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Lee DH, Corrow SL, Pancaroglu R, Barton JJS. The Scanpaths of Subjects with Developmental Prosopagnosia during a Face Memory Task. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9080188. [PMID: 31382482 PMCID: PMC6721422 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The scanpaths of healthy subjects show biases towards the upper face, the eyes and the center of the face, which suggests that their fixations are guided by a feature hierarchy towards the regions most informative for face identification. However, subjects with developmental prosopagnosia have a lifelong impairment in face processing. Whether this is reflected in the loss of normal face-scanning strategies is not known. The goal of this study was to determine if subjects with developmental prosopagnosia showed anomalous scanning biases as they processed the identity of faces. We recorded the fixations of 10 subjects with developmental prosopagnosia as they performed a face memorization and recognition task, for comparison with 8 subjects with acquired prosopagnosia (four with anterior temporal lesions and four with occipitotemporal lesions) and 20 control subjects. The scanning of healthy subjects confirmed a bias to fixate the upper over the lower face, the eyes over the mouth, and the central over the peripheral face. Subjects with acquired prosopagnosia from occipitotemporal lesions had more dispersed fixations and a trend to fixate less informative facial regions. Subjects with developmental prosopagnosia did not differ from the controls. At a single-subject level, some developmental subjects performed abnormally, but none consistently across all metrics. Scanning distributions were not related to scores on perceptual or memory tests for faces. We conclude that despite lifelong difficulty with faces, subjects with developmental prosopagnosia still have an internal facial schema that guides their scanning behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Lee
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | | | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada
| | - Jason J S Barton
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 3N9, Canada.
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Abstract
Ion channels are membrane proteins responsible for the passage of ions down their electrochemical gradients and across biological membranes. In this, they generate and shape action potentials and provide secondary messengers for various signaling pathways. They are often part of larger complexes containing auxiliary subunits and regulatory proteins. Channelopathies arise from mutations in the genes encoding ion channels or their associated proteins. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy have resulted in an explosion of ion channel structures in multiple states, generating a wealth of new information on channelopathies. Disease-associated mutations fall into different categories, interfering with ion permeation, protein folding, voltage sensing, ligand and protein binding, and allosteric modulation of channel gating. Prime examples of these are Ca2+-selective channels expressed in myocytes, for which multiple structures in distinct conformational states have recently been uncovered. We discuss the latest insights into these calcium channelopathies from a structural viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raika Pancaroglu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Davies-Thompson J, Fletcher K, Hills C, Pancaroglu R, Corrow S, Barton J. Perceptual learning of faces: a rehabilitative study of acquired prosopagnosia. J Vis 2017. [DOI: 10.1167/17.10.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Davies-Thompson
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CanadaNIHR Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Kimberley Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Derby Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Charlotte Hills
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sherryse Corrow
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jason Barton
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Davies-Thompson J, Fletcher K, Hills C, Pancaroglu R, Corrow SL, Barton JJS. Perceptual Learning of Faces: A Rehabilitative Study of Acquired Prosopagnosia. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:573-591. [PMID: 28139958 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite many studies of acquired prosopagnosia, there have been only a few attempts at its rehabilitation, all in single cases, with a variety of mnemonic or perceptual approaches, and of variable efficacy. In a cohort with acquired prosopagnosia, we evaluated a perceptual learning program that incorporated variations in view and expression, which was aimed at training perceptual stages of face processing with an emphasis on ecological validity. Ten patients undertook an 11-week face training program and an 11-week control task. Training required shape discrimination between morphed facial images, whose similarity was manipulated by a staircase procedure to keep training near a perceptual threshold. Training progressed from blocks of neutral faces in frontal view through increasing variations in view and expression. Whereas the control task did not change perception, training improved perceptual sensitivity for the trained faces and generalized to new untrained expressions and views of those faces. There was also a significant transfer to new faces. Benefits were maintained over a 3-month period. Training efficacy was greater for those with more perceptual deficits at baseline. We conclude that perceptual learning can lead to persistent improvements in face discrimination in acquired prosopagnosia. This reflects both acquisition of new skills that can be applied to new faces as well as a degree of overlearning of the stimulus set at the level of 3-D expression-invariant representations.
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Pancaroglu R, Hills CS, Sekunova A, Viswanathan J, Duchaine B, Barton JJS. Seeing the eyes in acquired prosopagnosia. Cortex 2016; 81:251-65. [PMID: 27288649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Case reports have suggested that perception of the eye region may be impaired more than that of other facial regions in acquired prosopagnosia. However, it is unclear how frequently this occurs, whether such impairments are specific to a certain anatomic subtype of prosopagnosia, and whether these impairments are related to changes in the scanning of faces. We studied a large cohort of 11 subjects with this rare disorder, who had a variety of occipitotemporal or anterior temporal lesions, both unilateral and bilateral. Lesions were characterized by functional and structural imaging. Subjects performed a perceptual discrimination test in which they had to discriminate changes in feature position, shape, or external contour. Test conditions were manipulated to stress focused or divided attention across the whole face. In a second experiment we recorded eye movements while subjects performed a face memory task. We found that greater impairment for eye processing was more typical of subjects with occipitotemporal lesions than those with anterior temporal lesions. This eye selectivity was evident for both eye position and shape, with no evidence of an upper/lower difference for external contour. A greater impairment for eye processing was more apparent under attentionally more demanding conditions. Despite these perceptual deficits, most subjects showed a normal tendency to scan the eyes more than the mouth. We conclude that occipitotemporal lesions are associated with a partially selective processing loss for eye information and that this deficit may be linked to loss of the right fusiform face area, which has been shown to have activity patterns that emphasize the eye region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raika Pancaroglu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Charlotte S Hills
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alla Sekunova
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jayalakshmi Viswanathan
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brad Duchaine
- Department of Psychology, Dartmouth University, Dartmouth, USA
| | - Jason J S Barton
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Corrow JC, Corrow SL, Lee E, Pancaroglu R, Burles F, Duchaine B, Iaria G, Barton JJS. Getting lost: Topographic skills in acquired and developmental prosopagnosia. Cortex 2016; 76:89-103. [PMID: 26874939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies report that acquired prosopagnosia is frequently associated with topographic disorientation. Whether this is associated with a specific anatomic subtype of prosopagnosia, how frequently it is seen with the developmental variant, and what specific topographic function is impaired to account for this problem are not known. We studied ten subjects with acquired prosopagnosia from either occipitotemporal or anterior temporal (AT) lesions and seven with developmental prosopagnosia. Subjects were given a battery of topographic tests, including house and scene recognition, the road map test, a test of cognitive map formation, and a standardized self-report questionnaire. House and/or scene recognition were frequently impaired after either occipitotemporal or AT lesions in acquired prosopagnosia. Subjects with occipitotemporal lesions were also impaired in cognitive map formation: an overlap analysis identified right fusiform and parahippocampal gyri as a likely correlate. Only one subject with acquired prosopagnosia had mild difficulty with directional orientation on the road map test. Only one subject with developmental prosopagnosia had difficulty with cognitive map formation, and none were impaired on the other tests. Scores for house and scene recognition correlated most strongly with the results of the questionnaire. We conclude that topographic disorientation in acquired prosopagnosia reflects impaired place recognition, with a contribution from poor cognitive map formation when there is occipitotemporal damage. Topographic impairments are less frequent in developmental prosopagnosia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Corrow
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sherryse L Corrow
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Edison Lee
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford USA
| | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ford Burles
- NeuroLab, Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brad Duchaine
- Department of Psychology, Dartmouth University, Dartmouth USA
| | - Giuseppe Iaria
- NeuroLab, Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jason J S Barton
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Liu RR, Corrow SL, Pancaroglu R, Duchaine B, Barton JJS. The processing of voice identity in developmental prosopagnosia. Cortex 2015; 71:390-7. [PMID: 26321070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental prosopagnosia is a disorder of face recognition that is believed to reflect impairments of visual mechanisms. However, voice recognition has rarely been evaluated in developmental prosopagnosia to clarify if it is modality-specific or part of a multi-modal person recognition syndrome. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to examine whether voice discrimination and/or recognition are impaired in subjects with developmental prosopagnosia. DESIGN/METHODS 73 healthy controls and 12 subjects with developmental prosopagnosia performed a match-to-sample test of voice discrimination and a test of short-term voice familiarity, as well as a questionnaire about face and voice identification in daily life. RESULTS Eleven subjects with developmental prosopagnosia scored within the normal range for voice discrimination and voice recognition. One was impaired on discrimination and borderline for recognition, with equivalent scores for face and voice recognition, despite being unaware of voice processing problems. CONCLUSIONS Most subjects with developmental prosopagnosia are not impaired in short-term voice familiarity, providing evidence that developmental prosopagnosia is usually a modality-specific disorder of face recognition. However, there may be heterogeneity, with a minority having additional voice processing deficits. Objective tests of voice recognition should be integrated into the diagnostic evaluation of this disorder to distinguish it from a multi-modal person recognition syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran R Liu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Eye Care Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Sherryse L Corrow
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Eye Care Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Eye Care Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Brad Duchaine
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Jason J S Barton
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Eye Care Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Hills CS, Pancaroglu R, Duchaine B, Barton JJS. Word and text processing in acquired prosopagnosia. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:258-71. [PMID: 25976067 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel hypothesis of object recognition asserts that multiple regions are engaged in processing an object type, and that cerebral regions participate in processing multiple types of objects. In particular, for high-level expert processing, it proposes shared rather than dedicated resources for word and face perception, and predicts that prosopagnosic subjects would have minor deficits in visual word processing, and alexic subjects would have subtle impairments in face perception. In this study, we evaluated whether prosopagnosic subjects had deficits in processing either the word content or the style of visual text. METHODS Eleven prosopagnosic subjects, 6 with unilateral right lesions and 5 with bilateral lesions, participated. In the first study, we evaluated their word length effect in reading single words. In the second study, we assessed their time and accuracy for sorting text by word content independent of style, and for sorting text by handwriting or font style independent of word content. RESULTS Only subjects with bilateral lesions showed mildly elevated word length effects. Subjects were not slowed in sorting text by word content, but were nearly uniformly impaired in accuracy for sorting text by style. INTERPRETATION Our results show that prosopagnosic subjects are impaired not only in face recognition but also in perceiving stylistic aspects of text. This supports a modified version of the many-to-many hypothesis that incorporates hemispheric specialization for processing different aspects of visual text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte S Hills
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brad Duchaine
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Jason J S Barton
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Alonso-Prieto E, Pancaroglu R, Dalrymple KA, Handy T, Barton JJS, Oruc I. Temporal dynamics of the face familiarity effect: bootstrap analysis of single-subject event-related potential data. Cogn Neuropsychol 2015; 32:266-82. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2015.1053852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Right or bilateral anterior temporal damage can impair face recognition, but whether this is an associative variant of prosopagnosia or part of a multimodal disorder of person recognition is an unsettled question, with implications for cognitive and neuroanatomic models of person recognition. We assessed voice perception and short-term recognition of recently heard voices in 10 subjects with impaired face recognition acquired after cerebral lesions. All 4 subjects with apperceptive prosopagnosia due to lesions limited to fusiform cortex had intact voice discrimination and recognition. One subject with bilateral fusiform and anterior temporal lesions had a combined apperceptive prosopagnosia and apperceptive phonagnosia, the first such described case. Deficits indicating a multimodal syndrome of person recognition were found only in 2 subjects with bilateral anterior temporal lesions. All 3 subjects with right anterior temporal lesions had normal voice perception and recognition, 2 of whom performed normally on perceptual discrimination of faces. This confirms that such lesions can cause a modality-specific associative prosopagnosia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran R Liu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Charlotte S Hills
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brad Duchaine
- Department of Psychology, Dartmouth University, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jason J S Barton
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Neuro-ophthalmology Section K, VGH Eye Care Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 3N9
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Hills C, Rubino C, Sheldon C, Pancaroglu R, Davies-Thompson J, Barton J. Processing of words and text in prosopagnosia. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Cognitive models propose a hierarchy of parallel processing stages in face perception, and functional neuroimaging shows a network of regions involved in face processing. Reflecting this, acquired prosopagnosia is not a single entity but a family of disorders with different anatomic lesions and different functional deficits. One classic distinction is between an apperceptive variant, in which there is impaired perception of facial structure, and an associative/amnestic variant, in which perception is relatively intact, with subsequent problems matching perception to facial memories, because of either disconnection or loss of those memories. These disorders also have to be distinguished from people-specific amnesia, a multimodal impairment, and prosop-anomia, in which familiarity with faces is preserved but access to names is disrupted. These different disorders can be conceived as specific deficits at different processing stages in cognitive models, and suggests that these functional stages may have distinct neuroanatomic substrates. It remains to be seen whether a similar anatomic and functional variability is present in developmental prosopagnosia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Davies-Thompson
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jason Barton
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
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Lai J, Pancaroglu R, Oruc I, Barton JJ, Davies-Thompson J. Neuroanatomic correlates of the feature-salience hierarchy in face processing: An fMRI -adaptation study. Neuropsychologia 2014; 53:274-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bleckert A, Parker ED, Kang Y, Pancaroglu R, Soto F, Lewis R, Craig AM, Wong ROL. Spatial relationships between GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses on the dendrites of distinct types of mouse retinal ganglion cells across development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69612. [PMID: 23922756 PMCID: PMC3724919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal output requires a concerted balance between excitatory and inhibitory (I/E) input. Like other circuits, inhibitory synaptogenesis in the retina precedes excitatory synaptogenesis. How then do neurons attain their mature balance of I/E ratios despite temporal offset in synaptogenesis? To directly compare the development of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses onto the same cell, we biolistically transfected retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) with PSD95CFP, a marker of glutamatergic postsynaptic sites, in transgenic Thy1YFPγ2 mice in which GABAA receptors are fluorescently tagged. We mapped YFPγ2 and PSD95CFP puncta distributions on three RGC types at postnatal day P12, shortly before eye opening, and at P21 when robust light responses in RGCs are present. The mature IGABA/E ratios varied among ON-Sustained (S) A-type, OFF-S A-type, and bistratified direction selective (DS) RGCs. These ratios were attained at different rates, before eye-opening for ON-S and OFF-S A-type, and after eye-opening for DS RGCs. At both ages examined, the IGABA/E ratio was uniform across the arbors of the three RGC types. Furthermore, measurements of the distances between neighboring PSD95CFP and YFPγ2 puncta on RGC dendrites indicate that their local relationship is established early in development, and cannot be predicted by random organization. These close spatial associations between glutamatergic and GABAergic postsynaptic sites appear to represent local synaptic arrangements revealed by correlative light and EM reconstructions of a single RGC's dendrites. Thus, although RGC types have different IGABA/E ratios and establish these ratios at separate rates, the local relationship between excitatory and inhibitory inputs appear similarly constrained across the RGC types studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bleckert
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward D. Parker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - YunHee Kang
- Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Florentina Soto
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Renate Lewis
- Transgenic Vector Core, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachel O. L. Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pancaroglu R, Dosani M, Barton JJ. ADAPTATION AFTEREFFECTS FOR FACE-HALVES AND THE EYE-REGION. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Davies-Thompson J, Johnston S, Tashakkor Y, Pancaroglu R, Barton JJS. Hemispheric lateralization of visual word and face activation in the fusiform gyri. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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17
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Alonso-Prieto E, Pancaroglu R, A. Dalrymple K, Barton JJ, Oruc I. Describing the temporal dynamics of the face familiarity effect: Bootstrap analysis of single subject ERP data. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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18
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Hills C, Pancaroglu R, Alonso-Prieto E, Davies-Thompson J, Oruc I, Duchaine B, Barton JJS. Functional neuroimaging and behavioural classification of a case of prosopagnosia with classic bilateral occipitotemporal lesions. J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lai J, Pancaroglu R, Oruc I, Barton J, Davies-Thompson J. Neuro-anatomic correlates of the feature-saliency hierarchy in face processing: An fMRI-adaptation study. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Pancaroglu R, Johnston S, Sekunova A, Duchaine B, Barton JJ. Prosopagnosia Following Epilepsy Surgery: What You See Is Not All They Have. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Lai J, Pancaroglu R, Oruc I, Barton J, Davies-Thompson J. The Neuro-Anatomic Basis of Feature Saliency in Face Processing: An fMRI-Adaptation Study (S48.007). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s48.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lai J, Pancaroglu R, Oruc I, Barton J, Davies-Thompson J. The Neuro-Anatomic Basis of Feature Saliency in Face Processing: An fMRI-Adaptation Study (IN4-1.005). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.in4-1.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Dosani M, Pancaroglu R, Oruc I, Barton JJS. Inter-feature Transfer Of Aftereffects: Evidence of Adaptation in Whole Face Representations. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Pancaroglu R, Busigny T, Johnston S, Sekunova A, Duchaine B, Barton JJS. The right anterior temporal lobe variant of prosopagnosia. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Chatelain FC, Alagem N, Xu Q, Pancaroglu R, Reuveny E, Minor DL. The pore helix dipole has a minor role in inward rectifier channel function. Neuron 2005; 47:833-43. [PMID: 16157278 PMCID: PMC3017504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels lower the energetic barrier for ion passage across cell membranes and enable the generation of bioelectricity. Electrostatic interactions between permeant ions and channel pore helix dipoles have been proposed as a general mechanism for facilitating ion passage. Here, using genetic selections to probe interactions of an exemplar potassium channel blocker, barium, with the inward rectifier Kir2.1, we identify mutants bearing positively charged residues in the potassium channel signature sequence at the pore helix C terminus. We show that these channels are functional, selective, resistant to barium block, and have minimally altered conductance properties. Both the experimental data and model calculations indicate that barium resistance originates from electrostatics. We demonstrate that potassium channel function is remarkably unperturbed when positive charges occur near the permeant ions at a location that should counteract pore helix electrostatic effects. Thus, contrary to accepted models, the pore helix dipole seems to be a minor factor in potassium channel permeation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck C. Chatelain
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, Box 2532, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Noga Alagem
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Qiang Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, Box 2532, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Raika Pancaroglu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, Box 2532, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Eitan Reuveny
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel L. Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, Box 2532, San Francisco, California 94143
- Correspondence:
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