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Chin RM, Rakhit R, Ditsworth D, Wang C, Bartholomeus J, Liu S, Mody A, Laishu A, Eastes A, Tai C, Kim RY, Li J, Hansberry S, Khasnavis S, Rafalski V, Herendeen D, Garda V, Phung J, de Roulet D, Ordureau A, Harper JW, Johnstone S, Stöhr J, Hertz NT. Pharmacological PINK1 activation ameliorates Pathology in Parkinson's Disease models. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.14.528378. [PMID: 36824886 PMCID: PMC9949154 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
PINK1 loss-of-function mutations and exposure to mitochondrial toxins are causative for Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinsonism, respectively. We demonstrate that pathological α-synuclein deposition, the hallmark pathology of idiopathic PD, induces mitochondrial dysfunction and impairs mitophagy, driving accumulation of the PINK1 substrate pS65-Ubiquitin (pUb) in primary neurons and in vivo. We synthesized MTK458, a brain penetrant small molecule that binds to PINK1 and stabilizes an active heterocomplex, thereby increasing mitophagy. MTK458 mediates clearance of α-synuclein pathology in PFF seeding models in vitro and in vivo and reduces pUb. We developed an ultrasensitive assay to quantify pUb levels in plasma and observed an increase in pUb in PD subjects that correlates with disease progression, paralleling our observations in PD models. Our combined findings from preclinical PD models and patient biofluids suggest that pharmacological activation of PINK1 is worthy of further study as a therapeutic strategy for disease modification in PD. Highlights Discovery of a plasma Parkinson's Disease biomarker candidate, pS65-Ubiquitin (pUb)Plasma pUb levels correlate with disease status and progression in PD patients.Identification of a potent, brain penetrant PINK1 activator, MTK458MTK458 selectively activates PINK1 by stimulating dimerization and stabilization of the PINK1/TOM complexMTK458 drives clearance of α-synuclein pathology and normalizes pUb in in vivo Parkinson's models.
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Fu X, Chin RM, Vergnes L, Hwang H, Deng G, Xing Y, Pai MY, Li S, Ta L, Fazlollahi F, Chen C, Prins RM, Teitell MA, Nathanson DA, Lai A, Faull KF, Jiang M, Clarke SG, Cloughesy TF, Graeber TG, Braas D, Christofk HR, Jung ME, Reue K, Huang J. 2-Hydroxyglutarate Inhibits ATP Synthase and mTOR Signaling. Cell Metab 2015; 22:508-15. [PMID: 26190651 PMCID: PMC4663076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We discovered recently that the central metabolite α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) extends the lifespan of C. elegans through inhibition of ATP synthase and TOR signaling. Here we find, unexpectedly, that (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate ((R)-2HG), an oncometabolite that interferes with various α-KG-mediated processes, similarly extends worm lifespan. (R)-2HG accumulates in human cancers carrying neomorphic mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 genes. We show that, like α-KG, both (R)-2HG and (S)-2HG bind and inhibit ATP synthase and inhibit mTOR signaling. These effects are mirrored in IDH1 mutant cells, suggesting a growth-suppressive function of (R)-2HG. Consistently, inhibition of ATP synthase by 2-HG or α-KG in glioblastoma cells is sufficient for growth arrest and tumor cell killing under conditions of glucose limitation, e.g., when ketone bodies (instead of glucose) are supplied for energy. These findings inform therapeutic strategies and open avenues for investigating the roles of 2-HG and metabolites in biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Fu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Randall M Chin
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heejun Hwang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yanpeng Xing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melody Y Pai
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sichen Li
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lisa Ta
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Farbod Fazlollahi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Albert Lai
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Meisheng Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Steven G Clarke
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Chin RM, Fu X, Pai MY, Vergnes L, Hwang H, Deng G, Diep S, Lomenick B, Meli VS, Monsalve GC, Hu E, Whelan SA, Wang JX, Jung G, Solis GM, Fazlollahi F, Kaweeteerawat C, Quach A, Nili M, Krall AS, Godwin HA, Chang HR, Faull KF, Guo F, Jiang M, Trauger SA, Saghatelian A, Braas D, Christofk HR, Clarke CF, Teitell MA, Petrascheck M, Reue K, Jung ME, Frand AR, Huang J. The metabolite α-ketoglutarate extends lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. Nature 2014; 510:397-401. [PMID: 24828042 DOI: 10.1038/nature13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism and ageing are intimately linked. Compared with ad libitum feeding, dietary restriction consistently extends lifespan and delays age-related diseases in evolutionarily diverse organisms. Similar conditions of nutrient limitation and genetic or pharmacological perturbations of nutrient or energy metabolism also have longevity benefits. Recently, several metabolites have been identified that modulate ageing; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this are largely undefined. Here we show that α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate, extends the lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans. ATP synthase subunit β is identified as a novel binding protein of α-KG using a small-molecule target identification strategy termed drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS). The ATP synthase, also known as complex V of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, is the main cellular energy-generating machinery and is highly conserved throughout evolution. Although complete loss of mitochondrial function is detrimental, partial suppression of the electron transport chain has been shown to extend C. elegans lifespan. We show that α-KG inhibits ATP synthase and, similar to ATP synthase knockdown, inhibition by α-KG leads to reduced ATP content, decreased oxygen consumption, and increased autophagy in both C. elegans and mammalian cells. We provide evidence that the lifespan increase by α-KG requires ATP synthase subunit β and is dependent on target of rapamycin (TOR) downstream. Endogenous α-KG levels are increased on starvation and α-KG does not extend the lifespan of dietary-restricted animals, indicating that α-KG is a key metabolite that mediates longevity by dietary restriction. Our analyses uncover new molecular links between a common metabolite, a universal cellular energy generator and dietary restriction in the regulation of organismal lifespan, thus suggesting new strategies for the prevention and treatment of ageing and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall M Chin
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Xudong Fu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Melody Y Pai
- 1] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2]
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2]
| | - Heejun Hwang
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2]
| | - Gang Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Simon Diep
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Brett Lomenick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Vijaykumar S Meli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gabriela C Monsalve
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Eileen Hu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Stephen A Whelan
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer X Wang
- Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, FAS Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Gwanghyun Jung
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Gregory M Solis
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Farbod Fazlollahi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Chitrada Kaweeteerawat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Austin Quach
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Mahta Nili
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Abby S Krall
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hilary A Godwin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Helena R Chang
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Meisheng Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Sunia A Trauger
- Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Facility, FAS Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Heather R Christofk
- 1] Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] UCLA Metabolomics Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Catherine F Clarke
- 1] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- 1] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Michael Petrascheck
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- 1] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Michael E Jung
- 1] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Alison R Frand
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- 1] Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA [2] Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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