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Brunel S, Picarda G, Gupta A, Ghosh R, McDonald B, El Morabiti R, Jiang W, Greenbaum JA, Adler B, Seumois G, Croft M, Vijayanand P, Benedict CA. Late-rising CD4 T cells resolve mouse cytomegalovirus persistent replication in the salivary gland. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011852. [PMID: 38236791 PMCID: PMC10796040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional antiviral memory CD4 T cells typically arise during the first two weeks of acute infection. Unlike most viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibits an extended persistent replication phase followed by lifelong latency accompanied with some gene expression. We show that during mouse CMV (MCMV) infection, CD4 T cells recognizing an epitope derived from the viral M09 protein only develop after conventional memory T cells have already peaked and contracted. Ablating these CD4 T cells by mutating the M09 genomic epitope in the MCMV Smith strain, or inducing them by introducing the epitope into the K181 strain, resulted in delayed or enhanced control of viral persistence, respectively. These cells were shown to be unique compared to their conventional memory counterparts; producing higher IFNγ and IL-2 and lower IL-10 levels. RNAseq analyses revealed them to express distinct subsets of effector genes as compared to classical CD4 T cells. Additionally, when M09 cells were induced by epitope vaccination they significantly enhanced protection when compared to conventional CD4 T cells alone. These data show that late-rising CD4 T cells are a unique memory subset with excellent protective capacities that display a development program strongly differing from the majority of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brunel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gaelle Picarda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ankan Gupta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raima Ghosh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rachid El Morabiti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenjin Jiang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Greenbaum
- LJI Bioinformatics Core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Benedict
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Swanson KV, Junkins RD, Kurkjian CJ, Holley-Guthrie E, Pendse AA, El Morabiti R, Petrucelli A, Barber GN, Benedict CA, Ting JPY. A noncanonical function of cGAMP in inflammasome priming and activation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3611-3626. [PMID: 29030458 PMCID: PMC5716045 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-I signaling and inflammasome activation are two innate pathways important for combatting a variety of pathogens. Swanson et al. show that cGAMP activates the inflammasome in addition to IFN-I, and that the activation of both is needed to control infection by a DNA virus. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns by host cells is an important step in innate immune activation. The DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) binds to DNA and produces cGAMP, which in turn binds to stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate IFN-I. Here we show that cGAMP has a noncanonical function in inflammasome activation in human and mouse cells. Inflammasome activation requires two signals, both of which are activated by cGAMP. cGAMP alone enhances expression of inflammasome components through IFN-I, providing the priming signal. Additionally, when combined with a priming signal, cGAMP activates the inflammasome through an AIM2, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 dependent process. These two cGAMP-mediated functions, priming and activation, have differential requirements for STING. Temporally, cGAMP induction of IFN-I precedes inflammasome activation, which then occurs when IFN-I is waning. In mice, cGAS/cGAMP amplify both inflammasome and IFN-I to control murine cytomegalovirus. Thus, cGAMP activates the inflammasome in addition to IFN-I, and activation of both is needed to control infection by a DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V Swanson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert D Junkins
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Cathryn J Kurkjian
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elizabeth Holley-Guthrie
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Avani A Pendse
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rachid El Morabiti
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alex Petrucelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Benedict CA, McDonald B, Seumois G, El Morabiti R, Ghosh R, Fu Z, Adler B, Vijayanand P, Gupta A. Late-rising CD4 T cells resolve viral persistence. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.78.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Robust CD4 T cell responses help to control chronic infection and restrict disease, but their specific requirements for resolving viral persistence remain poorly defined. During mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, CD4 T cells recognizing an epitope derived from the viral M09 protein expand at late times of infection and display a unique phenotype compared to their conventional counterparts, including high IFNγ-production and low expression of the activated CD43 isoform. Ablating these late-rising CD4 T cells by mutating the MCMV M09 genomic epitope, or inducing them through vaccination, revealed their critical role in resolving persistent replication by overcoming IL-10 mediated immune suppression. Together, these data show that unique subsets of late-rising CD4 T cells are qualitatively superior in resolving chronic infection when compared to those that expand earlier, results that should be considered for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raima Ghosh
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
| | - Zheng Fu
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
| | - Barbara Adler
- 2Max Von Petternkoffer-Institute for Virology, Germany
| | | | - Ankan Gupta
- 1La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
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