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Defraeye T, Bahrami F, Ding L, Malini RI, Terrier A, Rossi RM. Predicting Transdermal Fentanyl Delivery Using Mechanistic Simulations for Tailored Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585393. [PMID: 33117179 PMCID: PMC7550783 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is a key technology for administering drugs. However, most devices are “one-size-fits-all”, even though drug diffusion through the skin varies significantly from person-to-person. For next-generation devices, personalization for optimal drug release would benefit from an augmented insight into the drug release and percutaneous uptake kinetics. Our objective was to quantify the changes in transdermal fentanyl uptake with regards to the patient’s age and the anatomical location where the patch was placed. We also explored to which extent the drug flux from the patch could be altered by miniaturizing the contact surface area of the patch reservoir with the skin. To this end, we used validated mechanistic modeling of fentanyl diffusion, storage, and partitioning in the epidermis to quantify drug release from the patch and the uptake within the skin. A superior spatiotemporal resolution compared to experimental methods enabled in-silico identification of peak concentrations and fluxes, and the amount of stored drug and bioavailability. The patients’ drug uptake showed a 36% difference between different anatomical locations after 72 h, but there was a strong interpatient variability. With aging, the drug uptake from the transdermal patch became slower and less potent. A 70-year-old patient received 26% less drug over the 72-h application period, compared to an 18-year-old patient. Additionally, a novel concept of using micron-sized drug reservoirs was explored in silico. These reservoirs induced a much higher local flux (µg cm-2 h-1) than conventional patches. Up to a 200-fold increase in the drug flux was obtained from these small reservoirs. This effect was mainly caused by transverse diffusion in the stratum corneum, which is not relevant for much larger conventional patches. These micron-sized drug reservoirs open new ways to individualize reservoir design and thus transdermal therapy. Such computer-aided engineering tools also have great potential for in-silico design and precise control of drug delivery systems. Here, the validated mechanistic models can serve as a key building block for developing digital twins for transdermal drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Defraeye
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Flora Bahrami
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lu Ding
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Innocenti Malini
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Terrier
- Laboratory of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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2
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Finney AR, Innocenti Malini R, Freeman CL, Harding JH. Amino Acid and Oligopeptide Effects on Calcium Carbonate Solutions. Cryst Growth Des 2020; 20:3077-3092. [PMID: 32581657 PMCID: PMC7304842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological organisms display sophisticated control of nucleation and crystallization of minerals. In order to mimic living systems, deciphering the mechanisms by which organic molecules control the formation of mineral phases from solution is a key step. We have used computer simulations to investigate the effects of the amino acids arginine, aspartic acid, and glycine on species that form in solutions of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) at lower and higher levels of supersaturation. This provides net positive, negative, and neutral additives. In addition, we have prepared simulations containing hexapeptides of the amino acids to consider the effect of additive size on the solution species. We find that additives have limited impact on the formation of extended, liquid-like CaCO3 networks in supersaturated solutions. Additives control the amount of (bi)carbonate in solution, but more importantly, they are able to stabilize these networks on the time scales of the simulations. This is achieved by coordinating the networks and assembled additive clusters in solutions. The association leads to subtle changes in the coordination of CaCO3 and reduced mobility of the cations. We find that the number of solute association sites and the size and topology of the additives are more important than their net charge. Our results help to understand why polymer additives are so effective at stabilizing dense liquid CaCO3 phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Finney
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University College
London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Riccardo Innocenti Malini
- Laboratory
for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, EMPA,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Colin L. Freeman
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Harding
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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3
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Garcia N, Malini RI, Freeman CL, Demichelis R, Raiteri P, Sommerdijk NAJM, Harding JH, Gale JD. Simulation of Calcium Phosphate Prenucleation Clusters in Aqueous Solution: Association beyond Ion Pairing. Cryst Growth Des 2019; 19:6422-6430. [PMID: 32063806 PMCID: PMC7011744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.9b00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Classical molecular dynamics simulations and free energy methods have been used to obtain a better understanding of the molecular processes occurring prior to the first nucleation event for calcium phosphate biominerals. The association constants for the formation of negatively charged complexes containing calcium and phosphate ions in aqueous solution have been computed, and these results suggest that the previously proposed calcium phosphate building unit, [Ca(HPO4)3]4-, should only be present in small amounts under normal experimental conditions. However, the presence of an activation barrier for the removal of an HPO4 2- ion from this complex indicates that this species could be kinetically trapped. Aggregation pathways involving CaHPO4, [Ca(HPO4)2]2-, and [Ca(HPO4)3]4- complexes have been explored with the finding that dimerization is favorable up to a Ca/HPO4 ratio of 1:2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya
A. Garcia
- Curtin
Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR),
and School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Riccardo Innocenti Malini
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Laboratory
for Protection and Physiology, Empa, Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Colin L. Freeman
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaella Demichelis
- Curtin
Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR),
and School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Paolo Raiteri
- Curtin
Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR),
and School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Technische
Universiteit Eindhoven, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - John H. Harding
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Julian D. Gale
- Curtin
Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR),
and School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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Zhai L, Adlhart C, Spano F, Innocenti Malini R, Piątek AK, Li J, Rossi RM. Prediction of Steam Burns Severity using Raman Spectroscopy on ex vivo Porcine Skin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6946. [PMID: 29720680 PMCID: PMC5932075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin burns due to accidental exposure to hot steam have often been reported to be more severe than the ones occurring from dry heat. While skin burns due to flames or radiant heat have been thoroughly characterized, the mechanisms leading to steam burns are not well understood and a conundrum still exists: can second degree burns occur without destruction of the epidermis, i.e. even before first degree burns are detected? Skin permeability is dependent both on temperature and on the kinetic energy of incoming water molecules. To investigate the mechanism underlying the injuries related to steam exposure, we used porcine skin as an ex vivo model. This model was exposed to either steam or dry heat before measuring the skin hydration via confocal Raman microspectroscopy. The results show that during the first minute of exposure to steam, the water content in both the epidermis and dermis increases. By analyzing different mechanisms of steam diffusion through the multiple skin layers, as well as the moisture-assisted bio-heat transfer, we provide a novel model explaining why steam burns can be more severe, and why steam can penetrate deeper and much faster than an equivalent dry heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhai
- Protective Clothing Research Center, College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, 200051, Shanghai, China.,Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Adlhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, ZHAW, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Spano
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Innocenti Malini
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka K Piątek
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jun Li
- Protective Clothing Research Center, College of Fashion and Design, Donghua University, 200051, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Clothing Design & Technology, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Demichelis R, Garcia NA, Raiteri P, Innocenti Malini R, Freeman CL, Harding JH, Gale JD. Simulation of Calcium Phosphate Species in Aqueous Solution: Force Field Derivation. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:1471-1483. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Demichelis
- Curtin
Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR)
and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Natalya A. Garcia
- Curtin
Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR)
and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Paolo Raiteri
- Curtin
Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR)
and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Riccardo Innocenti Malini
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Laboratory
for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Colin L. Freeman
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - John H. Harding
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Julian D. Gale
- Curtin
Institute for Computation, The Institute for Geoscience Research (TIGeR)
and Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Innocenti Malini R, Bushuev YG, Hall SA, Freeman CL, Rodger PM, Harding JH. Using simulation to understand the structure and properties of hydrated amorphous calcium carbonate. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01536g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protocols used give a range of behaviours comparable to previous experiments and an insight into the structure of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuriy G. Bushuev
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
| | - Shaun A. Hall
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Colin L. Freeman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - P. Mark Rodger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
| | - John H. Harding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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