Recommendations of apex health bodies remain localized: not in conformity with international implementation policy for urological disorders

In developing/underdeveloped countries there is still a great burden of adverse drug reaction (ADR), morbidity and mortality because of poor regulations and implementation of preventive measures. These countries try to copy/follow guidelines from international bodies like American Urology Association (AUA), European Association of Urology (EAU), AGS, UMC and WHO irrespective of their country of origin and success in implementation. Although recommendations of these organizations are obligatory, yet these are taken as the gold standard for good clinical practices. This manuscript highlights difference in view point of various apex health organizations in formulating health policies for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and ADR monitoring for urological disorders. Lacking role of regulatory bodies in implementation of existing policies may lead to potentially inappropriate medication and produce a great economic burden. This analysis has prompted us to recommend that these apex bodies should have better coordination in producing a single value document, make it mandatory part of curricula in medical schools for better awareness, awareness campaigns and separate reporting column in ADR form.

A128 GLOBAL TRENDS IN TRAINING AND CREDENTIALING GUIDELINES FOR GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) ENDOSCOPY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background

Credentialing in GI endoscopy is not a universally standardized process. National guidelines may provide a framework for local training, however in certain settings, training committees set minimal competency requirements that must be met before a clinician can be accredited to practice independently. There is a paucity of literature assessing the inter-societal and geographic variability in guidelines and training requirements in endoscopy.

Purpose

To systematically review the available credentialing guidelines proposed by different GI endoscopy societies and affiliated training committees internationally.

Method

We conducted a systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed for credentialing guidelines for GI endoscopy from inception until January 2022. Two reviewers screened and one reviewer abstracted data using a pre-defined data collection form.

Result(s)

From the 653 records obtained from our search, 20 credentialing guidelines from 12 different GI societies were ultimately included in the review. These guidelines encompassed the following procedures and outlined the following key-performance indicators; a) Colonoscopy: the recommended minimum number of procedures performed ranged from 150-275 with a minimum cecal intubation and adenoma detection rate of 85-90% and 20-30% respectively; b) EGD: the minimum number of procedures prior to credentialing ranged from 130-1000, the minimum duodenal intubation rate ranged from 95-100%, and the range for minimum number of upper GI bleeds managed was 20-45 (in addition to other procedural KPIs); c) ERCP: the recommended minimum number of procedures prior to credentialing ranged from 100-300 cases with a minimum selective duct cannulation rate of 80-90%. Guidelines for flexible sigmoidoscopy, EUS and capsule endoscopy were also obtained.

Image

Conclusion(s)

There is a general concordance amongst the various international GI societies with regards to minimum procedural volume and performance in key procedural tasks prior to credentialing, however the use of validated education assessment tools was lacking in the majority of guidelines. Additional KPI’s need to be explored for less routinely performed procedures such as EUS and capsule endoscopy.

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None

Disclosure of Interest

None Declared

A119 DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF LOW-COST GEL POLYPS FOR POLYPECTOMY SKILLS TRAINING IN NOVICE ENDOSCOPISTS

Background

Polypectomy is an essential skill for endoscopists to acquire. As polyps are encountered ad hoc during colonoscopies, exposure to polypectomy in clinical training may vary. There is a need to deliver a curriculum that standardizes exposure to polypectomy while remaining cost-effective for endoscopy programs worldwide.

Purpose

To develop low-cost simulated polyps that can be incorporated into endoscopic training programs, and to evaluate their perceived realism and useability for polypectomy training.

Method

We designed 3D molds based on the Paris classification, a validated rubric for polyp morphology. The polyps are depicted in Figure 1. Using low-cost materials, we created gel-based polyps compatible with physical colonic simulators. Current versions of the polyps were finalized based on visual realism and durability. Expert (performed >1000 procedures) and novice (<25 procedures) endoscopists were invited to perform simulated polypectomies and evaluate the realism of the polyps. Using a 7-point Likert scale (“strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”), we administered a survey adapted from the Direct Observed Polypectomy Skills (DOPyS) checklist to evaluate the polyps on practicality of design and useability for training. Additionally, the simulator’s resemblance to human polypectomy was assessed through a scale with 1 indicating “low resemblance” and 7 indicating “high resemblance”. The ease of identifying morphology was also evaluated, with 1 indicating “difficult” and 7 indicating “easy”.

Result(s)

The survey was completed by 11 expert endoscopists and 10 novices. The median score submitted by experts on the polyps’ useability in training the technique for mobilization of the polyp was 7 (IQR 6-7). Experts rated the simulator’s practicality in teaching cold snare or electrocautery techniques with a median score of 6 (IQR 6-7). Lastly, the ability of the simulator to develop skills in identifying and treating the residual polyp was assessed by expert endoscopists, giving it a median score of 6 (IQR 6-7). The simulators were tested on similarity to human polypectomy, with the median score of expert groups being 5 (IQR 5-6), and novice groups being 6 (IQR 6-6). Both groups were asked to rate if morphology could be identified using the simulator; the median score of expert groups being 6 (IQR 6-7), and 6.5 for novice endoscopists (IQR 5-7).

Image

Conclusion(s)

The development of simulated polyps with differing morphologies using low-cost and common materials with high realism is feasible. These polyps may potentially be integrated into different endoscopic training programs.

Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below

None

Disclosure of Interest

A. Zhao: None Declared, N. Gimpaya: None Declared, J. Lisondra: None Declared, R. Fujiyoshi: None Declared, Y. Fujiyoshi: None Declared, R. Khan Grant / Research support from: Rishad Khan has received research grants from AbbVie (2018) and Ferring Pharmaceuticals (2019) and research funding from Pendopharm (2019). , D. Tham: None Declared, M. Scaffidi: None Declared, R. Bansal: None Declared, C. Walsh: None Declared, S. Grover Shareholder of: Samir C. Grover has equity in Volo Healthcare., Grant / Research support from: Samir C. Grover has received research grants and personal fees from AbbVie and Ferring Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Takeda, education grants from Janssen.

A117 VALIDITY EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT TOOLS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background

Assessment of competence in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is essential to ensure trainees possess the skills needed for independent practice. Traditionally, ERCP training has used the apprenticeship model, whereby novices learn skills under the supervision of an expert. A growing focus on procedural quality, however, has supported the implementation of competency-based medical education models which require documentation of a trainee’s competence for independent practice. Observational assessment tools with strong evidence of validity are critical to this process. Validity evidence supporting ERCP observational assessment tools has not been systematically evaluated.

Purpose

To conduct a systematic review of ERCP assessment tools and identify tools with strong evidence of validity using a unified validity evidence framework

Method

We conducted a systematic search using electronic databases and hand-searching from inception until August 2021 for studies evaluating observational assessment tools of ERCP performance. We used a unified validity framework to characterize validity evidence from five sources: content, response process, internal structure, relations to other variables, and consequences. Each domain was assigned a score of 0-3 (maximum score 15). We assessed educational utility and methodological quality using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education framework and the Medical Education Research Quality Instrument, respectively.

Result(s)

From 2769 records, we included 17 studies evaluating 7 assessment tools. Five tools were studied for clinical ERCP, one on simulated ERCP, and one on simulated and clinical ERCP. Validity evidence scores ranged from 2-12. The Bethesda ERCP Skills Assessment Tool (BESAT), ERCP Direct Observation of Procedural Skills Tool (ERCP DOPS), and The Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) and ERCP Skills Assessment Tool (TEESAT) had the strongest validity evidence with scores of 10, 12, and 11, respectively. Regarding educational utility, most tools were easy to use and interpret, and required minimal additional resources. Overall methodological quality was strong, with scores ranging from 10-12.5 (maximum 13.5).

Conclusion(s)

The BESAT, ERCP DOPS, and TEESAT have strong validity evidence compared to other assessments. Integrating tools into training may help drive learners’ development and support competency decision-making.

Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below

CAG

Disclosure of Interest

None Declared

Outcomes of infective endocarditis in patients with and without pericardial effusion: a National Inpatient Sample study

Introduction

Pericardial effusion (PE) in patients with infective endocarditis (IE) has been shown to be an independent risk factor for severe complications, however no significant association with mortality has been established. Our study aims to study the significance of pericardial effusion in patients with IE.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis using the United States National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to identify all the hospital admissions with IE using ICD 10 codes and divided them into two groups based on the presence of PE. The outcomes of interest were in-hospital mortality, in-hospital complications, need for cardiac surgery, and length of stay (LOS).

Results

A total of 381,300 patients were hospitalized from 2016 to 2019 with IE, of whom 10,370 developed PE. Mean age of patients in the PE group was 51 years and in non-PE group was 61 years with males and Caucasian race being predominant in both groups. PE group had higher rates of in-hospital death (12.7% vs 9%, P≤0.001) and longer in-hospital stay (12 days vs 7 days, P≤0.001) compared to non-PE group. The rates of cardiac surgery were higher in PE group (26.1% vs 8.4%, P≤0.001). The rates of heart failure, heart block, renal failure, cardiogenic shock, and embolic stroke were higher in PE group [Table 1].

Conclusion

Our study shows that presence of PE in patients with IE is a predictor for in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and need for cardiac surgery. Also, these patients are at higher risk for heart failure, heart block, cardiogenic shock and embolic stroke.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

P-381 A novel natural cycle proliferative phase/progesterone replacement(NC/PR) protocol for endometrial preparation for frozen-thawed embryo transfer(FET) Can it improve pregnancy outcomes : a prospective comparative study

Study question

Can a novel protocol for endometrial preparation- NC/PR-FET, lead to better pregnancy outcomes than artificial cycle (AC)-FET, with similar ease of cycle monitoring and scheduling?

Summary answer

NC/PR-FET protocol gave comparable clinical pregnancy rates (CPR), significantly less early miscarriage rates (MR) and significantly more live birth rates (LBR) compared to AC-FET protocol.

What is known already

AC-FET is the most common protocol for endometrial preparation due to flexibility, easy monitoring, and high pregnancy rates albeit with evidence of higher obstetrical risks e.g., miscarriage, pre-eclampsia versus NC-FET. This risk could be due to suboptimal hormonal administration in AC-FET leading to impaired endometrial maturation, predecidualization, and altered endometrial function. Studies indicate, estradiol may have a stronger negative effect(versus progesterone) on the endometrial transcriptome. Hence, we studied a novel protocol with NC-estrogen (but with progesterone similar to AC-FET), for better endometrial maturation, predecidualization along with simple monitoring and flexible ET scheduling. Previously, a proof-of-concept case-series has been reported.

Study design, size, duration

The prospective comparative study was conducted at a tertiary center (Jan2019-Dec2021) with 126 patients (both autologous [AO] and donor oocytes [DO]):79 (AC-FET) and 47 (NC/PR-FET) with similar ICSI, vitrification, ET protocols. 2 or 3 Grade A cleavage stage embryos were transferred. CPR, implantation rates(IR), early MR (≤13 weeks, miscarriages/clinical pregnancies) and LBR (≥28 weeks, LBs/ETs) were compared. Serum progesterone was studied on day 5 post-ET. Antenatal care and most deliveries were at the same institute.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Patients were non-smokers with normal hysteroscopy. In AC-FET, oral estradiol (6-8mg) was initiated from day 1-2 (for 10-17 days). In both groups, when endometrium ≥7mm and S.progesterone&lt;1ng/ml, intramuscular progesterone was initiated(daily till day 4 post-ET, then every 3rd day till week 8). ET was scheduled on day 4 of intramuscular progesterone, and concurrently, vaginal progesterone was added (till week 10). Chi-square, t-tests, and multiple regression was used for statistical analysis and 2-tailed P &lt;.05 indicated statistical significance.

Main results and the role of chance

Mean age and BMI were comparable in NC/PR-FET and AC-FET groups: 34.48±4.69 years vs. 33.58 ± 5.62 years (P =.35) and 26.27 ± 3.62 kg/m2 vs. 27.34 ± 4.61kg/m2 (P =.18) respectively. Similarly, the source of oocytes (%AO) and % singletons were also comparable in NC/PR-FET and AC-FET groups: 57.4% vs. 46.8% (P = .25), and 78.1% vs. 75% (P= .75) respectively. There were 3 ectopic pregnancies overall. The CPRs and IRs were comparable: 68.09% (NC/PR-FET) vs. 60.76% (AC-FET) (P=.41) and 32.30% (NC/PR-FET) vs. 28.96% (AC-FET) (P=.45) respectively.

The early MR was significantly more in AC-FET vs. NC/PR-FET: 29.17% vs. 6.25% (P =.012). Consequently, LBRs were significantly more in NC/PR-FET vs. AC-FET: 59.57% vs. 39.24% (P =.028). After adjusting for age, BMI, AO/DO, this difference remained significant (AOR 2.66; 95% CI 1.21-5.81; P =.014)

Mean serum progesterone was comparable in all patients in both groups: 38.50 ± 13.6ng/ml (NC/PR-FET) vs. 40.98 ± 28.64 ng/ml (AC-FET) (P =.57). Serum progesterone levels were also comparable in patients who were pregnant in both groups: 38.51 ± 14.79 (NC/PR-FET) vs. 42.25 ± 32.63 (AC-FET) (P =.53).Also, in the AC-FET group serum progesterone was comparable in patients who aborted,44.23 ± 31.60 vs. those who didn’t, 41.48 ± 33.44 (P =.79).

Limitations, reasons for caution

This was a single center study. Due to limited sample size, we could not control for many potential confounders (e.g., multiple pregnancies). For the same reason, we could not compare obstetrical risks as a study outcome.

Wider implications of the findings

This study shows significantly better pregnancy outcomes with a novel NC/PR-FET protocol vs. AC-FET. This needs to be validated in larger studies. Since suboptimal hormone administration in AC-FET could be causal factor for pre-eclampsia, larger studies can test if the NC/PR-FET protocol can lead to better obstetrical outcomes.

Trial registration number

not applicable

A89 PERCEPTIONS OF NON-TECHNICAL SKILLS IN GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY: A THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF FOUR FOCUS GROUPS

Background

Nontechnical skills (NTS), which involve an individual’s cognitive, attitudinal, and social skills that supplement task expertise, are an essential component in the practice of gastrointestinal endoscopy. There is a growing body of literature that highlights the association between these skills and patient outcomes. To date, however, these skills have not been adequately defined within the context of gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Aims

To define the domain and corresponding characteristics of NTS in GI endoscopy.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative study at a tertiary-care academic center in Toronto, Ontario. Specifically, we held four focus groups with physician endoscopists, nurses who work in an endoscopy unit, and patients who have had previous endoscopies, in order to ascertain their input on the role of NTS in gastrointestinal endoscopy. The three groups were interviewed independently and there was one focus group of both physicians and nurses that was used for validation of our initial thematic framework. Data from the focus groups was collected using a combination of field notes and discussion transcriptions. Three authors independently generated codes from these data. Using these codes, a thematic network analysis was used to identify emerging themes. The primary outcome of this study was the development of a cohesive thematic network of NTS in endoscopy, including their characteristics and examples.

Results

The four focus groups included a total of 34 participants, including 15 physician endoscopists, 15 nurses, and 4 patients. Using thematic network analysis, we identified six dimensions of NTS using the first three focus groups: communication; professionalism; teamwork; leadership; decision-making; and situational awareness. Additional topics related to the practice and evaluation of NTS were identified. In particular, there is a degree of subjectivity in the appraisal of NTS due to the nuances among individual practice, aside from egregious errors of NTS (e.g. unprofessional behaviours). The use of video recordings was suggested as a way to capture signs of good NTS, such as appropriate levels of calmness during procedures and attention to patient comfort. Finally, patient involvement can be useful for evaluating communication and professionalism based on patient comprehension and the nature of the therapeutic relationship.

Conclusions

Our findings provide the first cohesive framework of NTS in gastrointestinal endoscopy that is anchored in real world experiences with relevant stakeholders – physicians, nurses, and patients. Future research should consolidate these findings into an assessment tool for NTS in order to evaluate and provide feedback to endoscopists who are both in training and in practice.

Funding Agencies

CAG

A25 CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF GI ENDOSCOPY CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Background

Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) are integral during a pandemic, offering guidance to clinicians through uncertainty. Existing literature has established that the need for rapid publication of CPGs during previous infectious disease outbreaks resulted in less rigorous guidelines. CPGs were rapidly developed since the onset of the pandemic in December 2019, providing guidance in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, an area where COVID-19 may pose risk of transmission.

Aims

To evaluate the quality of GI endoscopy guidelines developed during the COVID-19 pandemic and to compare these with (a) endoscopy CPGs developed prior to the pandemic; (b) CPGs for other endoscopic topics unrelated to COVID-19; and, (c) non-endoscopic CPGs published during the pandemic.

Methods

We systematically searched Medline, Embase and Scopus for CPGs published by GI societies from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020. A grey literature search was conducted. Two authors screened full-texts. In this interim analysis, CPGs were grouped based on publication year: before 2020, or 2020. Endoscopy CPGs published in 2020 were categorized as COVID or non-COVID related. Two authors independently assessed the CPGs using the AGREE II tool, consisting of six domains for evaluating guidelines. A domain score of 60 was set as a threshold to indicate good quality.

Results

There were 70 endoscopy guidelines and 27 CPGs focused on other GI topics. The mean overall scores were 69% (±12%) for endoscopy CPGs published before 2020 (n=28), and 51% (±23%) for CPGs published in 2020 (n=42). For individual AGREE II domains, mean scores for pre-2020 CPGs ranged from 33.11 (±17.39) in Applicability to 81.55 (±10.37) in Clarity of Presentation. For CPGs published during COVID-19, mean domain scores ranged from 34.18 (±10.52) in Applicability to 75.26 (±13.85) in Clarity of Presentation. 21 of 42 CPGs published in 2020 were related to COVID. Mean overall scores were 35% (±20%) for COVID-related CPGs and 67% (±13%) for non-COVID-19 CPGs. For COVID-19 CPGs, scores ranged from 27.88 (±20.31) in Rigour of Development to 69.58 (±10.81) in Scope and Purpose. For non-COVID CPGs, the scores ranged from 37.30 (±8.93) in Applicability to 84.52 (±5.93) in Clarity of Presentation.

Conclusions

The difference in overall scores between COVID-19 endoscopy CPGs and non-COVID endoscopy CPGs may suggest that the urgency to disseminate COVID-19 information decreased CPG quality or completeness of reporting. This interim analysis is limited by the lack of distinction between peer-reviewed CPGs and non-peer reviewed recommendations. Given the importance of CPGs in clinical decision making, it is important to ensure that the rapid development of guidelines does not compromise quality and rigour.

Funding Agencies

None

A99 PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY FUNDING TO GASTROINTESTINAL PATIENT ADVOCACY ORGANIZATIONS

Background

Patient advocacy organizations (PAOs) are not-for-profit organizations that aim to support families and individuals afflicted by illnesses. PAOs play a significant role in guiding health policy, providing education to patients, lobbying, and supporting research. Previous studies have demonstrated that PAOs may receive financial payments from pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers. This may create a risk of conflict of interest.

Aims

To assess the prevalence and transparency of financial donations from industry to gastrointestinal patient advocacy groups based in the United States (US).

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of industry donations to PAOs. Data was extracted from the Kaiser Health News (KHN) Database, a database that tracked payments from pharmaceutical companies to PAOs in 2015. After an initial list of 1215 PAOs was obtained from the database, authors extracted the annual revenues, websites and mission statements for each PAO. Authors individually screened each organization’s mission statement and website to determine whether their primary scope of focus included gastroenterology. A final list of 11 PAOs with annual revenues surpassing $500,000 USD was included for descriptive analysis. From this list, the annual reports and websites of each group were reviewed to determine the extent of transparency of PAOs disclosing financial relationships with industry sponsors. The primary outcome of our study was the total amount of funding that each PAO received from pharmaceutical companies. The secondary outcome was the self-reported amount of funding stated on each PAO’s website and annual report.

Results

From our analysis of 11 PAOs, 9 (81%) organizations received payments from pharmaceutical companies. The median dollar value of donations received was $31,052 USD (IQR=$25 to $302,550). The total dollar value of donations received was $4,059,433 USD. Across the 9 PAOs that received donations, 5 (56%) organizations disclosed a financial relationship with a pharmaceutical company on their website and 2 (22%) disclosed the value of industry donations within a range. No group specified an exact amount of funding received.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that a majority of US based gastrointestinal PAOs receive funding from pharmaceutical companies. Furthermore, our results show that many PAOs that receive industry funding do not disclose this amount on their website or annual reports. Given their role in providing patient centered support, it is important for PAOs to disclose financial relationships with industry so as to not produce a conflict of interest.

Funding Agencies

None

Post-mating gene expression of Mexican fruit fly females: disentangling the effects of the male accessory glands

Mating has profound physiological and behavioural consequences for female insects. During copulation, female insects typically receive not only sperm, but a complex ejaculate containing hundreds of proteins and other molecules from male reproductive tissues, primarily the reproductive accessory glands. The post-mating phenotypes affected by male accessory gland (MAG) proteins include egg development, attraction to oviposition hosts, mating, attractiveness, sperm storage, feeding and lifespan. In the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens, mating increases egg production and the latency to remating. However, previous studies have not found a clear relationship between injection of MAG products and oviposition or remating inhibition in this species. We used RNA-seq to study gene expression in mated, unmated and MAG-injected females to understand the potential mating- and MAG-regulated genes and pathways in A. ludens. Both mating and MAG-injection regulated transcripts and pathways related to egg development. Other transcripts regulated by mating included those with orthologs predicted to be involved in immune response, musculature and chemosensory perception, whereas those regulated by MAG-injection were predicted to be involved in translational control, sugar regulation, diet detoxification and lifespan determination. These results suggest new phenotypes that may be influenced by seminal fluid molecules in A. ludens. Understanding these influences is critical for developing novel tools to manage A. ludens.

Cardiac sympathetic denervation for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), a rare inheritable fatal arrhythmogenic disorder, is difficult to diagnose and is a challenge to manage. A 21-years-old man presented with recurrent exertional syncope and complex multifocal ventricular ectopy. CPVT was diagnosed based on the clinical criteria, despite the absence of some classical findings. The patient underwent cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) after lifestyle modification and pharmacological management were ineffective. CSD proved to be effective. The patient did not have any exertional symptoms or recurrence of syncope at follow-up period of 1 year. The present case report adds to the growing evidence in favour of CSD for CPVT.

Severity of thyroid eye disease and type-2 diabetes mellitus: Is there a correlation?

Purpose

To study the correlation between thyroid eye disease (TED) with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted from Jan 2018 to Dec 2018, in patients presenting with thyroid eye disease to orbit and oculoplasty clinic of a tertiary eye care hospital. A total of 105 patients were included in the study. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmic evaluation and thyroid eye disease workup. Patients were categorized into mild, moderate, and severe/sight-threatening TED based on EUGOGO classification. Systemic history of diabetes was noted. RBS was done in all patients.

Results

Mild disease was noted 61 patients of which 11 were diabetics, moderate in 26 patients (8 diabetics), and severe disease in 18 patients (14 diabetics). All patients were treated accordingly. Among the TED patients, the percentage of diabetic patients was noted to be in increasing order toward the severity spectrum of TED. The prevalence of severe TED was found to be much higher in diabetic patients accounting upto 77.77% of 18 patients. A statistically significant correlation was noted (P = 0.014) between severe TED and type-2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, early onset of thyroid eye disease was noted in type-2 diabetes patients. Even though female preponderance was noted, severe TED was more in men (66.6%).

Conclusion

An autoimmune etiology for the association of thyroid and type-1diabetes has been well established. This study shows that type-2 diabetic patients can have more severity in the clinical presentation of TED. Therefore, the presence of type-2 DM in patients with TED can be a predictive factor for onset, progression, and severity of disease. Hence, a high concern of interest among treating ophthalmologists and endocrinologists regarding this entity would help in early prediction and decreased morbidity among such patients.

A104 PREVALENCE OF GHOST-AUTHORSHIP IN INDUSTRY-SPONSORED CLINICAL TRIALS

Background

Ghost-authorship involves the exclusion of individuals who have made substantial contributions to the article from the author byline. Previous studies have found that ghost-authorship is highly prevalent in industry-sponsored clinical trials. Its prevalence, however, has yet to be investigated in trials of biologics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Aims

To determine the prevalence of ghost-authorship in IBD biologic industry-sponsored clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

Biologic medications indicated for ulcerative colitis (UC) or for Crohn’s disease (CD) were identified using the Food and Drug Agency (FDA) database. We identified the clinical trials on clinicaltrials.gov corresponding to the data presented at the time of FDA approval. Specifically, we included the first publication for each trial to report study results for our analysis. Two authors independently identified the presence of ghost-authorship, which we defined as the exclusion on the author byline of the included RCT publication of any individuals who assisted in the writing of the trial manuscript and/or performed the data analyses.

Results

We identified a total of 28 relevant RCTs on biologic medications (10 for UC and 18 for CD), which were matched to 20 publications. We found ghost-authorship in 70% of publications (n=14); 40% (n=8) involved manuscript and protocol writing assistance from sponsor staff; 35% (n=7) involved medical writers from external companies; 15% (n=3) involved both sponsor staff and medical writers assisting in manuscript writing; and 20% (n=4) involved individuals performing data analysis or interpretation.

Conclusions

We found that ghost-authorship in industry-sponsored IBD biologic clinical trials has a moderately high prevalence, with the most common being manuscript or protocol writing assistance. A lack of transparency regarding sponsor-affiliated and/or external contributors may negatively affect the trust placed in medical research. One limitation is that data was only extracted from publications. Further evidence on ghost-authorship may be found in study protocols and registrations, which will be investigated in the future.

Funding Agencies

None

A160 PREVALENCE OF OUTCOME SWITCHING AMONG PUBLISHED PHASE 3 INTERVENTIONAL TRIALS FOR INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE THERAPEUTICS

Background

Outcome switching is a well-described form of inconsistent reporting in randomized clinical trials (RCTs), wherein pre-specified primary and/or secondary outcomes are changed between trial registration and the publication of results without explanation. This is of particular concern, as the selective publication of results that are favorable will insert bias into the trial’s results and may cast doubt on the veracity of its findings. While it has been investigated in other disciplines, the prevalence of outcome switching has yet to be described among RCTs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Aims

To determine the prevalence of correctly reported pre-specified primary and secondary outcomes in published phase 3 interventional RCTs for IBD.

Methods

We identified all phase 3 interventional trials for IBD with published results using clinicaltrials.gov. We included all results with an associated publication that detailed the results of the trial. We excluded registrations if: only an abstract of the results was available; trial results were only published as a pooled analysis; multiple trial segments were reported collectively; or a publication of the results could not be identified through clinicaltrials.gov or a custom search.

Two reviewers extracted all pre-specified primary and secondary outcomes for each trial using the clinical trial registration page that was dated before the commencement of the trial. These outcomes were compared to the outcomes reported in the corresponding journal articles. Any discrepancies were noted, and additional outcomes were extracted.

Results

We identified a total of 88 phase 3 interventional RCTs for IBD, of which 57 were matched to independent publications of their results. All trials pre-specified a primary outcome, and 50 (87.7%) pre-specified secondary outcomes. 10 (17.5%) of trials did not report some or all primary outcomes, and 19 (33.3%) trials had a change or alteration to the primary outcome. Of the trials that pre-specified secondary outcomes, 16 (28.1%) did not report all pre-specified secondary outcomes. 49 (86.0%) trials added 6 (IQR: 2–8) unspecified secondary outcomes on average.

Conclusions

Many phase 3 interventional RCTs in IBD either did not report some or all primary outcomes, or altered the primary outcome. Trials routinely reported additional outcomes that were not pre-specified and failed to note that they were added post hoc. Based on these results, we recommend improvements in the reporting of pre-specified outcomes and higher fidelity in order to maintain confidence in trial results.

Funding Agencies

None

A70 PREVALENCE OF SELF-PUBLICATION AMONG EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS OF GASTROENTEROLOGY JOURNALS

Background

Editorial self-publication refers to the practice wherein editors publish research in journals to which they serve as editorial board members. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has detailed recommendations against the practice of self-publication. There is evidence to suggest that editorial board membership may influence the decision to publish academic papers, which may contribute to publication bias. Despite this, there have been few attempts to characterize this practice in gastroenterology journals.

Aims

To determine the prevalence of original gastroenterology research articles published by editorial board members in their own journal.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of editorial board members publishing within their own journals. A list of the top 25 highest impact factor gastroenterology journals was created through InCites Journal reports. Journals were screened to determine eligibility based on whether their primary focus included gastroenterology research and whether archives with the names and affiliations of editorial board members were available. 10 journals were selected based on these criteria. For each journal, we extracted all original research articles published in 2019 using Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics ©). Articles classified as editorial material, meeting abstracts, reviews, and clinical practice guidelines were excluded. We cross-referenced the affiliations of all authors found in each publication with affiliations of editors disclosed on the journal website. For each editorial board member, we determined the number of publications within their own journal.

Results

We identified 844 editorial board members in the 10 journals included. Overall, 337 (39.9%) of the editors had a publication in their own journal, of which, 152 (18.0%) had more than one publication. Across all journals, the median number of editors with self-publication is 27 (IQR=20.3–49.8). The median number of editors with more than one self-publication is 16 (IQR=10.0–25.3). In total, 507 (60.1%) of all editors had no publications within their respective journals.

Conclusions

Despite recommendations against this practice, our results show a high number of research publications authored by editorial board members. These results demonstrate a potential risk for publication bias. However, this study was limited by the inability to investigate beyond the prevalence of self-publication. Furthermore, the explicit implications of our results remain unclear. Further research is required to evaluate factors such as disclosures and the review process associated with increased rates of self-publication as well as its impact on publication bias.

Funding Agencies

None

A89 CHARACTERISTICS AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST AT FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION GASTROINTESTINAL DRUG ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETINGS

Background

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Gastrointestinal Drug Advisory Committee (GIDAC) is involved in gastrointestinal drug application reviews. Characteristics and conflicts of interest (COI) in GIDAC meetings are not well described.

Aims

To analyze FDA GIDAC meetings and characteristics that predict recommendations.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study of all publicly available GIDAC meetings where proposed medications were voted on from 1998–2018. Data were collected on individual meetings and individual voting members at meetings. Predefined predictor variables included type of medication, medication sponsor, primary efficacy studies, and voting member characteristics (e.g. committee membership, COI). Univariate analyses were conducted at per-meeting and per-vote levels to assess for predictors of committee recommendation and individual votes respectively.

Results

Thirty-four meetings with 476 individual votes from 1998–2018 were included. Twenty-three (68%) proposals were recommended for approval and 25 (74%) received FDA approval. Most proposals involved &gt;1 primary study (n=27, 79%). At least one voting member had a COI in 24 (71%) of 34 meetings. Twelve (35%) meetings had at least one sponsor COI. Among 476 individual votes, 74 (15.5%) involved a COI, with 33 (6.9%) sponsor COI. COI decreased significantly over time, with more COI in 1996–2000 and 2001–2005 compared to 2006–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2020 (p&lt;0.01). There were no significant associations between pre-defined predictors, including COI, and committee level recommendations or individual votes (p&gt;0.05 for all univariate analyses).

Conclusions

The GIDAC reviewed 34 proposals from 1998–2018. The majority were recommended for approval and later approved by the FDA, highlighting the GIDAC’s prominence in the regulatory process. COI are present among GIDAC panelists but decreasing over time and not associated with recommendations.

Funding Agencies

None

A77 A REUSABLE POLYCARBONATE BOX TO DECREASE DROPLET CONTAMINATION DURING UPPER ENDOSCOPY: A SIMULATION-BASED STUDY FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Background

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures are aerosol-generating, increasing the risk of healthcare workers (HCW) contracting Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Aims

To present a polycarbonate box (EndoBox) designed for use in upper GI endoscopy and evaluate its impact on the contamination of endoscopy staff during simulated procedures.

Methods

Simulated gastroscopies were performed using an upper body simulator placed in left lateral decubitus (LLD) and supine positions. The endoscopist and assistant wore personal protective equipment. Droplet exposure was measured using fluorescent abiotic surrogate particles. Two blinded observers independently viewed images from each scenario to qualitatively evaluate contamination levels. The primary outcome was the level of HCW contamination by droplets generated from a simulated cough with and without the EndoBox on the upper body simulator. The endoscopist’s ergonomic behaviour was also assessed using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) tool.

Results

Without the EndoBox, there was a higher level of contamination on the endoscopist when the upper body simulator is in the LLD position. A higher level of contamination was observed on the assistant when the simulator is in supine position. With the EndoBox, the contamination levels on the endoscopy staff were lower in both LLD and supine scenarios. The endoscopist’s ergonomics were rated 2 to 3 on the RULA tool when using the EndoBox.

Conclusions

The EndoBox reduces macroscopic droplet contamination during simulated gastroscopy. The endoscopist’s risk of musculoskeletal injury remained in the low risk categories as assessed by the RULA tool. Another advantage of the EndoBox design is the arch extending from the bottom that allows for removal of the box without withdrawing the endoscope. This enables rapid access to the patient’s airway if they experience respiratory distress. This study was limited by an inability to assess microscopic contamination and contamination at the level of the port or buttons when suction is applied. Within these limitations, the EndoBox may be a useful adjunct to traditional personal protective equipment.

Funding Agencies

SMHA AFP COVID-Related Innovation Funds

A161 PREVALENCE OF FINANCIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST (FCOI) AMONG PROPENSITY-SCORE MATCHED RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES EVALUATING BIOLOGIC THERAPEUTICS FOR IBD

Background

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) studies have commonly relied on real-world evidence to evaluate different therapies. An emerging idea has been the use of propensity score matching as a statistical method to account for baseline characteristics in IBD patients. In retrospective studies, propensity score matching of patients helps reduce treatment assignment bias and mimic the effects of randomization. Recently, propensity-score matching has become an important tool in IBD studies comparing biologic therapeutics. Biologic medications are among the highest-grossing drugs worldwide, and their pharmaceutical producers make considerable payments to physicians to market them. In spite of this, there is a lack of evidence examining the role of undue industry influence among propensity-score matched comparative studies evaluating biologic therapeutics for IBD.

Aims

Given the documented association between IBD biologics and FCOI, we hypothesize a high burden of FCOI in propensity-score matched studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of disclosed & undisclosed financial conflicts of Interest (FCOI) in propensity-score matched comparison studies evaluating biologics for IBD.

Methods

We developed & ran a librarian-reviewed systematic search on EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases for all propensity-score matched retrospective studies comparing biologics for the treatment of IBD. Full-text retrieval & screening was performed on all studies in duplicate. 16 articles were identified. Industry payments to authors were only considered FCOI if they were made by a company producing a biologic that was included in the comparison study. Disclosed FCOI were identified by authors’ interests disclosures in full-texts. Any undisclosed FCOI among US authors were identified using the Centre for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Open Payments Database, which collects industry payments to physicians.

Results

Based on a preliminary analysis of 16 studies, there was at least one author with a relevant FCOI in 14 (88%) of the 16 studies. 14 studies (88%) had at least one disclosed FCOI, while 6 studies (37.5%) had at least one undisclosed FCOI. Among studies with disclosed FCOI, a mean of 40.2% (SD = 23.4%) of authors/study reported FCOI. Among studies with undisclosed FCOI, a mean of 18.8% (SD = 7.0%) of authors/study reported FCOI. The total dollar value of FCOIs was $1,974,328.3. The median conflict dollar value was $5,576.6 (IQR: $321.6 to $36,394.9).

Conclusions

We found a high burden of undisclosed FCOI (37.5%) among authors of propensity-score matched studies evaluating IBD biologics. Given the potential for undue industry influence stemming from such payments, authors should ensure better transparency with industry relationships.

Funding Agencies

None

A71 RECOMMENDATION REVERSALS IN GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES

Background

Clinical practice guidelines are evidence-based resources designed to inform clinical decision making. Often, superior evidence will support the inclusion of novel procedures and practices to replace older recommendations. Recommendation reversals occur when (a) superior quality evidence emerges to suggest the harm or non-beneficence of prior recommendations, and (b) that recommendation is not supplanted by a newer one.

Aims

The primary objective of this study was to describe the content, frequency and rationale for recommendation reversals in CPGs published by gastroenterological societies.

Methods

For this meta-epidemiologic study, we considered two criteria to define a recommendation reversal: (a) the more recent CPG makes a recommendation that contradicts a previously accepted practice; and (b) the prior recommendation is not replaced by any novel intervention. We searched CPGs published by 20 major GI societies from 1991- 2019. Guidelines were included if had at least two iterations with the same title and used a valid evidence rating system (such as GRADE). Explicit recommendations which reported definite levels of evidence and strength of recommendation were extracted.

Results

We identified 1022 clinical guidelines from GI societies over 28 years. 292 CPGs were included for data synthesis. 5985 explicit statements were extracted. 12 reversals were confirmed and are summarized in the Table. Six reversals (50.0%) occurred due to studies reporting non-beneficence and 3 (25.0%) occrred due to studies reporting harm. Three recommendations (25.0%) were reversed due to new clinical trials; 3 (25.0%) due to systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and 2 to conform with CPGs of other societies (16.7%).

Conclusions

We describe recommendation reversals made in gastroenterology CPGs, and the reasons thereof. Investigation of recommendation reversals allows for the identification of low-value medical practices. This reinforces the need for GI CPG committees to (1) iteratively review guidelines to re-evaluate recommendations made on low-quality evidence and; (2) refrain from making recommendations when evidence for the same is weak.

Funding Agencies

None

Is the right ventricular function affected by permanent pacemaker?

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

The effect of right ventricular (RV) pacing on left ventricular (LV) function has been extensively evaluated, and so has the effect of the RV pacing lead on tricuspid valve function. However, the effects on RV function per se have not been evaluated systematically.

Purpose

We aimed to assess the RV dimensions and RV function six months after dual chamber pacemaker implantation

performed for atrioventricular (AV) block by detailed echocardiography, including three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography.

Method

All adult patients undergoing dual chamber pacemaker from January 2018 to March 2019 for symptomatic AV block with a structurally normal heart were included in the study. They underwent pre-procedure detailed echocardiography specifically directed at measuring RV dimensions and function [including 3D RV ejection fraction (EF)] and a repeat detailed echocardiogram at six-month follow-up, by the same echocardiographer. The echocardiographic parameters at baseline and after six-month follow-up were compared.

Results

All patients had more than 75% ventricular pacing in these six months. At six-month follow-up, there was no significant change in LVEF, while there was a mild decrease in RVEF as outlined in the Table 1. While there was some overlap between RVEF range of values at baseline and after six months, 23 (38.3%) patients showed a drop in RVEF by &gt;5%.

Conclusion

Our study shows a change in several RV function parameters in a majority of patients six months after

pacemaker implantation for AV block.

RV Function at six month follow-up Parameters Pre-procedure Six-Month Follow-up p value (Paired t-test) PASP (mm Hg) 20.2 ± 1.3 26.1 ± 12.2 &lt;0.001 FAC (%) 42.6 ± 3.4 39.4 ± 6 &lt;0.001 TAPSE (mm) 18.4 ±3.8 15.6 ± 4.7 &lt;0.001 RIMP 0.66 ± 0.09 0.61 ± 0.11 0.003 RV E/E’ 9.4 ± 2.1 7.7 ± 2.1 &lt;0.001 RV S’ 13.6 ± 2.4 10.7 ± 2.4 &lt;0.001 RVEF % [By 3D Echocardiography] 47.7± 5.1 44.9 ± 7.4 &lt;0.001 TR Jet Area (cm2) 0.03 ± 0.26 0.55 ± 0.96 &lt;0.001 RV= Right Ventricle; RA= Right Atrium; RVOT = Right Ventricular Outflow Tract; PASP = Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure; FAC= Fractional Area Change; TAPSE= Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion; RIMP = Right Ventricular Index of Myocardial Performance; TR = Tricuspid Regurgitation S’ = Peak Systolic Annular Velocity; RVEF = Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction; 3D = Three Dimensional Abstract Figure. Change in RVEF in 6 months

Coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention for left main disease in chronic kidney disease patients: a meta-analysis

Background

Limited data exist on the optimal revascularization strategy for patients with left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the outcomes of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in this population.

Methods

Multiple electronic databases were queried for studies comparing CABG and PCI in CKD patients undergoing LMCAD (&gt;50% diameter stenosis) revascularization. CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate of &lt;60 ml/min/1.73 m2. The primary outcome was long-term major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), which was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and repeat revascularization. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality, MI, stroke and repeat revascularization. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The analysis was performed using the DerSimonian and Laird random effect model.

Results

Six studies (4 observational, 2 randomized controlled trials) met inclusion criteria with a total of 2051 patients (CABG: 977, PCI: 1074). Patients undergoing CABG had a higher incidence of multi-vessel disease (74.7% vs 65.7%, p=0.01). At a mean follow-up of 3.4±1.1 years, MACCE was significantly lower in the CABG group (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.87; p=0.001) (Figure 1). The odds of MI or repeat revascularization were lower with CABG, whereas the odds of stroke were higher; no statistically-significant difference was seen in all-cause mortality.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis shows that CABG is associated with lower rates of MACCE and MI but with a higher rate of stroke compared to PCI in LMCAD patients with CKD.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Antimicrobial resistance profile of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonizing the anterior nares of health-care workers and outpatients attending the remotely located tertiary care hospital of North India

INTRODUCTION:

Resistance to antimicrobial agents is a major concern worldwide and is exemplified by the global spread of the Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Health care workers (HCWs) and asymptomatically colonized patients are important sources of nosocomial MRSA infections.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

To determine the prevalence of MRSA colonisation, two hundred HCWs and 200 consecutive outpatients attending our tertiary care hospital were studied.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Two sterile pre-moistened cotton tipped swabs were used to collect specimens from their anterior nares. These were inoculated immediately on Blood agar with oxacillin, Mannitol salt agar with oxacillin and CHROM agar. Resistance to cefoxitin was confirmed by PCR by demonstration of mecA gene. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method and MIC of vancomycin by using broth dilution and Vitek-2 Compact system.

RESULTS:

The nasal carriage of MRSA among HCWs was found to be 7.5% and in outpatients 3%. All strains of MRSA from HCWs and outpatients grew on three selective media and mecA gene amplified in all of them. All the isolated strains of MRSA showed high degree of resistance to co-trimoxazole (93.3%), ciprofloxacin (80%) and erythromycin (66.66%). However, there was 100% susceptiability to vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid and Rifampicin.

CONCLUSION:

Although a direct casual relationship could not be established, it could be assumed that the transmission from colonised health care worker is responsible atleast in part for MRSA infection among patients. Therefore emphasis should be laid on strict implementation of standard infection control practices which would help in minimizing the carriage and transmission of MRSA in the hospital.

Case report: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis masquerading as cystic renal cell carcinoma

Background: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare chronic bacterial inflammation of the renal parenchyma and is often a diagnostic dilemma.Case Presentation: We present a challenging case of a patient with XGP. Initially thought to have had renal cell cancer she was treated accordingly with a partial nephrectomy. However, on the final pathology, she was found to have XGP and required further antibiotic therapy and referral to the infectious disease service.Discussion: Management of XGP and diagnostic pitfalls are discussed.Conclusion: XGP is a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Partial Nephrectomy may be appropriate in management of XGP in select cases.

28Impact of non-invasive rapid cardiac magnetic resonance for the assessment of cardiomyopathies in developing countries

Background

Cardiovascular mortality is higher in developing countries. Part of that is suboptimal testing. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for measuring structure, function of the heart and adds incremental value by imaging scarring and to assess iron level. Despite the existence of MRI units, CMR is identified as a complex test, with poor training and availability in developing countries.

Purpose

To assess the potential impact of a faster CMR protocol at a multicentre level in developing countries; implementing it with an education program, for the assessment cardiomyopathies.

Methods

An international partnership. A rapid CMR protocol for the evaluation of cardiac volumes, function and tissue characterization (Cardiac Iron T2* and LGE for scar) Figure 1a. We deployed the protocol as a multicentre study: Argentina, Peru, India and South Africa accompanied by a program of education. Pre-scan clinical information, scanning data: complications, image quality and post-scan follow-up of participants for the assessment on impact, between 3 to 24 months.

Results

510 scans (4 countries, 6 cities, 12 centres) were performed with the rapid CMR protocol. Contrast studies in 378 (74%). There were no scan-related complications. Quality of the studies was maintained in a high level as an average of 89%. 97% of studies responded referral's question. All patients with contrast CMR scan have had at least one 2D echocardiogram before CMR. Average scan duration was 21±6 mins for contrast studies and 12±3 for non-contrast T2* protocol. The most common underlying diagnoses were non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy in 73% of participants (including cardiac iron level assessment in 26%, HCM in 17%, DCM in 15%), 27% for ischaemic cardiomyopathy and 15% for other pathologies. 4 of the 12 participant centres started to incorporate CMR for the first time. Findings impacted management in 60% of patients, including new diagnosis in 21% of participants. See table 1, figure 1b. For just cardiac iron assessment: 1/3 of participants had iron deposited in the heart with 14% of patients in severe levels.

Conclusions

CMR can be delivered faster and easier. When this abbreviated protocol is enabled with education, it can be implemented in developing countries with existing technology. This protocol shows high quality exam, with an important impact on patient's management.

Characteristics and impact on management Contrast studies Non-contrast studies All patients (%) 378 (74) 132 (36) Age, mean (range) years 54 (16–93) 24 (13–41) Male (%) 151 (39) 64 (48) Pre-echocardiography exam (%) 370 (98) 42 (32) Scanning duration mean (SD) 21 (6) 12 (3) Good quality exam (%) 329 (87) 120 (91) Impact on management Total All patients (%) 510 (100) Completely new diagnosis (%) 105 (21) Change/Addition of Medication (%) 128 (25) Intervention/ Surgery (%) 31 (6) Invasive angiography/biopsy (%) 25 (5) Hospital discharge/admission (%) 15 (3) TOTAL 306 (60%) SD: Standard Deviation.

Acknowledgement/Funding

Global Engagement UCL, UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office and The Peruvian Scientific, Technological Development and Technological Innovation (FONDECYT)

Papilloedema: diffusion-weighted imaging of optic nerve head

AIM

To establish the correlation between clinical grading of papilloedema and diffusion abnormalities of optic nerve head (ONH) on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including readout segmented echo planar imaging-based DWI, was performed in 32 patients with papilloedema and the same number of age- and sex-matched controls. Clinical grading of papilloedema was done according to the modified Frisén scale. Two neuroradiologists independently evaluated the MRI for ONH hyperintensity and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of ONH. The comparison between papilloedema clinical grade and qualitative grade of ONH hyperintensity and its presence between cases and control groups were done using the Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, respectively. The comparison between mean ADC value of ONH among different grades and between cases and controls were done using analysis of variance (ANOVA)-F-test and Student's t-test, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was done to calculate a cut-off ADC value between the case and control groups.

RESULTS

Significant correlation between ONH hyperintensity and mean ADC value of ONH with clinical grades of papilloedema and between cases and control groups were found. ONH hyperintensity was found to be a highly sensitive (87.5% for both) and specific (specificity 97.1% and 98.6% for two observers) sign of papilloedema. A mean cut-off ONH ADC value was found to have high sensitivity (96.83%) and specificity (95.31%) to distinguish between the cases and controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Diffusion parameters of ONH have significant correlation with clinical grading of papilloedema and can serve as a surrogate marker for intracranial pressure.

Maternal and neonatal complications during pregnancy in women with epilepsy

Epilepsy is the commonest serious neurological problem faced by obstetricians and gynaecologists. Epidemiological studies estimate epilepsy to complicate 0.3–0.7% of all pregnancies.1 2 The importance of epilepsy in pregnancy lies in the fact that many women with epilepsy (WWE) have to go through their pregnancy while taking antiepileptic (AED) drugs. Both the seizures and AEDs can have harmful effects on the mother as well the foetus. Thus, during pregnancy, the clinician faces dual challenge of controlling seizures as well as preventing teratogenicity of AEDs.1 In this review we discuss the possible impact of seizures as well as AEDs on mother as well as the child. We try to answer some of the commonest questions which are relevant to successful management of pregnancy and ensuring birth of a healthy baby.

Diastereoselectivity in the Aza-Michael Reaction of Chiral α-Methylbenzylamines with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds

The aza-Michael reaction of (S)-(–)- and (R)-(+)-α-methylbenzylamines with trans-cinnamaldehyde and other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds occurs with 52–98% diastereoselectivity (de); however, in the reaction with crotonaldehyde, the de is lower (20–38%). In the products obtained from the reaction with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, the de could be determined on the basis of the relative intensities of the aldehydic protons of the two diastereomers. Theoretical investigations of the reaction of (S)-(–)-α-methylbenzylamine with trans-cinnamaldehyde at the DFT (B3LYP/6-31+G*) level reveal that the diastereomer formed from the attack of the amine on the Re face is thermodynamically more stable. The calculations also show that the aldehydic proton of this diastereomer is expected to be more deshielded, which on the basis of the 1H NMR spectrum is the major product.

Targeting miRNA for Therapeutics Using a Micronome Based Method for Identification of miRNA-mRNA Pairs and Validation of Key Regulator miRNA

MicroRNAs are 18-22 bp long non-coding sequences and play a critical role in diverse biological processes, through modulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding at the 3'-untranslated region of target mRNA. Consequent upon the discovery of structural and functional features of miRNA targeting, several molecular methods have been developed to identify miRNA targets. However, these methods suffer several drawbacks, including technical challenges, requirement of high cell volumes, inability to differentiate between direct and indirect targets, cell/tissue as well as experimental-specificity and imprecise binding site information. Alternatively in silico approach enables the exploration of the potential miRNA-mRNA pairs to investigate signature miRNA and proteins involved in the signaling of various diseases. Here, we describe micronome-based standard method for identification of miRNA-mRNA pairs as well as validation of key regulator miRNA.

MTBDRplus for the rapid diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis and screening of drug resistance

PurposeTimely diagnosis of intraocular tuberculosis (IOTB) along with detection of drug resistance can save many eyes from visual impairment. With the growing incidence of IOTB and rising drug resistance, a reliable diagnostic platform for simultaneous detection of the agent and mutated gene is urgently needed. The MTBDRplus assay was evaluated directly on vitreous fluid samples for the same.Patients and methodsIn a prospective study, The MTBDRplus assay was performed on 127 vitreous fluid samples (77 'study group' comprising cases of presumed ocular tuberculosis and 50 'control group' cases of disease controls (n=25) and non-uveitic controls (n=25)). All samples positive by MTBDRplus assay were subjected to gene sequencing to confirm the mutations for rifampicin and isoniazid resistance.ResultsThe MTBDRplus assay produced a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 36.36%, 100%, 100%, and 50.50%, respectively, for the detection of IOTB. Among the 28 cases from study group that were positive by MTBDRplus assay, rifampicin resistance was reported in six and isoniazid resistance in two cases. On sequencing of rpoB and katG gene, one case of false rifampicin-resistant by MTBDRplus was found. The other resistant isolates showed concordant mutations between MTBDRplus assay and sequencing.ConclusionThe MTBDRplus assay is an effective tool for the rapid diagnosis of IOTB along with detection of drug resistance, thereby improving the outcome in IOTB.

Efficacy of RNA interference knockdown using aerosolized short interfering RNAs bound to nanoparticles in three diverse aphid species

RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a promising method for validating gene function; however, its utility in nonmodel insects has proven problematic, with delivery methods being one of the main obstacles. This study investigates a novel method of RNAi delivery in aphids, the aerosolization of short interfering RNA (siRNA)-nanoparticle complexes. By using nanoparticles as a siRNA carrier, the likelihood of cellular uptake is increased, when compared to methods previously used in insects. To determine the efficacy of this RNAi delivery system, siRNAs were aerosolized with and without nanoparticles in three aphid species: Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis glycines and Schizaphis graminum. The genes targeted for knockdown were carotene dehydrogenase (tor), which is important for pigmentation in Ac. pisum, and branched chain-amino acid transaminase (bcat), which is essential in the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in all three aphid species. Overall, we observed modest gene knockdown of tor in Ac. pisum and moderate gene knockdown of bcat in Ap. glycines along with its associated phenotype. We also determined that the nanoparticle emulsion significantly increased the efficacy of gene knockdown. Overall, these results suggest that the aerosolized siRNA-nanoparticle delivery method is a promising new high-throughput and non-invasive RNAi delivery method in some aphid species.

Kitchen phytochemicals from Allium cepa - their role in multidrug resistance

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is increasingly becoming a concern to public health. Current antibiotics have failed to bring desirable results to many bacterial infections due to multi-resistant strains. So, concerted efforts are being made to curve this with the help of dietary phytohemicals. A number of dietary phytochemical are being put to trials for antimicrobial activity; however it is worthwhile to search such a part of diet that is very frequently used by major population. Keeping this view in mind an effort has been made to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of most common vegetable component Allium cepa. Methanolic and aqueous extracts were prepared from Allium cepa and antibacterial activity was tested on four pathogenic bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram negative) Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Disc diffusion method and Minimum inhibitory concentration by the Microtitre well plate method. Conventional antibiotic discs of Tetracycline and Gentamycin were used as positive control. Among the two extracts, methanolic extract exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity on the test organisms Ps. aeruginosa (17.5mm) and B. subtilis (11.3mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration value for Ps. aeruginosa was 500μl and for B. subtilis was 250μl for methanolic extract. The growth of other two bacteria i.e. E. coli and S. aureus were not inhibited by methanolic as well as aqueous extract that indicates non susceptibility to aqueous and methanol extract of Allium cepa. From the study, it was concluded that the commonly used Allium cepa possess potent antibacterial property against Bacillus Subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Type 1 Tympanoplasty by Cartilage Palisade and Temporalis Fascia Technique: A Comparison

(1) To compare graft take up of type-1 tympanoplasty with cartilage palisade technique with those of type-1 tympanoplasty using autotemporalis fascia. (2) To compare hearing results of type 1 tympanoplasty with cartilage palisade technique with those of type-1 tympanoplasty using autotemporalis fascia. A prospective clinical study. It consisted of 60 patients divided into two groups of 30 patients each. After randomization 30 patients underwent type 1 tympanoplasty using cartilage palisade technique and 30 underwent type 1 tympanoplasty using autotemporalis fascia. In follow up, pure tone audiogram were carried out at 2nd, 4th and 6th month. Clinical assessment was done at 2nd 4th and 6th month. The graft uptake rate between the group 1 and group 2 are 93.33 and 90% respectively. As p value was greater than 0.05 so statistically there is no significant difference between the two group. The post operative air bone gap of the two groups were compared using student t test. The pre op mean of group 1 was 32.5 db and pre op mean of group 2 was 30.66 db. The post op mean of group 1 was 21.33, with standard deviation of 3.6984 and standard error of 0.67523. The post op mean of group 2 was 21.09 with standard deviation of 3.29 and standard error of 0.58261. t value was 0.1357. Analysis was done using student t test and p value was found to be greater than 0.05. p value is greater than 0.05 which shows that there is no statistical difference between the two groups. This study establishes the fact that hearing results after performing type 1 tympanoplasty by autotemporalis fascia when compared with type 1 tympanoplasty performed by cartilage palisade technique showed similar hearing gain and post operatively graft take up rate was also similar in two groups. The disadvantage of reducing the mechanical vibration of the tympanic membrane was overcome by the palisade reconstruction of the tympanic membrane. This study definitely emphasizes upon usage of new grafting materials in reconstruction of tympanic membrane, with similar, if not better functional results, without compromising the acoustic transfer characteristics.

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis and Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Coexisting in a Woman: A Rare Coincidence

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) are two rare diseases which may present with similar symptoms and signs. We report a case with coexisting PRES and CVST in a 34 years old postpartum female presented with multiple episodes of generalized seizures and bilateral vision loss after delivery. MRI brain and venography revealed left transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus and internal cerebral vein thrombosis with vasogenic edema in bilateral parieto-occipital, right temporal and left frontal area, which was suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). She was treated with antihypertensive, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), oral anticoagulant and responded well to the treatment.

Hypopituitarism presenting as congestive heart failure

Sheehan's syndrome (SS) develops as a result of ischemic pituitary necrosis due to severe postpartum hemorrhage and is characterized by various degrees of hypopituitarism. Although the occurrence of SS is now rare, it should still be considered in any woman with a history of peripartum hemorrhage who develops manifestations of pituitary hormone deficiency any time following the event. Appropriate hormone replacement therapy results in marked clinical improvement. We present an unusual case of SS in a young lady who continued to have normal menstruation after the index event, had two spontaneous pregnancies, and was diagnosed only 11 years later when she presented to us with acute heart failure.