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Daniels BJ, Prijic G, Meidinger S, Loomes KM, Stephens JM, Schlothauer RC, Furkert DP, Brimble MA. Isolation, Structural Elucidation, and Synthesis of Lepteridine From Ma̅nuka (Leptospermum scoparium) Honey. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:5079-5084. [PMID: 27210444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ma̅nuka honey, made from the nectar of Leptospermum scoparium, has garnered scientific and economical interest due to its nonperoxide antibacterial activity. Biomarkers for genuine ma̅nuka honey are increasingly in demand due to the presence of counterfeit ma̅nuka honey. This work reports the identification of a compound previously unreported in ma̅nuka honey by HPLC, and determination of the structure of the as 3,6,7-trimethyllumazine using NMR, MS, IR, and UV/vis spectroscopy. This assignment was confirmed by total synthesis. The natural product, renamed lepteridine, was only observed in ma̅nuka honeys and could potentially serve as a biomarker for genuine ma̅nuka honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Daniels
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Gordana Prijic
- Comvita NZ Limited , 23 Wilson South Road, Te Puke 3189, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Meidinger
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kerry M Loomes
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan M Stephens
- Comvita NZ Limited , 23 Wilson South Road, Te Puke 3189, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, The University of Auckland , 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | | | - Daniel P Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland , 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Bong J, Loomes KM, Schlothauer RC, Stephens JM. Fluorescence markers in some New Zealand honeys. Food Chem 2015; 192:1006-14. [PMID: 26304441 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence characteristics of various New Zealand honeys were investigated to establish if this technique might detect signatures unique to manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and kanuka (Kunzea ericoides) honeys. We found unique fluorescence profiles for these honeys which distinguished them from other New Zealand honey floral types. Two excitation-emission (ex-em) marker wavelengths each for manuka and kanuka honeys were identified; manuka honey at 270-365 (MM1) and 330-470 (MM2) nm and kanuka honey at 275-305 (KM1) and 445-525 (KM2) nm. Dilution of manuka and kanuka honeys with other honey types that did not possess these fluorescence profiles resulted in a proportional reduction in fluorescence signal of the honeys at the marker wavelengths. By comparison, rewarewa (Knightia excelsa), kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa), and clover (Trifolium spp.) honeys did not exhibit unique fluorescence patterns. These findings suggests that a fluorescence-based screening approach has potential utility for determining the monoflorality status of manuka and kanuka honeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Bong
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, University of Auckland, PB92019 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kerry M Loomes
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, University of Auckland, PB92019 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ralf C Schlothauer
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, University of Auckland, PB92019 Auckland, New Zealand; Comvita NZ Limited, Wilson South Road, Paengaroa, PB1, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan M Stephens
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology, University of Auckland, PB92019 Auckland, New Zealand; Comvita NZ Limited, Wilson South Road, Paengaroa, PB1, Te Puke, New Zealand.
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Liu M, Lu J, Müller P, Turnbull L, Burke CM, Schlothauer RC, Carter DA, Whitchurch CB, Harry EJ. Antibiotic-specific differences in the response of Staphylococcus aureus to treatment with antimicrobials combined with manuka honey. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:779. [PMID: 25674077 PMCID: PMC4307217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin infections caused by antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus are a significant health problem worldwide; often associated with high treatment cost and mortality rate. Complex natural products like New Zealand (NZ) manuka honey have been revisited and studied extensively as an alternative to antibiotics due to their potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and the inability to isolate honey-resistant S. aureus. Previous studies showing synergistic effects between manuka-type honeys and antibiotics have been demonstrated against the growth of one methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain. We have previously demonstrated strong synergistic activity between NZ manuka-type honey and rifampicin against growth and biofilm formation of multiple S. arueus strains. Here, we have expanded our investigation using multiple S. aureus strains and four different antibiotics commonly used to treat S. aureus-related skin infections: rifampicin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and clindamycin. Using checkerboard microdilution and agar diffusion assays with S. aureus strains including clinical isolates and MRSA we demonstrate that manuka-type honey combined with these four antibiotics frequently produces a synergistic effect. In some cases when synergism was not observed, there was a significant enhancement in antibiotic susceptibility. Some strains that were highly resistant to an antibiotic when present alone become sensitive to clinically achievable concentrations when combined with honey. However, not all of the S. aureus strains tested responded in the same way to these combinational treatments. Our findings support the use of NZ manuka-type honeys in clinical treatment against S. aureus-related infections and extend their potential use as an antibiotic adjuvant in combinational therapy. Our data also suggest that manuka-type honeys may not work as antibiotic adjuvants for all strains of S. aureus, and this may help determine the mechanistic processes behind honey synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Liu
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Jing Lu
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Patrick Müller
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Catherine M Burke
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Dee A Carter
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth J Harry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Lu J, Turnbull L, Burke CM, Liu M, Carter DA, Schlothauer RC, Whitchurch CB, Harry EJ. Manuka-type honeys can eradicate biofilms produced by Staphylococcus aureus strains with different biofilm-forming abilities. PeerJ 2014; 2:e326. [PMID: 24711974 PMCID: PMC3970805 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a major global health problem. Their management is difficult and costly, and the development of antibiotic resistance by both planktonic and biofilm-associated bacteria necessitates the use of alternative wound treatments. Honey is now being revisited as an alternative treatment due to its broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and the inability of bacteria to develop resistance to it. Many previous antibacterial studies have used honeys that are not well characterized, even in terms of quantifying the levels of the major antibacterial components present, making it difficult to build an evidence base for the efficacy of honey as an antibiofilm agent in chronic wound treatment. Here we show that a range of well-characterized New Zealand manuka-type honeys, in which two principle antibacterial components, methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide, were quantified, can eradicate biofilms of a range of Staphylococcus aureus strains that differ widely in their biofilm-forming abilities. Using crystal violet and viability assays, along with confocal laser scanning imaging, we demonstrate that in all S. aureus strains, including methicillin-resistant strains, the manuka-type honeys showed significantly higher anti-biofilm activity than clover honey and an isotonic sugar solution. We observed higher anti-biofilm activity as the proportion of manuka-derived honey, and thus methylglyoxal, in a honey blend increased. However, methylglyoxal on its own, or with sugar, was not able to effectively eradicate S. aureus biofilms. We also demonstrate that honey was able to penetrate through the biofilm matrix and kill the embedded cells in some cases. As has been reported for antibiotics, sub-inhibitory concentrations of honey improved biofilm formation by some S. aureus strains, however, biofilm cell suspensions recovered after honey treatment did not develop resistance towards manuka-type honeys. New Zealand manuka-type honeys, at the concentrations they can be applied in wound dressings are highly active in both preventing S. aureus biofilm formation and in their eradication, and do not result in bacteria becoming resistant. Methylglyoxal requires other components in manuka-type honeys for this anti-biofilm activity. Our findings support the use of well-defined manuka-type honeys as a topical anti-biofilm treatment for the effective management of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Burke
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Liu
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dee A. Carter
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Elizabeth J. Harry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Müller P, Alber DG, Turnbull L, Schlothauer RC, Carter DA, Whitchurch CB, Harry EJ. Synergism between Medihoney and rifampicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). PLoS One 2013; 8:e57679. [PMID: 23469049 PMCID: PMC3585195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin and chronic wound infections caused by highly antibiotic resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are an increasing and urgent health problem worldwide, particularly with sharp increases in obesity and diabetes. New Zealand manuka honey has potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, has been shown to inhibit the growth of MRSA strains, and bacteria resistant to this honey have not been obtainable in the laboratory. Combinational treatment of chronic wounds with manuka honey and common antibiotics may offer a wide range of advantages including synergistic enhancement of the antibacterial activity, reduction of the effective dose of the antibiotic, and reduction of the risk of antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Medihoney in combination with the widely used antibiotic rifampicin on S. aureus. Using checkerboard microdilution assays, time-kill curve experiments and agar diffusion assays, we show a synergism between Medihoney and rifampicin against MRSA and clinical isolates of S. aureus. Furthermore, the Medihoney/rifampicin combination stopped the appearance of rifampicin-resistant S. aureus in vitro. Methylglyoxal (MGO), believed to be the major antibacterial compound in manuka honey, did not act synergistically with rifampicin and is therefore not the sole factor responsible for the synergistic effect of manuka honey with rifampicin. Our findings support the idea that a combination of honey and antibiotics may be an effective new antimicrobial therapy for chronic wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dagmar G. Alber
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Dee A. Carter
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia B. Whitchurch
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. Harry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Lu J, Carter DA, Turnbull L, Rosendale D, Hedderley D, Stephens J, Gannabathula S, Steinhorn G, Schlothauer RC, Whitchurch CB, Harry EJ. The effect of New Zealand kanuka, manuka and clover honeys on bacterial growth dynamics and cellular morphology varies according to the species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55898. [PMID: 23418472 PMCID: PMC3572166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of chronic wounds is becoming increasingly difficult due to antibiotic resistance. Complex natural products with antimicrobial activity, such as honey, are now under the spotlight as alternative treatments to antibiotics. Several studies have shown honey to have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity at concentrations present in honey dressings, and resistance to honey has not been attainable in the laboratory. However not all honeys are the same and few studies have used honey that is well defined both in geographic and chemical terms. Here we have used a range of concentrations of clover honey and a suite of manuka and kanuka honeys from known geographical locations, and for which the floral source and concentration of methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide potential were defined, to determine their effect on growth and cellular morphology of four bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While the general trend in effectiveness of growth inhibition was manuka>manuka-kanuka blend>kanuka>clover, the honeys had varying and diverse effects on the growth and cellular morphology of each bacterium, and each organism had a unique response profile to these honeys. P. aeruginosa showed a markedly different pattern of growth inhibition to the other three organisms when treated with sub-inhibitory concentrations of honey, being equally sensitive to all honeys, including clover, and the least sensitive to honey overall. While hydrogen peroxide potential contributed to the antibacterial activity of the manuka and kanuka honeys, it was never essential for complete growth inhibition. Cell morphology analysis also showed a varied and diverse set of responses to the honeys that included cell length changes, cell lysis, and alterations to DNA appearance. These changes are likely to reflect the different regulatory circuits of the organisms that are activated by the stress of honey treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dee A. Carter
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lynne Turnbull
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Douglas Rosendale
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Swapna Gannabathula
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth J. Harry
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Fearnley L, Greenwood DR, Schmitz M, Stephens JM, Schlothauer RC, Loomes KM. Compositional analysis of manuka honeys by high-resolution mass spectrometry: Identification of a manuka-enriched archetypal molecule. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gannabathula S, Skinner MA, Rosendale D, Greenwood JM, Mutukumira AN, Steinhorn G, Stephens J, Krissansen GW, Schlothauer RC. Arabinogalactan proteins contribute to the immunostimulatory properties of New Zealand honeys. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:598-607. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.641974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ferguson LR, Schlothauer RC. The potential role of nutritional genomics tools in validating high health foods for cancer control: broccoli as example. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:126-46. [PMID: 22147677 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional genomics reflects gene/nutrient interactions, utilising high-throughput genomic tools in nutrition research. The field also considers the contribution of individual genotypes to wellness and the risk of chronic disease (nutrigenetics), and how such genetic predisposition may be modified by appropriate diets. For example, high consumption of brassicaceous vegetables, including broccoli, has regularly associated with low cancer risk. Bioactive chemicals in broccoli include glucosinolates, plant pigments including kaempferol, quercetin, lutein and carotenoids, various vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Cancer prevention is hypothesised to act through various mechanisms including modulation of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes, NF-E2 p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-mediated stress-response mechanisms, and protection against genomic instability. Broccoli and broccoli extracts also regulate the progression of cancer through anti-inflammatory effects, effects on signal transduction, epigenetic effects and modulation of the colonic microflora. Human intervention studies with broccoli and related foods, using standard biomarker methodologies, reveal part of a complex picture. Nutrigenomic approaches, especially transcriptomics, enable simultaneous study of various signalling pathways and networks. Phenotypic, genetic and/or metabolic stratification may identify individuals most likely to respond positively to foods or diets. Jointly, these technologies can provide proof of human efficacy, and may be essential to ensure effective market transfer and uptake of broccoli and related foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, New Zealand.
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Stephens JM, Schlothauer RC, Morris BD, Yang D, Fearnley L, Greenwood DR, Loomes KM. Phenolic compounds and methylglyoxal in some New Zealand manuka and kanuka honeys. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Galunsky B, Schlothauer RC, Böckle B, Kasche V. Direct spectrophotometric measurement of enzyme activity in heterogeneous systems with insoluble substrate or immobilized enzyme. Anal Biochem 1994; 221:213-4. [PMID: 7985798 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1994.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Galunsky
- AB Biotechnologie II, Technische Universität, Hamburg-Harburg, Germany
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