Cell proliferation and cell death levels in the dentate gyrus correlate with home range size among adult male meadow voles

Neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood within the dentate gyrus, and evidence indicates that these new neurons play a critical role in both spatial and social memory. However, a vast majority of past research on adult neurogenesis has involved experiments with captive mice and rats, making the generalizability of results to natural settings questionable. We assessed the connection between adult neurogenesis and memory by measuring the home range size of wild-caught, free-ranging meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Adult male voles (n = 18) were captured, fitted with radio collars, and released back into their natural habitat, where each vole's home range was assessed using 40 radio-telemetry fixes over the course of 5 evenings. Voles were then recaptured, and brain tissue was collected. Cellular markers of cell proliferation (pHisH3, Ki67), neurogenesis (DCX), and pyknosis were labeled on histological sections and then quantified using either fluorescent or light microscopy. Voles with larger home ranges had significantly higher pHisH3+ cell densities within the granule cell layer and subgranular zone (GCL+SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and higher Ki67+ cell densities in the dorsal GCL+SGZ. Voles with larger ranges also had significantly higher pyknotic cell densities in the entire GCL+SGZ and in the dorsal GCL+SGZ. These results support the hypothesis that cell proliferation and cell death within the hippocampus are involved with spatial memory formation. However, a marker of neurogenesis (DCX+) was not correlated with range size, suggesting that there may be selective cellular turnover in the dentate gyrus when a vole is ranging through its environment.

Illuminating the Use of Trauma Whole-Body CT Scan During the Global Contrast Shortage

BACKGROUND

Use of whole-body CT scan (WBCT) is widespread in the evaluation of traumatically injured patients and may be associated with improved survival. WBCT protocols include the use of IV contrast unless there is a contraindication. This study tests the hypothesis that using plain WBCT scan during the global contrast shortage would result in greater need for repeat contrast-enhanced CT, but would not impact mortality, missed injuries, or rates of acute kidney injury (AKI).

STUDY DESIGN

All trauma encounters at an academic level-I trauma center between March 1, 2022 and June 24, 2022, excluding burns and prehospital cardiac arrests, were reviewed. Imaging practices and outcomes before and during contrast shortage (beginning May 3, 2022) were compared.

RESULTS

The study population included 1,109 consecutive patients (72% male), with 890 (80%) blunt and 219 (20%) penetrating traumas. Overall, 53% of patients underwent WBCT and contrast was administered to 73%. The overall rate of AKI was 6% and the rate of renal replacement therapy (RRT) was 1%. Contrast usage in WBCT was 99% before and 40% during the shortage (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the rate of repeat CT scans, missed injuries, AKI, RRT, or mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Trauma imaging practices at our center changed during the global contrast shortage; the use of contrast decreased despite the frequency of trauma WBCT scans remaining the same. The rates of AKI and RRT did not change, suggesting that WBCT with contrast is insufficient to cause AKI. The missed injury rate was equivalent. Our data suggest similar outcomes can be achieved with selective IV contrast use during WBCT.

Dose-dependent effects of testosterone on spatial learning strategies and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in male rats

Studies suggest that males outperform females on some spatial tasks. This may be due to the effects of sex steroids on spatial strategy preferences. Past experiments with male rats have demonstrated that low doses of testosterone bias them toward a response strategy, whereas high doses of testosterone bias them toward a place strategy. We investigated the effect of different testosterone doses on the ability of male rats to effectively employ these two spatial learning strategies. Furthermore, we quantified concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (pro-, mature-, and total BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. All rats were bilaterally castrated and assigned to one of three daily injection doses of testosterone propionate (0.125, 0.250, or 0.500 mg/rat) or a control injection of the drug vehicle. Using a plus-maze protocol, we found that a lower testosterone dose (0.125 mg) significantly improved rats' performance on a response task, whereas a higher testosterone dose (0.500 mg) significantly improved rats' performance on a place task. In addition, we found that a low dose of testosterone (0.125 mg) increased total BDNF in the striatum, while a high dose (0.500 mg) increased total BDNF in the hippocampus. Taken altogether, these results suggest that high and low levels of testosterone enhance performance on place and response spatial tasks, respectively, and this effect is associated with changes in BDNF levels within relevant brain regions.

Testosterone replacement causes dose-dependent improvements in spatial memory among aged male rats

Testosterone has been shown to have dose-dependent effects on spatial memory in males, but the effects of aging upon this relationship remain unclear. Additionally, the mechanism by which testosterone regulates memory is unknown, but may involve changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) within specific brain regions. We tested the effects of age and testosterone on spatial memory among male rats using two spatial memory tasks: an object-location memory task (OLMT) and the radial-arm maze (RAM). Castration had minimal effect on performance on the RAM, but young rats (2 months) performed significantly fewer working memory errors than aged rats (20 months), and aged rats performed significantly fewer reference memory errors. Both age and castration impaired performance on the OLMT, with only the young rats with intact gonads successfully performing the task. Subsequent experiments involved daily injections of either drug vehicle or one of four doses of testosterone propionate (0.125, 0.250, 0.500, and 1.00 mg/rat) given to castrated aged males. On the RAM, a low physiological dose (0.125 mg) and high doses (0.500-1.000 mg) of testosterone improved working memory, while an intermediate dose (0.250 mg) did not. On the OLMT, only the 0.250 mg T group showed a significant increase in exploration ratios from the exposure trials to the testing trials, indicating that this group remembered the position of the objects. Brain tissue (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum) was collected from all subjects to assay BDNF. We found no evidence that testosterone influenced BDNF, indicating that it is unlikely that testosterone regulates spatial memory through changes in BDNF levels.