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Kavasi RM, Neagu M, Constantin C, Munteanu A, Surcel M, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Matrix Effectors in the Pathogenesis of Keratinocyte-Derived Carcinomas. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:879500. [PMID: 35572966 PMCID: PMC9100789 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.879500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), referred to as keratinocyte carcinomas, are skin cancer with the highest incidence. BCCs, rarely metastasize; whereas, though generally not characterized by high lethality, approximately 2–4% of primary cSCCs metastasize with patients exhibiting poor prognosis. The extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a scaffold that provides structural and biological support to cells in all human tissues. The main components of the ECM, including fibrillar proteins, proteoglycans (PGs), glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, are secreted by the cells in a tissue-specific manner, critical for the proper function of each organ. The skin compartmentalization to the epidermis and dermis compartments is based on a basement membrane (BM), a highly specialized network of ECM proteins that separate and unify the two compartments. The stiffness and assembly of BM and tensile forces affect tumor progenitors' invasion at the stratified epithelium's stromal border. Likewise, the mechanical properties of the stroma, e.g., stiffness, are directly correlated to the pathogenesis of the keratinocyte carcinomas. Since the ECM is a pool for various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, its' intense remodeling in the aberrant cancer tissue milieu affects biological functions, such as angiogenesis, adhesion, proliferation, or cell motility by regulating specific signaling pathways. This review discusses the structural and functional modulations of the keratinocyte carcinoma microenvironment. Furthermore, we debate how ECM remodeling affects the pathogenesis of these skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela-Maria Kavasi
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Munteanu
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Immunology Laboratory, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Forensic Science Department, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George N. Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- *Correspondence: Dragana Nikitovic
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Kavasi RM, Berdiaki A, Spyridaki I, Papoutsidakis A, Corsini E, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN, Nikitovic D. Contact allergen (PPD and DNCB)-induced keratinocyte sensitization is partly mediated through a low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMWHA)/TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 377:114632. [PMID: 31226360 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is caused by topical exposure to chemical allergens. Keratinocytes play a key role in innate immunity, as well as in ACD progression. The transmembrane Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), strongly implicated in skin inflammation, has the ability to bind Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), like Low Molecular Weight Hyaluronan (LMWHA). Previously, we had determined that p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) modulate keratinocyte HA deposition in a manner correlated to their sensitization. In the present study, we aimed to investigate putative co-operation of HA and TLR4 in the process of PPD and DNCB-induced keratinocyte activation. Contact sensitizers were shown to significantly increase the expression of Hyaluronan Synthases (HAS) and TLR4 in NCTC2544 human keratinocytes, as demonstrated by western blot and Real-Time PCR. These data, in correlation to earlier shown enhanced HA degradation suggest that the contact sensitizers facilitate HA turnover of keratinocytes and increase the release of pro-inflammatory, LMWHA fragments. Treatment with exogenous LMWHA enhanced TLR4, HAS levels and Nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κΒ) activation. PPD, DNCB and LMWHA-effects were shown to be partly executed through TLR4 downstream signaling as shown by Real-Time, western blot, siRNA and confocal microscopy approaches. Specifically, PPD and DNCB stimulated the activation of the TLR4 downstream mediator NF-κB. Therefore, the shown upregulation of TLR4 expression is suggested to further facilitate the release of endogenous, bioactive HA fragments and sustain keratinocyte activation. In conclusion, keratinocyte contact allergen-dependent sensitization is partly mediated through a LMWHA/TLR4/ NF-κB signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela-Maria Kavasi
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioanna Spyridaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonis Papoutsidakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, ESP, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Tzanakakis G, Kavasi RM, Voudouri K, Berdiaki A, Spyridaki I, Tsatsakis A, Nikitovic D. Role of the extracellular matrix in cancer-associated epithelial to mesenchymal transition phenomenon. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:368-381. [PMID: 28758355 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program is a crucial component in the processes of morphogenesis and embryonic development. The transition of epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype is associated with numerous structural and functional changes, including loss of cell polarity and tight cell-cell junctions, the acquisition of invasive abilities, and the expression of mesenchymal proteins. The switch between the two phenotypes is involved in human pathology and is crucial for cancer progression. Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are multi-component networks that surround cells in tissues. These networks are obligatory for cell survival, growth, and differentiation as well as tissue organization. Indeed, the ECM suprastructure, in addition to its supportive role, can process and deliver a plethora of signals to cells, which ultimately regulate their behavior. Importantly, the ECM derived signals are critically involved in the process of EMT during tumorigenesis. This review discusses the multilayer interaction between the ECM and the EMT process, focusing on contributions of discrete mediators, a strategy that may identify novel potential target molecules. Developmental Dynamics 247:368-381, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Rafaela-Maria Kavasi
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kallirroi Voudouri
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioanna Spyridaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Nikitovic D, Kouvidi K, Kavasi RM, Berdiaki A, Tzanakakis GN. Hyaluronan/Hyaladherins - a Promising Axis for Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer. Curr Drug Deliv 2017; 13:500-11. [PMID: 26549038 DOI: 10.2174/1567201813666151109103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronan (HA), a glycosaminoglycan, is a key extracellular matrix (ECM) component, and has been established to contribute to fibrotic, angiogenic, inflammatory as well as processes supporting cancer development. The changes in HA deposition in different tumors have been widely studied. Indeed, a multitude of reports demonstrate that HA expression is increased in different neoplasmatic tissues including lung, colon, prostate and breast cancer. The aims of this paper are to critically and in depth discuss aspects of HA metabolism in cancer and recent developments of its utilization in cancer therapy. METHODS Up to date research and online content are reviewed. RESULTS The cellular roles of HA are perpetrated through molecular interactions with HA-binding proteins, called hyaladherins, including CD44 receptor as well as receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM). HA binding can be followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Importantly, hyaladherins show an altered expression in tumor tissues. Indeed, post-translational alterations in CD44 structure have been suggested to regulate the equilibrium between the "inactive" low affinity state and the "active" high affinity state of the HA binding capacity. In this concept HA fragments can be utilized as specific targeting ligands for efficient and safe drug delivery in cancer. CONCLUSION HA-drug bioconjugates and nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for drug delivery during cancer treatment as demonstrated in various pre-clinical studies. Recent developments from clinical trials indicate that the utilization of specific HA-drug bioconjugates might be approved for the medical practice in the nearest future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy- Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, P.O. Box: 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
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Nikitovic D, Kavasi RM, Berdiaki A, Papachristou DJ, Tsiaoussis J, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis AM, Tzanakakis GN. Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide regulate osteosarcoma cell functions: Focus on the extracellular matrix (Review). Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1787-92. [PMID: 27499459 PMCID: PMC5022866 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone tumor of mesenchymal origin mostly affecting children and adolescents. The OS extracellular matrix (ECM) is extensively altered as compared to physiological bone tissue. Indeed, the main characteristic of the most common osteoblastic subtype of OS is non-mineralized osteoid production. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. The PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) may be comprised of 139, 141 or 173 amino acids and exhibits considerate N-terminal amino acid sequence homology with PTH. The function of PTH/PTHrP is executed through the activation of the PTH receptor 1 (PTHR1) and respective downstream intracellular pathways which regulate skeletal development, bone turnover and mineral ion homeostasis. Both PTHR1 and its PTH/PTHrP ligands have been shown to be expressed in OS and to affect the functions of these tumor cells. This review aims to highlight the less well known aspects of PTH/PTHrP functions in the progression of OS by focusing on ECM-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Rafaela-Maria Kavasi
- Department of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Department of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Dionysios J Papachristou
- Department of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Department of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristides M Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Department of Anatomy‑Histology‑Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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Nikitovic D, Berdiaki A, Galbiati V, Kavasi RM, Papale A, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN, Corsini E. Hyaluronan regulates chemical allergen-induced IL-18 production in human keratinocytes. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:89-97. [PMID: 25280773 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has been shown to play a key proximal role in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis. Low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMWHA), an endogenous molecule and a member of the so-called damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), has been suggested to elicit immune-stimulatory effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of hyaluronan (HA) degradation in IL-18 production in human keratinocytes following stimulation with the contact sensitizers 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and PPD. IL-18 production in the human keratinocyte cell line NCTC2544 was measured by ELISA, whereas changes in HA metabolism were determined by Real-time PCR and immunofluorescence. Both contact allergens were able to enhance hyaluronidase (HYAL) 1 and 2 expression inducing HA degradation. Modulation of HA production, by HYAL or aristolochic acid pre-treatment, resulted in a significant reduction of contact allergen-induced IL-18 production. Oxidative stress appears to be the initial step in KC activation, as all the sequels of events can be blocked using antioxidants. This is the first indication that LMWHA can act as a DAMP in keratinocytes. In conclusion LMWHA fragments are important mediators in the process of contact sensitisation leading to IL-18 dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Rafaela-Maria Kavasi
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Angela Papale
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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