales
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jenna E. Cavallin
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander R. Cole
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy W. Collette
- Ecosystem Processes Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Drew R. Ekman
- Ecosystem Processes Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rachel N. Hofer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Weichun Huang
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Jensen
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael D. Kahl
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Shannon N. Romano
- Ecosystem Processes Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Jean See
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Quincy Teng
- Ecosystem Processes Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
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Cavallin JE, Battaglin WA, Beihoffer J, Blackwell BR, Bradley PM, Cole AR, Ekman DR, Hofer RN, Kinsey J, Keteles K, Weissinger R, Winkelman DL, Villeneuve DL. Effects-Based Monitoring of Bioactive Chemicals Discharged to the Colorado River before and after a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Replacement. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:974-984. [PMID: 33373525 PMCID: PMC8135223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of the Colorado River near the Moab, Utah, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outflow has detected pharmaceuticals, hormones, and estrogen-receptor (ER)-, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ)-mediated biological activities. The aim of the present multi-year study was to assess effects of a WWTP replacement on bioactive chemical (BC) concentrations. Water samples were collected bimonthly, pre- and post-replacement, at 11 sites along the Colorado River upstream and downstream of the WWTP and analyzed for in vitro bioactivities (e.g., agonism of ER, GR, and PPARγ) and BC concentrations; fathead minnows were cage deployed pre- and post-replacement at sites with varying proximities to the WWTP. Before the WWTP replacement, in vitro ER (24 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents/L)-, GR (60 ng dexamethasone equivalents/L)-, and PPARγ-mediated activities were detected at the WWTP outflow but diminished downstream. In March 2018, the WWTP effluent was acutely toxic to the fish, likely due to elevated ammonia concentrations. Following the WWTP replacement, ER, GR, and PPARγ bioactivities were reduced by approximately 60-79%, no toxicity was observed in caged fish, and there were marked decreases in concentrations of many BCs. Results suggest that replacement of the Moab WWTP achieved a significant reduction in BC concentrations to the Colorado River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. Cavallin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
- Corresponding author: Jenna E. Cavallin, US Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, , 218-529-5246
| | | | - Jon Beihoffer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Region 8, Denver, CO
| | - Brett R. Blackwell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Paul M. Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, SC
| | - Alex R. Cole
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORISE Participant, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Drew R. Ekman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystem Processes Division, Athens, GA
| | - Rachel N. Hofer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORISE Participant, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
| | - Julie Kinsey
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver, CO
| | - Kristen Keteles
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Region 8, Denver, CO
| | | | - Dana L. Winkelman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN
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Cavallin JE, Battaglin WA, Beihoffer J, Blackwell BR, Bradley PM, Cole AR, Ekman DR, Hofer RN, Kinsey J, Keteles K, Weissinger R, Winkelman DL, Villeneuve DL. Effects-Based Monitoring of Bioactive Chemicals Discharged to the Colorado River before and after a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Replacement. Environ Sci Technol 2021. [PMID: 33373525 DOI: 10.23719/1519052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of the Colorado River near the Moab, Utah, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outflow has detected pharmaceuticals, hormones, and estrogen-receptor (ER)-, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ)-mediated biological activities. The aim of the present multi-year study was to assess effects of a WWTP replacement on bioactive chemical (BC) concentrations. Water samples were collected bimonthly, pre- and post-replacement, at 11 sites along the Colorado River upstream and downstream of the WWTP and analyzed for in vitro bioactivities (e.g., agonism of ER, GR, and PPARγ) and BC concentrations; fathead minnows were cage deployed pre- and post-replacement at sites with varying proximities to the WWTP. Before the WWTP replacement, in vitro ER (24 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents/L)-, GR (60 ng dexamethasone equivalents/L)-, and PPARγ-mediated activities were detected at the WWTP outflow but diminished downstream. In March 2018, the WWTP effluent was acutely toxic to the fish, likely due to elevated ammonia concentrations. Following the WWTP replacement, ER, GR, and PPARγ bioactivities were reduced by approximately 60-79%, no toxicity was observed in caged fish, and there were marked decreases in concentrations of many BCs. Results suggest that replacement of the Moab WWTP achieved a significant reduction in BC concentrations to the Colorado River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E Cavallin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - William A Battaglin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Jon Beihoffer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Region 8, Denver, Colorado 80202, United States
| | - Brett R Blackwell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - Alexander R Cole
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participant, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - Drew R Ekman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystem Processes Division, Athens, Georgia 30605-2700, United States
| | - Rachel N Hofer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participant, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
| | - Julie Kinsey
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver, Colorado 80202, United States
| | - Kristen Keteles
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Region 8, Denver, Colorado 80202, United States
| | - Rebecca Weissinger
- National Park Service, Northern Colorado Plateau Network, Moab, Utah 84532, United States
| | - Dana L Winkelman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, United States
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States
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Herndon JL, Peters RE, Hofer RN, Simmons TB, Symes SJ, Giles DK. Exogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) promote changes in growth, phospholipid composition, membrane permeability and virulence phenotypes in Escherichia coli. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:305. [PMID: 33046008 PMCID: PMC7552566 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The utilization of exogenous fatty acids by Gram-negative bacteria has been linked to many cellular processes, including fatty acid oxidation for metabolic gain, assimilation into membrane phospholipids, and control of phenotypes associated with virulence. The expanded fatty acid handling capabilities have been demonstrated in several bacteria of medical importance; however, a survey of the polyunsaturated fatty acid responses in the model organism Escherichia coli has not been performed. The current study examined the impacts of exogenous fatty acids on E. coli. RESULTS All PUFAs elicited higher overall growth, with several fatty acids supporting growth as sole carbon sources. Most PUFAs were incorporated into membrane phospholipids as determined by Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, whereas membrane permeability was variably affected as measured by two separate dye uptake assays. Biofilm formation, swimming motility and antimicrobial peptide resistance were altered in the presence of PUFAs, with arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids eliciting strong alteration to these phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS The findings herein add E. coli to the growing list of Gram-negative bacteria with broader capabilities for utilizing and responding to exogenous fatty acids. Understanding bacterial responses to PUFAs may lead to microbial behavioral control regimens for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Herndon
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN USA
| | - Rachel E. Peters
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN USA
| | - Rachel N. Hofer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN USA
| | - Timothy B. Simmons
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN USA
| | - Steven J. Symes
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN USA
| | - David K. Giles
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN USA
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