1
|
Ogawa Y, Nicholas S, Thyselius M, Leibbrandt R, Nowotny T, Knight JC, Nordström K. Descending neurons of the hoverfly respond to pursuits of artificial targets. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4392-4404.e5. [PMID: 37776861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Many animals use motion vision information to control dynamic behaviors. Predatory animals, for example, show an exquisite ability to detect rapidly moving prey, followed by pursuit and capture. Such target detection is not only used by predators but is also important in conspecific interactions, such as for male hoverflies defending their territories against conspecific intruders. Visual target detection is believed to be subserved by specialized target-tuned neurons found in a range of species, including vertebrates and arthropods. However, how these target-tuned neurons respond to actual pursuit trajectories is currently not well understood. To redress this, we recorded extracellularly from target-selective descending neurons (TSDNs) in male Eristalis tenax hoverflies. We show that they have dorso-frontal receptive fields with a preferred direction up and away from the visual midline. We reconstructed visual flow fields as experienced during pursuits of artificial targets (black beads). We recorded TSDN responses to six reconstructed pursuits and found that each neuron responded consistently at remarkably specific time points but that these time points differed between neurons. We found that the observed spike probability was correlated with the spike probability predicted from each neuron's receptive field and size tuning. Interestingly, however, the overall response rate was low, with individual neurons responding to only a small part of each reconstructed pursuit. In contrast, the TSDN population responded to substantially larger proportions of the pursuits but with lower probability. This large variation between neurons could be useful if different neurons control different parts of the behavioral output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ogawa
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Sarah Nicholas
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Malin Thyselius
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro 701 82, Sweden
| | - Richard Leibbrandt
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Thomas Nowotny
- School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - James C Knight
- School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | - Karin Nordström
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Leibbrandt R, Nurko S, Scott SM, Dinning PG. Simultaneous Colonic Pressure Waves in Children and Young Adults with Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders: Artefact or Colonic Physiology? J Clin Med 2023; 12:5808. [PMID: 37762749 PMCID: PMC10532315 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous pressure waves (SPW) spanning all recording sites in colonic manometry studies have been described as a potential biomarker of normal gas transit and extrinsic neural reflexes. In pediatric studies utilizing combined antroduodenal and colonic manometry, it was noted that most colonic SPWs appeared to also span all sensors in the gastric and small bowel regions. This suggests that a proportion of colonic SPWs may represent an artefact caused by forces extrinsic to the colon. Our aim was to characterize colonic SPWs and determine how many of these spanned most of the digestive tract. METHODS In 39 combined high-resolution antroduodenal and colonic manometry traces from 27 pediatric patients, we used our purpose-built software to identify all SPWs that spanned either (i) all recording sites in the digestive tract or (ii) those restricted to the colon. RESULTS A total of 14,565 SPWs were identified (364 ± 316 SPWs/study), with 14,550 (99.9%) spanning the entire antroduodenal and colonic recording sites. Only 15 SPWs (0.1% of the total) were restricted to the colon (all in one recording). CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, we suggest that, in pediatric studies, SPWs should not form part of any diagnostic criteria, as these events appear to be an artefact caused by factors outside the colon (abdominal strain, body motion).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Leibbrandt
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia;
| | - Samuel Nurko
- Center for Motility and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - S. Mark Scott
- National Bowel Research Centre and GI Physiology Unit, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Phil G. Dinning
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oster C, Skelton C, Leibbrandt R, Hines S, Bonevski B. Models of social prescribing to address non-medical needs in adults: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23:642. [PMID: 37316920 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-023-09650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health and wellbeing consequences of social determinants of health and health behaviours are well established. This has led to a growing interest in social prescribing, which involves linking people to services and supports in the community and voluntary sectors to address non-medical needs. However, there is considerable variability in approaches to social prescribing with little guidance on how social prescribing could be developed to reflect local health systems and needs. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe the types of social prescribing models used to address non-medical needs to inform co-design and decision-making for social prescribing program developers. METHODS We searched Ovid MEDLINE(R), CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Network, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, WHO International Clinical Trial Registry Platform, and ProQuest - Dissertations and Theses for articles and grey literature describing social prescribing programs. Reference lists of literature reviews were also searched. The searches were conducted on 2 August 2021 and yielded 5383 results following removal of duplicates. RESULTS 148 documents describing 159 social prescribing programs were included in the review. We describe the contexts in which the programs were delivered, the program target groups and services/supports to which participants were referred, the staff involved in the programs, program funding, and the use of digital systems. CONCLUSIONS There is significant variability in social prescribing approaches internationally. Social prescribing programs can be summarised as including six planning stages and six program processes. We provide guidance for decision-makers regarding what to consider when designing social prescribing programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice Oster
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Claire Skelton
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Richard Leibbrandt
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sonia Hines
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders Rural and Remote Health, Flinders University, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Billie Bonevski
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thyselius M, Ogawa Y, Leibbrandt R, Wardill TJ, Gonzalez-Bellido PT, Nordström K. Hoverfly (Eristalis tenax) pursuit of artificial targets. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:289473. [PMID: 36695720 PMCID: PMC10088529 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to visualize small moving objects is vital for the survival of many animals, as these could represent predators or prey. For example, predatory insects, including dragonflies, robber flies and killer flies, perform elegant, high-speed pursuits of both biological and artificial targets. Many non-predatory insects, including male hoverflies and blowflies, also pursue targets during territorial or courtship interactions. To date, most hoverfly pursuits have been studied outdoors. To investigate hoverfly (Eristalis tenax) pursuits under more controlled settings, we constructed an indoor arena that was large enough to encourage naturalistic behavior. We presented artificial beads of different sizes, moving at different speeds, and filmed pursuits with two cameras, allowing subsequent 3D reconstruction of the hoverfly and bead position as a function of time. We show that male E. tenax hoverflies are unlikely to use strict heuristic rules based on angular size or speed to determine when to start pursuit, at least in our indoor setting. We found that hoverflies pursued faster beads when the trajectory involved flying downwards towards the bead. Furthermore, we show that target pursuit behavior can be broken down into two stages. In the first stage, the hoverfly attempts to rapidly decreases the distance to the target by intercepting it at high speed. During the second stage, the hoverfly's forward speed is correlated with the speed of the bead, so that the hoverfly remains close, but without catching it. This may be similar to dragonfly shadowing behavior, previously coined 'motion camouflage'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Thyselius
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuri Ogawa
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Richard Leibbrandt
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Trevor J Wardill
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Karin Nordström
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.,Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leibbrandt R, Nicholas S, Nordström K. The impulse response of optic flow-sensitive descending neurons to roll m-sequences. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:273641. [PMID: 34870706 PMCID: PMC8714074 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
When animals move through the world, their own movements generate widefield optic flow across their eyes. In insects, such widefield motion is encoded by optic lobe neurons. These lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs) synapse with optic flow-sensitive descending neurons, which in turn project to areas that control neck, wing and leg movements. As the descending neurons play a role in sensorimotor transformation, it is important to understand their spatio-temporal response properties. Recent work shows that a relatively fast and efficient way to quantify such response properties is to use m-sequences or other white noise techniques. Therefore, here we used m-sequences to quantify the impulse responses of optic flow-sensitive descending neurons in male Eristalis tenax hoverflies. We focused on roll impulse responses as hoverflies perform exquisite head roll stabilizing reflexes, and the descending neurons respond particularly well to roll. We found that the roll impulse responses were fast, peaking after 16.5–18.0 ms. This is similar to the impulse response time to peak (18.3 ms) to widefield horizontal motion recorded in hoverfly LPTCs. We found that the roll impulse response amplitude scaled with the size of the stimulus impulse, and that its shape could be affected by the addition of constant velocity roll or lift. For example, the roll impulse response became faster and stronger with the addition of excitatory stimuli, and vice versa. We also found that the roll impulse response had a long return to baseline, which was significantly and substantially reduced by the addition of either roll or lift. Summary: The impulse response of hoverfly optic flow-sensitive descending neurons to roll m-sequences reaches its time to peak within 20 ms and slowly returns to baseline over the next 100 ms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Leibbrandt
- Neuroscience, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, 5001 Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah Nicholas
- Neuroscience, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, 5001 Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karin Nordström
- Neuroscience, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, 5001 Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oster C, Schoo A, Litt J, Morello A, Leibbrandt R, Antonello C, Powers D, Lange B, Maeder A, Lawn S. Supporting workforce practice change: protocol for a pilot study of a motivational interviewing virtual client software tool for health professionals. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e033080. [PMID: 32041854 PMCID: PMC7045188 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motivating behavioural change during client consultations is of crucial importance across all health professions to address the growing burden of chronic conditions. Yet health professionals often lack the skills and confidence to use evidence-based counselling interventions to support clients' behavioural change and mobilise clients' resources and self-efficacy for change to address their long-term needs. AIMS This pre-post pilot study will develop a motivational interviewing (MI) virtual client training tool for health professionals and test the effectiveness of the educational content and usability of the virtual client interaction. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Postgraduate students across a range of health disciplines will be recruited. Data assessing attitudes towards preventive healthcare will be collected using a modified version of the Preventive Medicine Attitudes and Activities Questionnaire. Conversations with the virtual client will be analysed using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code to assess changes in MI skills. The System Usability Scale will be used to assess the usability of the virtual client training tool. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol was approved by the Flinders University Social and Behavioural Research Ethics Committee in May 2019. The results of the pilot study will inform the development of an avatar-based mobile application consisting of MI teaching and interactions with a generic virtual client that can be easily adapted to multiple scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice Oster
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adrian Schoo
- Prideaux Centre for Research in Health Professions Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John Litt
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Leibbrandt
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Antonello
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Powers
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Belinda Lange
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Maeder
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Lawn
- College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nicholas S, Leibbrandt R, Nordström K. Visual motion sensitivity in descending neurons in the hoverfly. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:149-163. [PMID: 31989217 PMCID: PMC7069906 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many animals use motion vision information to control dynamic behaviors. For example, flying insects must decide whether to pursue a prey or not, to avoid a predator, to maintain their current flight trajectory, or to land. The neural mechanisms underlying the computation of visual motion have been particularly well investigated in the fly optic lobes. However, the descending neurons, which connect the optic lobes with the motor command centers of the ventral nerve cord, remain less studied. To address this deficiency, we describe motion vision sensitive descending neurons in the hoverfly Eristalis tenax. We describe how the neurons can be identified based on their receptive field properties, and how they respond to moving targets, looming stimuli and to widefield optic flow. We discuss their similarities with previously published visual neurons, in the optic lobes and ventral nerve cord, and suggest that they can be classified as target-selective, looming sensitive and optic flow sensitive, based on these similarities. Our results highlight the importance of using several visual stimuli as the neurons can rarely be identified based on only one response characteristic. In addition, they provide an understanding of the neurophysiology of visual neurons that are likely to affect behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nicholas
- Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Richard Leibbrandt
- Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Karin Nordström
- Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. .,Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Box 593, 751 24 , Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sudiajeng L, Adiputra N, Leibbrandt R. Ergonomics work stations decreases the health impairment and saves electrical energy at the woodworking workshop in Bali, Indonesia. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo) 2012; 41:41-54. [PMID: 25665197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This research was conducted to assess the positive effect of the ergonomics work station on the health impairment and electrical energy usage at the woodworking workshop in Bali, Indonesia. Woodworking workshops are dangerous, particularly when they are used improperly. Workers are exposed to health hazards that cause health impairment and inefficiencies in their work conditions. A preliminary study at a woodworking workshop at the Bali State Polytechnic showed that the work station was not suitable to body size of the participants and caused awkward postures. In addition, there was also an inappropriate physical work environment. Both inappropriate work station and physical work environment caused participants to be less active and motivated. This paper reports on an experimental study into the effects of an ergonomic intervention at this workshop. The participants were 2 groups of male students with 10 participants in each group. The first group performed the task with the original work station as a control group, while the second group performed the task with the new work station. The study found a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05) both for the health impairment and the electrical energy usage. The ergonomics intervention on the work station decreased the working heart rate (16.7%), the total score of musculoskeletal disorders (17.3%), and the total score of psychological fatigue (21.5%). Furthermore, it also decreased the electrical energy usage (38.7%). This shows that an ergonomics intervention on work station decreased the health impairment and saved electrical energy usage. It also protected the workers from woodworking hazards and allowed participants to perform their tasks in healthy, safe, convenient and efficient work conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilik Sudiajeng
- Civil Engineering Department, Bali State Polytehcnic, Indonesia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|