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Cid R, Bolívar J. Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1072. [PMID: 34439738 PMCID: PMC8394948 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cid
- ADL Bionatur Solutions S.A., Av. del Desarrollo Tecnológico 11, 11591 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Jorge Bolívar
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Salagre E, Quílez S, de Benito R, Jaafar M, van der Meulen HP, Vasco E, Cid R, Fuller EJ, Talin AA, Segovia P, Michel EG, Polop C. A multi-technique approach to understanding delithiation damage in LiCoO 2 thin films. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12027. [PMID: 34103560 PMCID: PMC8187655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the delithiation of LiCoO2 thin films using oxalic acid (C2H2O4) with the goal of understanding the structural degradation of an insertion oxide associated with Li chemical extraction. Using a multi-technique approach that includes synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy we reveal the balance between selective Li extraction and structural damage. We identify three different delithiation regimes, related to surface processes, bulk delithiation and damage generation. We find that only a fraction of the grains is affected by the delithiation process, which may create local inhomogeneities. However, the bulk delithiation regime is effective to delithiate the LCO film. All experimental evidence collected indicates that the delithiation process in this regime mimics the behavior of LCO upon electrochemical delithiation. We discard the formation of Co oxalate during the chemical extraction process. In conclusion, the chemical route to Li extraction provides additional opportunities to investigate delithiation while avoiding the complications associated with electrolyte breakdown and simplifying in-situ measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Salagre
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Quílez
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R de Benito
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Jaafar
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,IFIMAC (Condensed Matter Physics Center), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - H P van der Meulen
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vasco
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Cid
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.,BM25-SpLine (Spanish CRG Beamline) at the European Synchrotron (E.S.R.F.), Grenoble, France.,Centre for Cooperative Research on Alternative Energies (CIC energiGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - E J Fuller
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - A A Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - P Segovia
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,IFIMAC (Condensed Matter Physics Center), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - E G Michel
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,IFIMAC (Condensed Matter Physics Center), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Polop
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,IFIMAC (Condensed Matter Physics Center), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto Universitario de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Díaz J, Cid R, Hierro A, M Álvarez-Prado L, Quirós C, Alameda JM. Large negative thermal expansion of the Co subnetwork measured by EXAFS in highly disordered Nd₁-xCox thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. J Phys Condens Matter 2013; 25:426002. [PMID: 24067564 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/42/426002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have measured a negative thermal expansion (NTE) of the Co subnetwork in amorphous Nd1-xCox (0.78 < x < 0.84) thin films of the order of 1% in volume using linearly polarized EXAFS spectroscopy at RT and 10 K. The expansion, which is anisotropic, is uncorrelated with the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) observed in all the films, but correlated with the method used to deposit them. The atomic environments of the Nd atoms resulted in such a strong disorder that Nd-Nd and Nd-Co environments were invisible to EXAFS, and only Co-Co atomic environments were detected. The information on the Nd subnetwork was obtained through its magnetic moment measured by XMCD. These measurements demonstrate an increasing interaction of neodymium atoms with their particular local crystal field as the temperature decreased, suggesting possible structural modifications at their sites. Since the magnetic moment of the cobalt subnetwork remains essentially constant with the temperature, it is proposed that its detected NTE may be caused by the mechanical response of the amorphous network to structural transformations at the Nd sites. These results support that the PMA in RE-TM alloys is localized at the RE sites. The complete absence of EXAFS oscillations in the Nd L3 EXAFS spectra is remarkable: it means that the coherence length of the photoemitted electrons in disordered matter can be strongly reduced from that expected by atomic calculations to the point of being less than first neighbor distances, which is contrary to the common belief that first neighbors are always visible by EXAFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Díaz
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Oviedo, Avenida de Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, E-33007, Spain. Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología (CINN), CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, E-33428 Llanera, Spain
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Hierro-Rodriguez A, Cid R, Vélez M, Rodriguez-Rodriguez G, Martín JI, Álvarez-Prado LM, Alameda JM. Topological defects and misfit strain in magnetic stripe domains of lateral multilayers with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:117202. [PMID: 23005668 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.117202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stripe domains are studied in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy films nanostructured with a periodic thickness modulation that induces the lateral modulation of both stripe periods and in-plane magnetization. The resulting system is the 2D equivalent of a strained superlattice with properties controlled by interfacial misfit strain within the magnetic stripe structure and shape anisotropy. This allows us to observe, experimentally for the first time, the continuous structural transformation of a grain boundary in this 2D magnetic crystal in the whole angular range. The magnetization reversal process can be tailored through the effect of misfit strain due to the coupling between disclinations in the magnetic stripe pattern and domain walls in the in-plane magnetization configuration.
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Fernández-Lastra A, Rodrigo M, Cid R, Aguado JA. [Electromyographic diagnosis of 772 patients in the Móstoles Hospital]. Rev Neurol 1998; 26:950-3. [PMID: 9658465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE There are few references in the literature to demographic data of the disorders most frequently studied by electromyography. Our objective was to obtain a demographic description of the patients usually sent to us for electromyographic studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Descriptive and analytical assessment was done of 914 electromyographic diagnoses seen in a sample of 722 patients sent to Mostoles Hospital, referral centre of Health District VIII of the Community of Madrid with an estimated population of 407,836 inhabitants, for conventional electroneurographic and electromyographic studies between May 1995 and February 1996. We recorded data regarding electromyographic diagnosis, localization, intensity, whether the study was for diagnostic purposes or follow-up, medical centre referring the patient, medical speciality sending the patient, clinical impression, age and sex. RESULTS The commonest pathology seen was carpal trapping of the median nerve, both in men and in women (three times more frequent in women). There was an estimated incidence of 136 cases per year per 100,000 women and 36 cases per year per 100,000 men (most frequent in patients aged 20-70, with a maximum frequency in those in their fifties). There was marked right sided predominance. The commonest pathology in men was polyneuropathy, with an estimated incidence of 80 cases per 100,000 men and 72 cases per 100,000 women. This was the commonest diagnosis in the patients aged over 70. Mononeuropathy of the legs was most commonly seen in men and in the first twenty years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fernández-Lastra
- Servicio de Neurofisiología Clínica, Hospital General de Móstoles, Móstoles, Madrid
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