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Govindarajan R, Sankar SG, Kumar MS, Rajamannar V, Krishnamoorthi R, Anand AAP, Kumar A, Samuel PP. Molecular detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in ectoparasites & their small mammal hosts captured from scrub typhus endemic areas in Madurai district, India. Indian J Med Res 2024; 159:180-192. [PMID: 38494626 PMCID: PMC11050748 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3530_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi present in small mammals harbouring the ectoparasites. A study was undertaken to detect the pathogen present in small mammals and its ectoparasites in the scrub typhus-reported areas. METHODS The small mammals (rodents/shrews) and its ectoparasites were screened for O. tsutsugamushi using nested PCR amplification of the groEL gene. Small mammals were collected by trapping and screened for ectoparasites (mites, ticks and fleas) by combing method. RESULTS All the chigger mites collected were tested negative for O. tsutsugamushi . Interestingly, adult non-trombiculid mites ( Oribatida sp., Dermanyssus gallinae ), fleas ( Xenopsylla astia, X. cheopis, Ctenophalides felis and Ctenophalides sp.) and ticks ( Rhipicephalus sanguineus , R. haemaphysaloides ) screened were found to be positive for O. tsutsugamushi , which the authors believe is the first report on these species globally. Bandicota bengalensis with O. tsutsugamushi infection is reported for the first time in India. The O. tsutsugamushi groEL sequences from the positive samples were similar to the reference strains, Karp and Ikeda and phylogenetically clustered in clade IV with less evolutionary divergence. The blood samples of Rattus rattus , Suncus murinus and B. bengalensis collected from this area were tested positive for O. tsutsugamushi ; interestingly, the sequence similarity was much pronounced with their ectoparasites indicating the transmission of the pathogen to host or vice versa . INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS The outcome of the present investigations widened our scope on the pathogens present in ectoparasites and rodents/shrews from this area. This will help to formulate the required vector control methods to combat zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Govindarajan
- Division of Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Gowri Sankar
- Division of Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Senthil Kumar
- Division of Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V. Rajamannar
- Division of Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - P. Philip Samuel
- Division of Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Deolka S, Govindarajan R, Khaskin E, Vasylevskyi S, Bahri J, Fayzullin RR, Roy MC, Khusnutdinova JR. Oxygen transfer reactivity mediated by nickel perfluoroalkyl complexes using molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidant. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7026-7035. [PMID: 37389265 PMCID: PMC10306096 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01861j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel perfluoroethyl and perfluoropropyl complexes supported by naphthyridine-type ligands show drastically different aerobic reactivity from their trifluoromethyl analogs resulting in facile oxygen transfer to perfluoroalkyl groups or oxygenation of external organic substrates (phosphines, sulfides, alkenes and alcohols) using O2 or air as a terminal oxidant. Such mild aerobic oxygenation occurs through the formation of spectroscopically detected transient high-valent NiIII and structurally characterized mixed-valent NiII-NiIV intermediates and radical intermediates, resembling O2 activation reported for some Pd dialkyl complexes. This reactivity is in contrast with the aerobic oxidation of naphthyridine-based Ni(CF3)2 complexes resulting in the formation of a stable NiIII product, which is attributed to the effect of greater steric congestion imposed by longer perfluoroalkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Deolka
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - R Govindarajan
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Janet Bahri
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences 8 Arbuzov Street Kazan 420088 Russian Federation
| | - Michael C Roy
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Julia R Khusnutdinova
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
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Dinh HM, Govindarajan R, Deolka S, Fayzullin RR, Vasylevskyi S, Khaskin E, Khusnutdinova JR. Photoinduced Perfluoroalkylation Mediated by Cobalt Complexes Supported by Naphthyridine Ligands. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoan Minh Dinh
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - R. Govindarajan
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shubham Deolka
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Robert R. Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, Kazan 420088, Russian Federation
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Julia R. Khusnutdinova
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Govindarajan R, Deolka S, Khusnutdinova JR. Heterometallic bond activation enabled by unsymmetrical ligand scaffolds: bridging the opposites. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14008-14031. [PMID: 36540828 PMCID: PMC9728565 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterobi- and multimetallic complexes providing close proximity between several metal centers serve as active species in artificial and enzymatic catalysis, and in model systems, showing unique modes of metal-metal cooperative bond activation. Through the rational design of well-defined, unsymmetrical ligand scaffolds, we create a convenient approach to support the assembly of heterometallic species in a well-defined and site-specific manner, preventing them from scrambling and dissociation. In this perspective, we will outline general strategies for the design of unsymmetrical ligands to support heterobi- and multimetallic complexes that show reactivity in various types of heterometallic cooperative bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Govindarajan
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Shubham Deolka
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Julia R Khusnutdinova
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
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Subaharan K, Senthamarai Selvan P, Subramanya TM, Senthoorraja R, Manjunath S, Das T, Pragadheesh VS, Bakthavatsalam N, Mohan MG, Senthil-Nathan S, Uragayala S, Samuel PP, Govindarajan R, Eswaramoorthy M. Ultrasound-assisted nanoemulsion of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil and its constituent thymol on toxicity and biochemical aspect of Aedes aegypti. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:71326-71337. [PMID: 35595904 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the main vector of yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and dengue worldwide and is managed by using chemical insecticides. Though effective, their indiscriminate use brings in associated problems on safety to non-target and the environment. This supports the use of plant-based essential oil (EO) formulations as they are safe to use with limited effect on non-target organisms. Quick volatility and degradation of EO are a hurdle in its use; the present study attempts to develop nanoemulsions (NE) of Trachyspermum ammi EO and its constituent thymol using Tween 80 as surfactant by ultrasonication method. The NE of EO had droplet size ranging from 65 ± 0.7 to 83 ± 0.09 nm and a poly dispersity index (PDI) value of 0.18 ± 0.003 to 0.20 ± 0.07 from 1 to 60 days of storage. The NE of thymol showed a droplet size ranging from 167 ± 1 to 230 ± 1 nm and PDI value of 0.30 ± 0.03 to 0.40 ± 0.008 from 1 to 60 days of storage. The droplet shape of both NEs appeared spherical under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The larvicidal effect of NEs of EO and thymol was better than BEs (Bulk emulsion) of EO and thymol against Ae. aegypti. Among the NEs, thymol (LC50 34.89 ppm) had better larvicidal action than EO (LC50 46.73 ppm). Exposure to NEs of EO and thymol causes the shrinkage of the larval cuticle and inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in Ae. aegypti. Our findings show the enhanced effect of NEs over BEs which facilitate its use as an alternative control measure for Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Subaharan
- Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India, 560024.
| | - Periyasamy Senthamarai Selvan
- Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India, 560024
| | | | - Rajendran Senthoorraja
- Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India, 560024
| | - Sowmya Manjunath
- Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India, 560024
| | - Tania Das
- Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India, 560024
| | | | - Nandagopal Bakthavatsalam
- Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India, 560024
| | - Muthu Gounder Mohan
- Division of Germplasm Conservation and Utilization, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru, India, 560024
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sreehari Uragayala
- ICMR, National Institute for Malaria Research FU, Bangalore, India, 562110
| | | | - Renu Govindarajan
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Field Station, Madurai, India, 625002
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Prakash JAJ, Kamarasu K, Samuel PP, Govindarajan R, Govindasamy P, Johnson LA, Ramalingam P, Nirmalson J, Seran KC. Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Novel Trombiculid Mite Species in Northern Tamil Nadu, India: Use of Targeting the Multicopy traD Gene. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:693-699. [PMID: 34850037 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi DNA in a trombiculid mite chigger species suggests that it might be a potential vector of scrub typhus in an endemic area. Over a period of 20 mo, 85 rats were trapped, 57 had chiggers that were identified by standard morphometric techniques. The chigger pools were assessed by performing PCR assays targeting fragments of the single-copy genes 56 kDa type-specific antigen gene (TSA56) by nested PCR and the 47 kDa (htrA) quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The novel traD SYBR green assay that detects a multicopy gene was also performed. In total, 27 chigger pools were positive by traD qPCR, of which only 7 were positive by 47 kDa qPCR and in 3 of these, 56 kDa gene was amplified by nested PCR. Orientia tsutsugamushi-specific DNA was detected in Ascoschoengastia spp., Schoengastiella ligula, Leptotrombidium rajasthanense, Leptotrombidium deliense, and Leptotrombidium jayawickremei chigger pools. Therefore, they could be potential vectors of scrub typhus in Southern India. The three 56 kDa sequences belonged to TA716 genotype and Kato genogroup. Further studies are needed to confirm these chigger species as scrub typhus vectors in Northern Tamil Nadu.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Antony Jude Prakash
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - Kannan Kamarasu
- Institute of Vector Control and Zoonoses, 150 Titan Jewellery Road, SIPCOT Phase I, Hosur Tamil Nadu 635126, India
| | - P Philip Samuel
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, 4, Sarojini St, Chinna Chokikulam, Madurai Tamil Nadu 625002, India
| | - Renu Govindarajan
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, 4, Sarojini St, Chinna Chokikulam, Madurai Tamil Nadu 625002, India
| | - Punitha Govindasamy
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - Liji Anna Johnson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India
| | - P Ramalingam
- Institute of Vector Control and Zoonoses, 150 Titan Jewellery Road, SIPCOT Phase I, Hosur Tamil Nadu 635126, India
| | - J Nirmalson
- Institute of Vector Control and Zoonoses, 150 Titan Jewellery Road, SIPCOT Phase I, Hosur Tamil Nadu 635126, India
| | - K C Seran
- Department of Community Medicine, Madras Medical College, Near Park Town Station, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600003, India
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Samuel P, Govindarajan R, Rajamannar V, Kumar A. Current Status Of Mites And Mite-Borne Diseases In India. J Vector Borne Dis 2022; 60:1-10. [PMID: 37026214 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.361175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mites act as the vectors of zoonotic vector-borne disease scrub typhus caused by the rickettsial pathogen Orientia tsutsugamushi. In India, scrub typhus is transmitted by the mite Leptotrombidium deliense. Rodents are the reservoirs and support the spread of this disease. Sarcoptes scabiei or the itch mite is causing scabies which is a common skin infection in India. Dermatitis, trombiculosis, and mite dust allergy are common mite-borne diseases transmitted by Pyemotidae family. D. brevis folliculorum and Demodex brevis are two major mite species found on humans also causing a disease; "Demodicosis", common in India. Dermanyssus gallinae, fowl mite causes pruritis in poultry birds, transmits infections to poultry workers when they come into contact with birds. There is a re-emergence of mite-borne diseases, especially scrub typhus, in many parts of India requiring urgent attention for its control. This review is aimed to update the available information on mites and mite transmitted diseases prevalent in India to highlight the importance of rodent and chigger mite vector control to prevent forthcoming mite-borne diseases in India.
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Samuel PP, Rajamannar V, Govindarajan R, Kumar A. A review of public health important fleas (Insecta, Siphonaptera) and flea-borne diseases in India. J Vector Borne Dis 2022; 59:12-21. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.328977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Kannan APG, Govindarajan R, Thanka J. Study of RBC Histograms and Its Correlation with Etiopathogenesis and Other Parameters in Various Anemias. JPRI 2021. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i21a31369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotent stem cells which are present in the bone marrow renew by its own and differentiate into mature cells. These stem cells undergo division by the presence of erythropoietin, where the nucleus is extruded out from the cell during the end of differentiation, thereby retaining cytoplasmic RNA to form a reticulocyte. The reticulocyte i s a precursor to red blood cell and on losing the RNA it matures into a Red Blood Cell. The present study aimed to analyze the correlation between the automated histogram patterns along with morphological features of RBC‘s prepared from peripheral smear examination in different types of anemia. viz., MCV, MCH, MCHC & RWD- CV.
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Sreepada KS, Ishwara Prasad KS, Govindarajan R. Seasonal Diversity of mosquito species in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2021; 58:119-125. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.321758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Samuel PP, Govindarajan R, Krishnamoorthi R, Leo SVJ, Rajamannar V, Nagaraj J. Dengue infection among tribal population in the Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2021; 58:154-158. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.328973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Ahmed J, Swain AK, Das A, Govindarajan R, Bhunia M, Mandal SK. A K-arylacetylide complex for catalytic terminal alkyne functionalization using KO tBu as a precatalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13860-13863. [PMID: 31670328 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a transition metal free catalytic terminal alkyne functionalization across the C-X triple bond (X = CH and N) with E-selective homo (alkyne-alkyne) and head-to-tail selective hetero (alkyne-nitrile) dimerization. A series of stoichiometric reactions enabled us to crystallize a reactive organometallic intermediate K-arylacetylide complex which was characterized by X-ray crystallography, indicating that an ionic mechanism is operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, India.
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Abstract
Herein, we describe the first transition-metal-free catalytic carboalkoxylation of styrenes with aryl diazonium salts by Meerwein addition in the presence of a phenalenyl ligand at room temperature without requiring any light stimulation. This three-component reaction allows facile difunctionalization of styrene derivatives with various alcohols (such as 1, 2, and 3°) as the source of alkoxy group during this transformation. The key intermediates and the transition states involved in this reaction path were unraveled by a series of control experiments coupled with density functional theory calculations. The full mechanistic investigation provides an understanding of the selectivity toward carboalkoxylation (Meerwein arylation addition elimination) in the presence of various alcohols over the simple arylation to multiple bond (Meerwein arylation-elimination) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Govindarajan
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Asim Kumar Swain
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
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Chandra Sau S, Bhattacharjee R, Hota PK, Vardhanapu PK, Vijaykumar G, Govindarajan R, Datta A, Mandal SK. Transforming atmospheric CO 2 into alternative fuels: a metal-free approach under ambient conditions. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1879-1884. [PMID: 30842857 PMCID: PMC6371756 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03581d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the first-ever completely metal-free approach to the capture of CO2 from air followed by reduction to methoxyborane (which produces methanol on hydrolysis) or sodium formate (which produces formic acid on hydrolysis) under ambient conditions. This was accomplished using an abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene (aNHC)-borane adduct. The intermediate involved in CO2 capture (aNHC-H, HCOO, B(OH)3) was structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, the captured CO2 can be released by heating the intermediate, or by passing this compound through an ion-exchange resin. The capture of CO2 from air can even proceed in the solid state via the formation of a bicarbonate complex (aNHC-H, HCO3, B(OH)3), which was also structurally characterized. A detailed mechanism for this process is proposed based on tandem density functional theory calculations and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh Chandra Sau
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, Nadia , West Bengal , India .
| | - Rameswar Bhattacharjee
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur 700032 , Kolkata , West Bengal , India .
| | - Pradip Kumar Hota
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, Nadia , West Bengal , India .
| | - Pavan K Vardhanapu
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, Nadia , West Bengal , India .
| | - Gonela Vijaykumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, Nadia , West Bengal , India .
| | - R Govindarajan
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, Nadia , West Bengal , India .
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur 700032 , Kolkata , West Bengal , India .
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246, Nadia , West Bengal , India .
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Karthikeyan M, Govindarajan R, Ashok Kumar C, Kumar U, Manimaran B. Rectangular and hammock shaped ester functionalized chalcogenolato-bridged rhenium(I) tetranuclear metallacyclophanes. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Bhartee H, Sahota P, Sivaraman M, Govindarajan R, Bollu PC, Thakkar M, Goyal M, Johnson J, Singh S. 0668 Small Fiber Neuropathy in Patients with Refractory RLS: A Case Series. Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Bhartee
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
| | - P Sahota
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
| | - M Sivaraman
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
| | | | - P C Bollu
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
| | - M Thakkar
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
| | - M Goyal
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
| | - J Johnson
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
| | - S Singh
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO
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Ashok Kumar C, Govindarajan R, Kumar U, Karthikeyan M, Varghese B, Manimaran B. Multicomponent self-assembly of Mn(I)-based thiolato-bridged ester functionalized rectangular and V-shaped tetranuclear metallacyclophanes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Govindarajan R, Nagarajaprakash R, Veena V, Sakthivel N, Manimaran B. One-pot reaction of amide functionalized Re(I) based dinuclear metallacycles: Synthesis, characterization and evaluation for anticancer potential. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Samuel PP, Govindarajan R, Leo SVJ, Krishnamoorthy R, Paramasivan R, Arunachalam N. Emergence of dengue in the tribal pockets of Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu. Trop Doct 2016; 47:170-173. [PMID: 27838633 DOI: 10.1177/0049475516677158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As original tribal ways of living have morphed from a forest dweller existence, dengue is no longer an urban infection but is now also found in rural hilly areas. The spread of dengue is enhanced by the frequent movement of people to endemic areas where there is a vector mosquito presence. The impact of the virus is known to be great in the immunologically naive population. Our study reports on the threat of the dengue virus in these hilly areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Philip Samuel
- 1 Scientist B, Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Madurai, India
| | - R Govindarajan
- 2 Technical Assistant, Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Madurai, India
| | - S Victor Jerald Leo
- 3 Technician, Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Madurai, India
| | - R Krishnamoorthy
- 4 Technical Officer, Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Madurai, India
| | - R Paramasivan
- 5 Scientist F, Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Madurai, India
| | - N Arunachalam
- 6 Scientist G, Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Madurai, India
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20
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Govindarajan R, Sparreboom A. Drug Transporters: Advances and Opportunities. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:398-403. [PMID: 27718234 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug transporter research conducted over the last several decades has led to a greatly advanced understanding of the mechanisms underlying the principles of drug absorption and disposition. Although many transporters remain poorly characterized, there is ample evidence that the drug transporter field will ultimately provide vital support to routine patient management, and will play a key role in the discovery, development, and evaluation of innovative, cutting-edge therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - A Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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21
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Bissa B, Beedle AM, Govindarajan R. Lysosomal solute carrier transporters gain momentum in research. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:431-436. [PMID: 27530302 PMCID: PMC5056150 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that lysosome function extends beyond macromolecular degradation. Genetic and functional defects in components of the lysosomal transport machinery cause lysosomal storage disorders implicating the lysosomal solute carrier (SLC) transporters as essential to vital cell processes. The pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of lysosomal SLC transporters are highlighted here, focusing on recent discoveries in autophagic amino acid sensing (SLC38A9), phagocytic regulation in macrophages (SLC29A3, SLC15A3/A4), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) exocytosis in neurotransmission (SLC17A9), and lysosomal transport of maytansine catabolites into the cytoplasm (SLC46A3).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bissa
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - A M Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - R Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
This paper concerns steady, high-Reynolds-number flow around a semi-infinite, rotating cylinder placed in an axial stream and uses boundary-layer type of equations which apply even when the boundary-layer thickness is comparable to the cylinder radius, as indeed it is at large enough downstream distances. At large rotation rates, it is found that a wall jet appears over a certain range of downstream locations. This jet strengthens with increasing rotation, but first strengthens then weakens as downstream distance increases, eventually disappearing, so the flow recovers a profile qualitatively similar to a classical boundary layer. The asymptotic solution at large streamwise distances is obtained as an expansion in inverse powers of the logarithm of the distance. It is found that the asymptotic radial and axial velocity components are the same as for a non-rotating cylinder, to all orders in this expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Derebail Muralidhar
- Laboratoire de mécanique des fluides et d'acoustique (École centrale de Lyon-CNRS-Université de Lyon 1-INSA Lyon) , 36 avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - B Pier
- Laboratoire de mécanique des fluides et d'acoustique (École centrale de Lyon-CNRS-Université de Lyon 1-INSA Lyon) , 36 avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - J F Scott
- Laboratoire de mécanique des fluides et d'acoustique (École centrale de Lyon-CNRS-Université de Lyon 1-INSA Lyon) , 36 avenue Guy-de-Collongue, 69134 Écully, France
| | - R Govindarajan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , 21 Brundavan Colony, Narsingi, Hyderabad 500075, India
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23
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Bansal M, Agarwal A, Govindarajan R. Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Syndrome Due to a Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor. J Gastrointest Cancer 2016; 43 Suppl 1:S231-3. [PMID: 22733565 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-012-9400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Bansal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301, West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Abhishek Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301, West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - R Govindarajan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
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24
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Govindarajan R, Nagarajaprakash R, Manimaran B. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Host–Guest Studies of Aminoquinonato-Bridged Re(I) Supramolecular Rectangles. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:10686-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Govindarajan
- Department
of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - R. Nagarajaprakash
- Department
of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Bala. Manimaran
- Department
of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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25
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Munirathinam A, Krishnamoorthi R, Baskaran G, Govindarajan R, Veerapathiran A, Venkatesh A, Tyagi B. Mosquito diversity in Keeriparai and Mundanthurai hill ranges of the Western Ghats, southern India. J Threat Taxa 2015. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.o4193.7552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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26
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Nagarajaprakash R, Govindarajan R, Manimaran B. One-pot synthesis of oxamidato-bridged hexarhenium trigonal prisms adorned with ester functionality. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:11732-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of hexarhenium trigonal prisms using fac-Re(CO)3 cores (pink), bischelating oxamide ligands (green) and ester-containing tritopic linkers (blue) has been accomplished via an orthogonal bonding approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Govindarajan
- Department of Chemistry
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry
- India
| | - Bala. Manimaran
- Department of Chemistry
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry
- India
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27
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Jayaraj P, Mathew B, Parimaladevi B, Ramani VA, Govindarajan R. Isolation of a bioactive flavonoid from Spilanthes calva D.C. in vitro xanthine oxidase assay and in silico study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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Thenmozhi V, Paramasivan R, Samuel PP, Kamaraj T, Balaji T, Dhananjeyan KJ, Venkatasubramani K, Leo SVJ, Babu RS, Govindarajan R, Tyagi BK. Japanese encephalitis virus isolation from mosquitoes during an outbreak in 2011 in Alappuzha district, Kerala. J Vector Borne Dis 2013; 50:229-231. [PMID: 24220084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- V Thenmozhi
- Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, (ICMR), Madurai, India
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29
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Govindarajan R, Perelló-Juncá A, Parès-Marimòn RM, Serrais-Benavente J, Ferrandez-Martí D, Sala-Robinat R, Camacho-Calvente A, Campabanal-Prats C, Solà-Anderiu I, Sanchez-Caparrós S, Gonzalez-Estrada J, Martinez-Olalla P, Colomer-Palomo J, Perez-Mañosas R, Rodríguez-Gallego D. [Process management in the hospital pharmacy for the improvement of the patient safety]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 28:145-54. [PMID: 23148918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cali.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define a process management model for a hospital pharmacy in order to measure, analyse and make continuous improvements in patient safety and healthcare quality. MATERIAL AND METHODS In order to implement process management, Igualada Hospital was divided into different processes, one of which was the Hospital Pharmacy. A multidisciplinary management team was given responsibility for each process. For each sub-process one person was identified to be responsible, and a working group was formed under his/her leadership. With the help of each working group, a risk analysis using failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) was performed, and the corresponding improvement actions were implemented. Sub-process indicators were also identified, and different process management mechanisms were introduced. RESULTS The first risk analysis with FMEA produced more than thirty preventive actions to improve patient safety. Later, the weekly analysis of errors, as well as the monthly analysis of key process indicators, permitted us to monitor process results and, as each sub-process manager participated in these meetings, also to assume accountability and responsibility, thus consolidating the culture of excellence. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of different process management mechanisms, with the participation of people responsible for each sub-process, introduces a participative management tool for the continuous improvement of patient safety and healthcare quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Govindarajan
- Departamento de Operaciones e Innovación, Escuela Superior de Administración y Dirección de Empresas, Barcelona, España.
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30
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Govindarajan R, Morren J, Galvez-Jiminez N. 178. Role of sural sparing in differentiating inflammatory demyelinating versus axonal polyneuropathies – A retrospective analysis. Clin Neurophysiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.11.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Soriano Caminero A, Govindarajan R, Salgado E. Is HbA1c Level a Marker for Severity of Diabetic Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy? (P03.198). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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32
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Morren J, Govindarajan R, Soriano Caminero A, Jones D, Rodriguez A, Salgado E. Quadruple Extracranial Arterial Dissection with Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) in a Habitual Cocaine User Presenting with Thunderclap Headache (P03.216). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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33
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Govindarajan R, Morren J, Galvez-Jimenez N. Is Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator (r-tPA) Safe in Patients on Dabigatran? (P03.006). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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34
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Govindarajan R, Morren J, Malpe C, Salgado E. Recurrent Herpes Simplex Type-2 Meningoencephalitis as a Stroke Mimicker (P02.265). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p02.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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35
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Gurav SD, Gilibili RR, Jeniffer S, Mohd Z, Giri S, Govindarajan R, Srinivas NR, Mullangi R. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and identification of putative metabolites of JI-101 - a novel triple kinase inhibitor in rats. Arzneimittelforschung 2012; 62:27-34. [PMID: 22331760 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1295427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
JI-101, chemically 1-[1-(2-amino-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl]-3-(5-bromo-2-methoxy-phenyl)-urea hydrochloride, is a novel orally active kinase inhibitor, which has shown potent in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity against a variety of cancer cell lines and xenografts. It is currently entering Phase II clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors. The aim of the study is to assess the metabolic stability of JI-101 in various pre-clinical and human liver microsomes, to identify the major CYPs (cytochrome β450) involved in the metabolism of JI-101 and identification of putative metabolites. We have also studied the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of JI-101 in Sprague Dawley rats. JI-101 was found to be stable in various liver microsomes tested. JI-101 is highly permeable and not a substrate for P-gp (permeability glycoprotein). JI-101 excreted through bile along with its mono- and di-hydroxy metabolites. Following oral administration, JI-101 was rapidly absorbed, reaching Cmax within 2 h. The t½ of JI-101 with intravenous and oral route was found to be 1.75 ± 0.79 and 2.66 ± 0.13 h, respectively. The Cl and Vd by intravenous route for JI-101 were found to be 13.0 ± 2.62 mL/min/kg and 2.11 ± 1.42 L/kg, respectively. The tissue distribution of JI-101 was extensive with rapid and preferred uptake into lung tissue. Overall, the oral bioavailability of JI-101 is 55% and the primary route of elimination for JI-101 is feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gurav
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jubilant Biosys, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore, India
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36
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Abstract
MATLAB is an array language, initially popular for rapid prototyping, but is now being increasingly used to develop production code for numerical and scientific applications. Typical MATLAB programs have abundant data parallelism. These programs also have control flow dominated scalar regions that have an impact on the program's execution time. Today's computer systems have tremendous computing power in the form of traditional CPU cores and throughput oriented accelerators such as graphics processing units(GPUs). Thus, an approach that maps the control flow dominated regions to the CPU and the data parallel regions to the GPU can significantly improve program performance.
In this paper, we present the design and implementation of MEGHA, a compiler that automatically compiles MATLAB programs to enable synergistic execution on heterogeneous processors. Our solution is fully automated and does not require programmer input for identifying data parallel regions. We propose a set of compiler optimizations tailored for MATLAB. Our compiler identifies data parallel regions of the program and composes them into kernels. The problem of combining statements into kernels is formulated as a constrained graph clustering problem. Heuristics are presented to map identified kernels to either the CPU or GPU so that kernel execution on the CPU and the GPU happens synergistically and the amount of data transfer needed is minimized. In order to ensure required data movement for dependencies across basic blocks, we propose a data flow analysis and edge splitting strategy. Thus our compiler automatically handles composition of kernels, mapping of kernels to CPU and GPU, scheduling and insertion of required data transfer. The proposed compiler was implemented and experimental evaluation using a set of MATLAB benchmarks shows that our approach achieves a geometric mean speedup of 19.8X for data parallel benchmarks over native execution of MATLAB.
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37
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Kiwan EN, Siegel E, Hutchins LF, Maddox A, Govindarajan R, Safar AM, Makhoul I. Cetuximab-related infusion reaction rate in cancer patients differs by race. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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38
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Bansal M, Siegel E, Govindarajan R. The effect of metformin (M) on overall survival (OS) of patients (Pts) with colorectal cancer (CRC) treated with chemotherapy (CTX). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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39
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Kunthur A, Aldwairi A, Simmen F, Govindarajan R. Effect of metformin alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5FU), oxaliplatin (O) and irinotecan (I) on human colon cancer cell lines. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.e13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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40
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Kunthur A, Siegel E, Govindarajan R. Influence of thiozolidinediones (TZD) exposure on the progression of oral leukoplakia (L) and erythroplakia (E) to the development of head and neck cancer (HNC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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41
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Gray TC, Siegel E, Govindarajan R. Impact of antidiabetic agents on the survival of subjects with colorectal cancer (CRC). J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Rao CV, Pushpangadan P, Asare-Anane H, Persaud S, Jones P, Houghton PJ. Antidiabetic activity of Croton klozchianus in rats and direct stimulation of insulin secretion in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:371-6. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.3.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Croton klozchianus is a relatively uninvestigated species with no pharmacological or phytochemical reports available, although it has been used clinically by Ayurvedic physicians to treat diabetes. We have investigated this use by studying the insulin secretion and antidiabetic activity of C. klozchianus. Treatment of diabetic rats with aerial parts of C. klozchianus extract (CK, 100 and 300 mg kg−1 body weight) for three weeks showed significant reduction in blood glucose (45.8% after 14 days for 300 mg kg−1). C. klozchianus extract caused a significant concentration-dependent increase in insulin secretion (8-fold at 2 mg mL−1 for cells challenged with 20 mm glucose) from MIN6 cells grown as monolayers and as pseudoislets, indicating that the antidiabetic activity may have been as a result of increased insulin secretion. It also had a role on the lipid profile of the rats by causing reduction in cholesterol and triglycerides and increasing high density lipoprotein significantly. The results obtained gave some scientific support to the traditional use of the plant as a treatment for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Govindarajan
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - M Vijayakumar
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ch V Rao
- Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - P Pushpangadan
- Amity Institute for Herbal and Biotech Products, Trivandrum, India
| | - Henry Asare-Anane
- Reproductive Health Endocrinology and Development Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Shanta Persaud
- Reproductive Health Endocrinology and Development Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Peter Jones
- Reproductive Health Endocrinology and Development Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, UK
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43
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Abstract
The StreamIt programming model has been proposed to exploit parallelism in streaming applications on general purpose multicore architectures. The StreamIt graphs describe task, data and pipeline parallelism which can be exploited on accelerators such as Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) or CellBE which support abundant parallelism in hardware.
In this paper, we describe a novel method to orchestrate the execution of a StreamIt program on a multicore platform equipped with an accelerator. The proposed approach identifies, using profiling, the relative benefits of executing a task on the superscalar CPU cores and the accelerator. We formulate the problem of partitioning the work between the CPU cores and the GPU, taking into account the latencies for data transfers and the required buffer layout transformations associated with the partitioning, as an integrated Integer Linear Program (ILP) which can then be solved by an ILP solver.We also propose an efficient heuristic algorithm for the work partitioning between the CPU and the GPU, which provides solutions which are within 9.05% of the optimal solution on an average across the benchmark suite. The partitioned tasks are then software pipelined to execute on the multiple CPU cores and the Streaming Multiprocessors (SMs) of the GPU. The software pipelining algorithm orchestrates the execution between CPU cores and the GPU by emitting the code for the CPU and the GPU, and the code for the required data transfers. Our experiments on a platform with 8 CPU cores and a GeForce 8800 GTS 512 GPU show a geometric mean speedup of 6.84X with a maximum of 51.96X over a single threaded CPU execution across the StreamIt benchmarks. This is a 18.9% improvement over a partitioning strategy that maps only the filters that cannot be executed on the GPU -- the filters with state that is persistent across firings -- onto the CPU.
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44
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Raval GG, Govindarajan R. Efficacy and safety of administration of gemcitabine and docetaxel with radiation therapy in patients with high-grade soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e21503 Background: Neo-adjuvant therapy of soft tissue sarcoma is not standardized. Anthracyclines (A) improve disease free and overall survival in high grade extremity soft tissue sarcomas measuring more than 5 cm. A and ifosfamide (I) therapy require inpatient administration and is associated with significant toxicities when administered in combination with RT. G in combination with D has been shown to prolong progression free and overall survival in patients with advanced or metastatic STS after progression on A and I, and in patients unable to receive the combination. The safety of administration of G with radiation is not known. We evaluated the safety of neo-adjuvant G and D in combination with RT in patients with STS. Methods: Retrospective analysis of subjects with high grade STS treated with RT and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with G and D was conducted. G 600mg/m2 was administered on days 1 and 8 along with D 75 mg/m2 on day 8 for a total of 3 cycles. 2200 cGY RT was administered in 11 daily fractions between cycles 1 and 2 and between cycles 2 and 3. 72 hour gap was given between RT and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was administered on outpatient basis. Efficacy was evaluated by the extent of tumor necrosis at the time of surgery. Safety was evaluated by the presence of complications following chemotherapy. Results: GD + R was administered to 12 patients in the neo-adjuvant setting. 11 of them were evaluable for response. 10 of the 11 patients had evidence of tumor necrosis at the time of surgery. 1 patient had poor response. 3 of 11 patients had neutropenia complicating neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. 4 patients required hospital admission post chemotherapy. 3 for neutopenic fever, and 1 for fever, chills and pneumonia without neutropenia. Conclusions: Gemcitabine and taxotere combination with radiation therapy can be administered safely on outpatient basis with minimal toxicity. Further safety and efficacy evaluation of this therapy will need to be confirmed in a prospective phase II study. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Govindarajan R, Siegel E, Makhoul I, Williamson S. Phase II study of efficacy of bevacizumab and erlotinib in inoperable previously untreated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e15557 Background: New treatment options are needed for patients with inoperable and metastatic HCC. Sorafenib, a RAF kinase inhibitor, prolongs the time to progression and overall survival compared to best supportive care (5.5 and 10.7 months respectively). Angiogenesis plays important role in the development and progression of HCC. Erlotinib, an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor that down-regulates expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), and bevacizumab, a monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody, have synergistic activity in arresting angiogenesis. The objective of the study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib. The pre-determined endpoint for a positive result is a 27 week PFS of > 20%. Methods: A phase II study was conducted for newly diagnosed unresectable or metastatic HCC, Child-Pugh class A or B cirrhosis with bilirubin <2.0 mg/dL, transaminases < 5 x ULN, Platelet count >75,000 K/UL and ECOG PS 0–2 who had no prior systemic therapy and were not candidates for liver transplantation. Erlotinib was administered continuously at a daily dose of 150 mg, and bevacizumab was administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg intravenously every three weeks. Subjects were evaluated for disease progression by RECIST criteria. Results: At the time of analysis, 21 subjects were enrolled (16 Child- Pugh class A, 5 class B). 16 were evaluable. The median age was 60 Yrs.(range 33–81). Four subjects (27%) were progression-free at 27 weeks of enrollment (95% CI 8%- 55%). Median (quartiles) time to progression was 10.3 (9.0–57.1) weeks. The median (quartiles) overall survival (OS) was 59.7 (range 24.6- 92.6) weeks. Grade-3 events observed were (no.): fatigue (4), dehydration (2), hematemesis (1), diarrhea (1), nausea (1), and dyspnea (1). Grade-4 events (no.) observed were: myocardial infarction (1), atrial fibrillation (1), and ventricular tachycardia (1); pulmonary edema (1). Conclusions: The results met the predetermined study end point of progression free survival at 27 weeks of > 20%. The combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib should be further evauated as treatment option for patients with HCC. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Govindarajan
- University of Arkansas for Medcal Sciences, Little Rock, AR; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - E. Siegel
- University of Arkansas for Medcal Sciences, Little Rock, AR; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - I. Makhoul
- University of Arkansas for Medcal Sciences, Little Rock, AR; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - S. Williamson
- University of Arkansas for Medcal Sciences, Little Rock, AR; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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Mohammadi A, Nassor ZS, Behlim T, Mohammadi E, Govindarajan R, Al Maniri A, Smego RA. Epidemiological and cost analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Oman. East Mediterr Health J 2008; 14:1240-1245. [PMID: 19161099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an epidemiological and cost analysis for all 13 patients diagnosed with multaidrug-resistant tuberculosis (11 pulmonary, 2 extrapulmonary) in Oman from January 2000 to October 2005. The disease was secondary, or acquired, in 12 of 13 patients. A total of 140 contacts were screened (mean 10.8 persons per patient), but contact tracing revealed no secondary cases. The mean number of drugs that TB isolates were resistant to was 2.8 (range 2-5). A mean of 4.7 drugs were given to patients, the mean length of therapy was 8 months and all patients were cured. The cost of medications for these multidrug-resistant cases was 14 to 29 times higher than that for the standard drug-sensitive TB regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohammadi
- Oman Medical College, Sohar Campus, Sohar, Oman
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Vinodh R, Raj GD, Govindarajan R, Thiagarajan V. Detection of Leptospira and Brucella genomes in bovine semen using polymerase chain reaction. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 40:323-9. [PMID: 18509939 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-007-9110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Vinodh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600 007, India
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Gentry RW, Spencer H, Dykstra-Long G, Govindarajan R. The impact of lymph node ratio (LNR) on survival in patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.15053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Govindarajan R, Siegel ER, Simmons DL, Lang NP. Thiazolidinedione (TZD) exposure and overall survival (OS) in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.6079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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