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Mufti RE, Zechariah A, Sancho M, Mazumdar N, Brett SE, Welsh DG. Implications of αvβ3 Integrin Signaling in the Regulation of Ca2+ Waves and Myogenic Tone in Cerebral Arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2571-8. [PMID: 26494230 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The myogenic response is central to blood flow regulation in the brain. Its induction is tied to elevated cytosolic [Ca(2+)], a response primarily driven by voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and secondarily by Ca(2+) wave production. Although the signaling events leading to the former are well studied, those driving Ca(2+) waves remain uncertain. APPROACH AND RESULTS We postulated that αvβ3 integrin signaling is integral to the generation of pressure-induced Ca(2+) waves and cerebral arterial tone. This hypothesis was tested in rat cerebral arteries using the synergistic strengths of pressure myography, rapid Ca(2+) imaging, and Western blot analysis. GRGDSP, a peptide that preferentially blocks αvβ3 integrin, attenuated myogenic tone, indicating the modest role for sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release in myogenic tone generation. The RGD peptide was subsequently shown to impair Ca(2+) wave generation and myosin light chain 20 (MLC20) phosphorylation, the latter of which was attributed to the modulation of MLC kinase and MLC phosphatase via MYPT1-T855 phosphorylation. Subsequent experiments revealed that elevated pressure enhanced phospholipase Cγ1 phosphorylation in an RGD-dependent manner and that phospholipase C inhibition attenuated Ca(2+) wave generation. Direct inhibition of inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptors also impaired Ca(2+) wave generation, myogenic tone, and MLC20 phosphorylation, partly through the T-855 phosphorylation site of MYPT1. CONCLUSIONS Our investigation reveals a hitherto unknown role for αvβ3 integrin as a cerebral arterial pressure sensor. The membrane receptor facilitates Ca(2+) wave generation through a signaling cascade, involving phospholipase Cγ1, inositol 1,3,4 triphosphate production, and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor activation. These discrete asynchronous Ca(2+) events facilitate MLC20 phosphorylation and, in part, myogenic tone by influencing both MLC kinase and MLC phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania E Mufti
- From the Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.)
| | - Anil Zechariah
- From the Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.)
| | - Maria Sancho
- From the Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.)
| | - Neil Mazumdar
- From the Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.)
| | - Suzanne E Brett
- From the Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.)
| | - Donald G Welsh
- From the Hotchkiss Brain Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), Libin Cardiovascular Institute (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (R.E.M., A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada (A.Z., M.S., N.M., S.E.B., D.G.W.).
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Harraz OF, Abd El-Rahman RR, Bigdely-Shamloo K, Wilson SM, Brett SE, Romero M, Gonzales AL, Earley S, Vigmond EJ, Nygren A, Menon BK, Mufti RE, Watson T, Starreveld Y, Furstenhaupt T, Muellerleile PR, Kurjiaka DT, Kyle BD, Braun AP, Welsh DG. Ca(V)3.2 channels and the induction of negative feedback in cerebral arteries. Circ Res 2014; 115:650-61. [PMID: 25085940 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.304056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE T-type (CaV3.1/CaV3.2) Ca(2+) channels are expressed in rat cerebral arterial smooth muscle. Although present, their functional significance remains uncertain with findings pointing to a variety of roles. OBJECTIVE This study tested whether CaV3.2 channels mediate a negative feedback response by triggering Ca(2+) sparks, discrete events that initiate arterial hyperpolarization by activating large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels. METHODS AND RESULTS Micromolar Ni(2+), an agent that selectively blocks CaV3.2 but not CaV1.2/CaV3.1, was first shown to depolarize/constrict pressurized rat cerebral arteries; no effect was observed in CaV3.2(-/-) arteries. Structural analysis using 3-dimensional tomography, immunolabeling, and a proximity ligation assay next revealed the existence of microdomains in cerebral arterial smooth muscle which comprised sarcoplasmic reticulum and caveolae. Within these discrete structures, CaV3.2 and ryanodine receptor resided in close apposition to one another. Computational modeling revealed that Ca(2+) influx through CaV3.2 could repetitively activate ryanodine receptor, inducing discrete Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release events in a voltage-dependent manner. In keeping with theoretical observations, rapid Ca(2+) imaging and perforated patch clamp electrophysiology demonstrated that Ni(2+) suppressed Ca(2+) sparks and consequently spontaneous transient outward K(+) currents, large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel mediated events. Additional functional work on pressurized arteries noted that paxilline, a large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel inhibitor, elicited arterial constriction equivalent, and not additive, to Ni(2+). Key experiments on human cerebral arteries indicate that CaV3.2 is present and drives a comparable response to moderate constriction. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate for the first time that CaV3.2 channels localize to discrete microdomains and drive ryanodine receptor-mediated Ca(2+) sparks, enabling large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel activation, hyperpolarization, and attenuation of cerebral arterial constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama F Harraz
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Rasha R Abd El-Rahman
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Kamran Bigdely-Shamloo
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Sean M Wilson
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Suzanne E Brett
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Monica Romero
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Albert L Gonzales
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Scott Earley
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Edward J Vigmond
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Anders Nygren
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Bijoy K Menon
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Rania E Mufti
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Tim Watson
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Yves Starreveld
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Tobias Furstenhaupt
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Philip R Muellerleile
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - David T Kurjiaka
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Barry D Kyle
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Andrew P Braun
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.)
| | - Donald G Welsh
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain and Libin Cardiovascular Institutes (O.F.H., R.R.A.E.-R., K.B.-S., S.E.B., R.E.M., B.D.K., A.P.B., D.G.W.), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (K.B.-S., E.J.V., A.N.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (B.K.M., T.W., Y.S.), and Microscopy Imaging Facility (T.F.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (O.F.H.); Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, CA (S.M.W., M.R.); Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (A.L.G.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada, Reno (S.E.); LIRYC Institute and Lab IMB, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France (E.J.V.); and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI (P.R.M., D.T.K.). dwelsh@ucalgary
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