Asthma and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in a community setting

OBJECTIVES

The association between asthma and COVID-19 mortality remains inconclusive. We examined the association between asthma and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19.

STUDY DESIGN

A case-control study based on a surveillance cohort in Harris County, Texas.

METHODS

Using the data of 21,765 patients who reported having at least one chronic health condition, we investigated the association between asthma and COVID-19 severity, characterized primarily by hospitalization and death. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the multivariable odds ratio (mOR) and its 95 % confidence interval (CI) of COVID-19 severity associated with asthma and other chronic lung diseases, adjusting for demographic and other comorbidities. A P-value < 0.005 was considered statistically significant after correcting multiple testing.

RESULTS

In total, 3034 patients (13.9 %) had asthma, and 774 (3.56 %) had other chronic lung diseases. The case death rate among patients with asthma and other chronic lung diseases was 0.75 % and 19.0 %, respectively. Compared to patients without the respective conditions, patients with asthma had lower odds of death (mOR = 0.44, 95 % CI: 0.27-0.69), while patients with other chronic lung diseases had higher odds of hospitalization (mOR = 2.02, 95 % CI: 1.68-2.42) and death (mOR = 1.95, 95 % CI: 1.52-2.49) (P-values < 0.005). Risk factors for COVID-19 mortality included older age, male gender, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, active cancer, and chronic kidney disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The public health surveillance data suggested that preexisting asthma was inversely associated with COVID-19 mortality.

Effects of cationic head group structure on cytotoxicity and mitochondrial actions of amphiphilic ionic liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a class of low melting point salts with physicochemical properties that make them suitable for a range of industrial applications. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain ILs are cytotoxic and potential environmental pollutants, thus understanding the structural features that promote IL cytotoxicity is important. Amphiphilic ionic liquids (AmILs), a class of ILs with lipophilic N-alkyl chains, containing aromatic head groups are generally more cytotoxic than their aliphatic counterparts, however the impact of other head group properties are less clear. This study therefore sought to provide new structure activity relationship (SAR) insights regarding the role of the cationic head group on AmIL cytotoxicity. A series of AmILs bearing a range of structurally diverse aromatic cations varying in size, charge, and lipophilicity was synthesised and screened against human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. It was found that larger and more lipophilic head groups increased cytotoxicity, although the magnitude of the changes were modest. The mitochondrial effects of representative ILs were assessed. The AmILs induced mitochondrial dysfunction in MDA-MB-231 cells at cytotoxic concentrations, suggesting that they target mitochondria. The new SAR information from this study may assist in the design of AmILs with controlled cytotoxicity.

Protonophoric and mitochondrial uncoupling activity of aryl-carbamate substituted fatty acids

Aryl-urea substituted fatty acids are protonophores and mitochondrial uncouplers that utilise a urea-based synthetic anion transport moiety to carry out the protonophoric cycle. Herein we show that replacement of the urea group with carbamate, a functional group not previously reported to possess anion transport activity, produces analogues that retain the activity of their urea counterparts. Thus, the aryl-carbamate substituted fatty acids uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and inhibit ATP production by collapsing the mitochondrial proton gradient. Proton transport proceeds via self-assembly of the deprotonated aryl-carbamates into membrane permeable dimeric species, formed by intermolecular binding of the carboxylate group to the carbamate moiety. These results highlight the anion transport capacity of the carbamate functional group.

Accuracy of ICD-10 codes for patients with acute myocarditis: a retrospective study at a large tertiary centre in London, UK

Background

Acute myocarditis (AM) is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium that is associated with heterogenous clinical presentations, which may be non-specific. Furthermore, several cardiac diseases can mimic its clinical phenotype. Research in AM frequently utilises ICD-10 codes from hospital admissions for case identification. We retrospectively confirmed or refuted a diagnosis of AM according to ESC Position Statement criteria in patients with an ICD-10 code for AM.

Methods

We performed a single-centre retrospective analysis of all unique admissions with ICD-10 codes corresponding to myocarditis or myopericarditis in the first three coding positions at King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom. The diagnosis was classified as “confirmed” if proven by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) or endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) or “suspected” in the absence of CMR or EMB if other ESC Position Statement criteria were met. To identify additional cases, we used an open-source retrieval system for unstructured clinical data (CogStack). We searched hospital and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) discharge summaries for inpatients discharged alive containing the keywords “myocarditis” or “myopericarditis”. We also searched for patients who died during the study period where the keywords “myocarditis” or “myopericarditis” were included on the death notification.

Results

We identified 308 unique admissions with an ICD-10 code for myocarditis or myopericarditis in this study, presenting between 2008 and 2020 (Figure 1). Overall, 26.0% of patients (n=80/308) could be excluded from a diagnosis of AM on review of the clinical summary. A total of 16.2% of patients (n=50/308) had insufficient evidence of AM, 1.9% (n=6/308) had not had coronary artery disease excluded as a culprit for the presentation, and 10.1% (n=31/308) had an alternative diagnosis. Only 45.8% (n=141/308) of all patients met criteria for suspected or confirmed AM. Of those, 86.5% (n=122/141) of cases were confirmed by CMR. Overall, 39.6% of patients with an ICD-10 code indicating AM had a confirmed diagnosis. An additional 46 suspected and 197 confirmed cases were identified using open-source retrieval from unstructured clinical data.

Conclusion

AM has heterogenous and sometimes non-specific clinical presentations, which may be compounded by limited access to CMR and EMB. We identified significant misclassification using ICD-10 codes. It is crucial to ensure that studies investigating AM include only patients meeting appropriate diagnostic criteria, thereby ensuring a high-quality evidence base in this disease.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

A Literature Review of Diagnostic Applicability of ICD 11 Classification of Personality Disorders in Comparison with ICD 10

Introduction

Personality disorders are frequently encountered by all healthcare professionals and can often pose a diagnostic dilemma due to the crossover of different traits amongst the various subtypes. The ICD 10 classification comprised of succinct parameters of the 10 subtypes of personality disorders but lacked a global approach to address the complexity of the disease. The ICD 11 classification provides a more structural approach to aid in clinical diagnosis.

Objectives

A literature review of the diagnostic applicability of ICD 11 classification of personality disorders is presented in comparison with the ICD 10 classification.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the literature outlining the ICD 10 and 11 classifications of personality disorders, exploring the differences in evidence-based applications of both.

Results

The ICD 11 classification of personality disorders supersedes the ICD 10 classification in describing the severity of the personality dysfunction in conjunction with a wide range of trait domain qualifiers, thus enabling the clinician to portray the disease dynamically. The current evidence available on the utility of the ICD 11 classification gives a promising outlook for its application in clinical settings.

Conclusions

The ICD 11 has transformed the classification of personality disorders by projecting a dimensional description of personality functioning, aiming to overcome the diagnostic deficiencies in the ICD 10 classification. The versatility offered by the application of the ICD 11 classification can be pivotal in reshaping the focus and intensity of clinical management of the disease.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Discovery of potential competitive inhibitors against With-No-Lysine kinase 1 for treating hypertension by virtual screening, inverse pharmacophore-based lead optimization, and molecular dynamics simulations

The With-No-Lysine (WNK) has received attention because of its involvement in hypertension. Genetic mutation in the genes of WNK, leading to its overexpression, has been reported in Familial Hyperkalaemic Hypertension, and thus WNK is considered a potential drug target. Herein, we have performed a high-throughput virtual screening of ~11,000 compounds, mainly the natural phytochemical compounds and kinase inhibitory libraries, to find potential competitive inhibitors against WNK1. Initially, candidates with a docking score of ~ -10.0 kcal/mol or less were selected to further screen their good pharmacological properties by applying absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET). Finally, six docked compounds bearing appreciable binding affinities and WNK1 selectivity were complimented with 500 ns long all-atom molecular dynamic simulations. Subsequently, the MMPBSA scheme (Molecular Mechanics Poisson Boltzmann Surface Area) suggested three phytochemical compounds, C00000947, C00020451, and C00005031, with favourable binding affinity against WNK1. Among them, C00000947 acts as the most potent competitive inhibitor of WNK1. Further, inverse pharmacophore-based lead optimization of the C00000947 leads to one potential compound, meciadanol, which shows better binding affinity and specificity than C00000947 towards WNK1, which may be further exploited to develop effective therapeutics against WNK1-associated hypertension after in vitro and in vivo validation.

Investigating potency of TMC-126 against wild-type and mutant variants of HIV-1 protease: a molecular dynamics and free energy study

A detailed computational study was performed to investigate the conformational changes of flap region and the mechanism underlying the binding of the inhibitor TMC-126 to HIV-1 protease (PR1) and its mutant variants through molecular dynamics simulations in conjunction with the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann (MM-PBSA) free energy calculation. Further, we have studied the effectiveness of the inhibitor against HIV-2 protease (PR2). The MM-PBSA calculation suggests that TMC-126 loses its potency against mutant variants and PR2 compared to wild-type PR1 mainly due to the loss in intermolecular electrostatic interactions. The potency of the inhibitor decreases in the order: wild type PR1 > M46L > MDR20 > I50V > PR2 > V32I > A28S. Our study reveals that the flap of PR1 adopts a semi-open conformation due to the mutation I50V or MDR20. The dissimilar nature of the movement of the flap tip of both monomers is evident from the dynamic cross-correlation map. The protein structural network analysis displays that mutation causes structural rearrangements and changes the communication path between residues. Overall, we believe our study may help explore and accelerate the development of novel HIV-1/HIV-2 protease inhibitors with better potency.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Jamunapari goat in India using pedigree analysis

Pedigree records of 6821 Jamunapari goats of India were collected from 1980 to 2011 and used to evaluate the population structure and genetic diversity in this flock. Animals born between 2009 and 2011 represented the current reference population. The average pedigree completeness index (PCI) and numbers of equivalent complete generations (EqG) were estimated for the entire (PCI = 0.18, EqG = 2.24) and reference (PCI = 0.31, EqG = 3.45) populations. The average generation interval was 3.33 years. The average inbreeding coefficient and the average relatedness were 0.46 and 1.06%, respectively, for the entire population and 0.77 and 3.87% for the reference population. The rate of inbreeding was 0.06% per generation. The effective population size (N_e), estimated from increases in inbreeding coefficients between the first and third equivalent complete generations, was 52.65, but periodic introductions of unrelated breeding males resulted in average inbreeding levels in the reference population that were lower than those predicted from the estimate of N_e. Effective numbers of founders (f_e), ancestors (f_a), founder genomes equivalents (f_g), and non-founder genomes (f_ng) were 51, 39, 25.8, and 48.2, respectively. The f_e/f_a ratio in the reference population was 1.31 and indicated that occasional bottlenecks had occurred in the population. The 14 most influential ancestors contributed 50% of the genetic variability in the reference population, with a maximum individual contribution of 9.25%. Approximately 1.9% of the initial heterozygosity had been lost from the population, indicating that substantial genetic diversity still exists in this flock.

Increased paediatric presentations of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in an Australian tertiary centre during the COVID-19 pandemic

AIMS

To determine if the frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation of new-onset type 1 diabetes to an Australian tertiary centre increased during the initial period of restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic (March to May 2020).

METHODS

Data were collected on presentations of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes as well as on all paediatric presentations to the emergency department of a tertiary centre between 2015 and 2020. Data from the period of initial COVID restrictions in Australia (March to May 2020) were compared to the period March to May of the previous 5 years (pre-pandemic periods).

RESULTS

The number of new diagnoses of type 1 diabetes was comparable in the pandemic period and pre-pandemic periods (11 in 2020 vs range 6-10 in 2015-2019). The frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis was significantly higher in the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic periods (45% vs 5%; P <0.003), odds ratio 16.7 (95% CI 2.0, 194.7). The overall frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis was also significantly higher during the pandemic period (73% vs 26%; P <0.007), odds ratio 7.5 (95% CI 1.7, 33.5). None of the individuals tested positive for COVID-19. Presentations of people aged <18 years to the emergency department decreased by 27% in the pandemic period compared to the average of the pre-pandemic periods (4799 vs 6550; range 6268 to 7131).

CONCLUSIONS

A significant increase in the frequency of severe diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation of type 1 diabetes was observed during the initial period of COVID-19 restrictions. We hypothesize that concern about presenting to hospital during a pandemic led to a delay in diagnosis. These data have important implications for advocacy of seeking healthcare for non-pandemic-related conditions during a global pandemic.

Protamine composition of koala and wombat spermatozoa provides new insights into DNA stability following cryopreservation

To investigate differences in the post-thaw DNA stability of koala and wombat spermatozoa, protamine amino acid sequences were compared and it was found that there were three more arginine residues for the wombat. Koala and wombat spermatozoa, cryopreserved using identical protocols, were examined for changes in sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) dynamics over 24h of post-thaw incubation. Following validation of a wombat sperm chromatin dispersion test, wombat DNA showed a rate of SDF that was 6-fold higher than for koala spermatozoa (P=0.038). Finally, we examined whether expected differences in chromatin compactness, associated with protamine sequence, had an effect on restriction site accessibility of sperm DNA. Thawed spermatozoa were exposed to Alu I and EcoR1 endonuclease restriction enzymes and the SDF dynamics were observed. Koala spermatozoa exposed to Alu I showed a greater rate of SDF (P=0.01), whereas wombat spermatozoa exposed to EcoR1 showed a greater rate of SDF (P=0.032). We conclude that restriction sites in these species are differentially present or exposed and potentially account for differences in SDF dynamics. Although differences in the arginine composition of protamine may explain relative differences in SDF following cryopreservation, they do not support the hypothesis that increased arginine composition increases DNA stability; rather, increased arginine composition in the wombat may reduce post-thaw chromatin swelling.

Expansion of the structure-activity relationship of branched chain fatty acids: Effect of unsaturation and branching group size on anticancer activity

Branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are a class of fatty acid with promising anticancer activity. The BCFA 13-methyltetradecanoic acid (13-MTD) inhibits tumour growth in vivo without toxicity but efficacy is limited by moderate potency, a property shared by all known BCFAs. The mechanism of action of BCFAs has not been fully elucidated, and in the absence of a clearly defined target optimisation of BCFA potency must rely on structure-activity relationships. Our current understanding of the structural features that promote BCFA anticancer activity is limited by the low structural diversity of reported BCFAs.The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two new structural modifications- unsaturation and branching group size- on BCFA activity. Thus, homologous series of saturated and cis-Δ11 unsaturated BCFAs were synthesised bearing methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl branching groups, and were screened in vitro for activity against three human cancer cell lines. Potencies of the new BCFAs were compared to 13-MTD and an unbranched monounstaurated fatty acid (MUFA) bearing a cis-Δ11 double bond. The principal findings to emerge were that the anticancer activity of BCFAs was adversly affected by larger branching groups but significantly improved by incorporation of a cis-Δ11 double bond into the BCFA alkyl chain. This study provides new structure-activity relationship insights that may be used to develop BCFAs with improved potency and therapeutic potential.

Simple, narrow, and robust atomic frequency reference at 993 nm exploiting the rubidium (Rb) 5S1/2 to 6S1/2 transition using one-color two-photon excitation

We experimentally demonstrate a one-color two-photon transition from the 5S_1/2 ground state to the 6S_1/2 excited state in rubidium (Rb) vapor using a continuous wave laser at 993 nm. The Rb vapor contains both isotopes (⁸⁵Rb and ⁸⁷Rb) in their natural abundances. The electric dipole-allowed transitions are characterized by varying the power and polarization of the excitation laser. Since the optical setup is relatively simple, and the energies of the allowed levels are impervious to stray magnetic fields, this is an attractive choice for a frequency reference at 993 nm, with possible applications in precision measurements and quantum information processing.

SIFTING FOR SAPPHIRES: SYSTEMATIC SELECTION OF TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS IN iPTF

We present results from a systematic selection of tidal disruption events (TDEs) in a wide-area (4800 deg²), g + R band, Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) experiment. Our selection targets typical optically-selected TDEs: bright (>60% flux increase) and blue transients residing in the center of red galaxies. Using photometric selection criteria to down-select from a total of 493 nuclear transients to a sample of 26 sources, we then use follow-up UV imaging with the Neil Gehrels Swift Telescope, ground-based optical spectroscopy, and light curve fitting to classify them as 14 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), 9 highly variable active galactic nuclei (AGNs), 2 confirmed TDEs, and 1 potential core-collapse supernova. We find it possible to filter AGNs by employing a more stringent transient color cut (g - r < -0.2 mag); further, UV imaging is the best discriminator for filtering SNe, since SNe Ia can appear as blue, optically, as TDEs in their early phases. However, when UV-optical color is unavailable, higher precision astrometry can also effectively reduce SNe contamination in the optical. Our most stringent optical photometric selection criteria yields a 4.5:1 contamination rate, allowing for a manageable number of TDE candidates for complete spectroscopic follow-up and real-time classification in the ZTF era. We measure a TDE per galaxy rate of 1.7 - 1.3 + 2.9 × 10 - 4 gal - 1 yr - 1 (90% CL in Poisson statistics). This does not account for TDEs outside our selection criteria, thus may not reflect the total TDE population, which is yet to be fully mapped.

Long-term results and recurrence patterns from SCOPE-1: a phase II/III randomised trial of definitive chemoradiotherapy +/- cetuximab in oesophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

The SCOPE-1 study tested the role of adding cetuximab to conventional definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT), and demonstrated greater toxicity and worse survival outcomes. We present the long-term outcomes and patterns of recurrence.

METHODS

SCOPE-1 was a phase II/III trial in which patients were randomised to cisplatin 60 mg m-2 (day 1) and capecitabine 625 mg m-2 bd (days 1-21) for four cycles +/- cetuximab 400 mg m-2 day 1 then by 250 mg m-2 weekly. Radiotherapy consisted of 50 Gy/25# given concurrently with cycles 3 and 4. Recruitment was between February 2008 and February 2012, when the IDMC recommended closure on the basis of futility.

RESULTS

About 258 patients (dCRT=129; dCRT+cetuximab (dCRT+C)=129) were recruited from 36 centres. About 72.9% (n=188) had squamous cell histology. The median follow-up (IQR) was 46.2 (35.9-48.3) months for surviving patients. The median overall survival (OS; months; 95% CI) was 34.5 (24.7-42.3) in dCRT and 24.7 (18.6-31.3) in dCRT+C (hazard ratio (HR)=1.25, 95% CIs: 0.93-1.69, P=0.137). Median progression-free survival (PFS; months; 95% CI) was 24.1 (15.3-29.9) and 15.9 (10.7-20.8) months, respectively (HR=1.28, 95% CIs: 0.94-1.75; P=0.114). On multivariable analysis only earlier stage, full-dose RT, and higher cisplatin dose intensity were associated with improved OS.

CONCLUSIONS

The mature analysis demonstrates that the dCRT regimen used in the study provided useful survival outcomes despite its use in patients who were largely unfit for surgery or who had inoperable disease. Given the competing risk of systemic and local failure, future studies should continue to focus on enhancing local control as well as optimising systemic therapy.

A randomised phase II trial and feasibility study of palliative chemotherapy in frail or elderly patients with advanced gastroesophageal cancer (321GO)

BACKGROUND

Elderly patients are commonly under-represented in cancer clinical trials. The 321GO was undertaken in preparation for a definitive phase three trial assessing different chemotherapy regimens in a frail and/or elderly population with advanced gastroesophageal (GO) cancer.

METHODS

Patients with advanced GO cancer considered unfit for conventional dose chemotherapy were randomly assigned in a 1 : 1 : 1 ratio to: epirubicin, oxaliplatin and capecitabine (EOX); oxaliplatin and capecitabine (OX); and capecitabine alone (X) (all 80% of full dose and unblinded). The primary end point was patient recruitment over an 18-month period. A registration study recorded treatment choice for all patients with advanced GO cancer at trial centres.

RESULTS

A total of 313 patients were considered for palliative chemotherapy for GO cancer over the 18-month period: 115 received full dose treatment, 89 less than standard treatment or entered 321GO and 111 no treatment. Within 321GO, 55 patients were randomly assigned (19 to OX and X; 17 to EOX). Progression-free survival (PFS) for all patients was 4.4 months and by arm 5.4, 5.6 and 3.0 months for EOX, OX and X, respectively. The number of patients with a good overall treatment utility (OTU), a novel patient-centred endpoint, at 12 weeks was 3 (18%), 6 (32%) and 1 (6%) for EOX, OX and X, respectively. At 6 weeks, 22 patients (41%) had experienced a non-haematologic toxicity ⩾grade 3, most commonly lethargy or diarrhoea. The OTU was prognostic for overall survival in patients alive at week 12 (logrank test P=0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

It is feasible to recruit elderly and/or frail patients with advanced GO cancer to a randomised clinical trial. The OX is the preferred regimen for further study. Overall treatment utility shows promise as a comparator between treatment regimens for feasibility and randomised trials in the elderly and/or frail GO cancer population.

Expedient synthesis of functional single-component glycoliposomes using thiol-yne chemistry

The preparation of a set of eight unprecedented amphiphilic neoglycolipids forming liposome nanoparticles is reported. The small library was readily obtained from various peracetylated propargyl glycopyranosides via efficient radical-initiated thiol-yne (TYC) coupling reactions using alkanethiols of different chain lengths. In addition, using sequential thiol-yne, both the nature and positioning of the lipophilic alkanethiols could be varied at will, thus providing unparalleled variability within the glycolipid structures. Two different classes of self-assemblies were prepared from the new neoglycolipids. First, liposomes of 150-300 nm were obtained by solvent injection of their ethanol or tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution in water. The resulting structures were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mannosylated lipid nanoparticle (compound 14) showed good stability in water. Alternatively, giant soft unilamellar vesicles were also obtained by film hydration and visualized by differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC). Incorporation of a hydrophobic dye to the solution prior to evaporation allowed visualization by confocal microscopy. Finally, the biological functions of the newly formed glycolipid vesicles were evaluated by multivalent carbohydrate-protein binding interactions using concanavalin A (ConA). Agglutination assays and the binding of glycolipid by dendritic cells (DCs) resulted in an increase in DCs immunostimulatory potential. Importantly, we did not see changes in cells viability at tested doses. This study provides a new, simple and highly efficient methodology to produce novel glyconanoparticle candidate as model in development of vaccine adjuvant and drug delivery system.

Post-traumatic endophthalmitis in 143 eyes of children and adolescents from India

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to describe clinical features, risk factors, causative organisms, treatment options, and outcomes of post-traumatic endophthalmitis in children and adolescents.

METHODS

Retrospective interventional case series. Case records of 143 consecutive eyes presenting with post-traumatic endophthalmitis between 1997 and 2007 were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analysis were done to analyze factors associated with adverse outcomes.

RESULTS

Mean age at presentation was 9.2 years (median 8 years, range: 2 months to 18 years). Broomstick and hypodermic needle were most common causes for injuries. Common presenting features were cataract (n=51), hypopyon (n=45) and retinal detachment (n=29). Corneal abscess (n=21; OR: 5, CI: 1.4-18.7) and retinal detachment (n=29, OR: 5, CI: 1.6-11.3) were independent risk factors for poor outcome (P=0.04 and 0.012, respectively). Gram-positive bacteria were isolated in 54% (n=31) of culture-positive cases. Forty-nine (34%) patients had ambulatory vision at final visit. Patients who received treatment within 24 h were 3.6 and 9 times more likely to have better anatomical outcome than those treated at 2-7 days, or >7 days, respectively (P=0.0001). Patients undergoing early vitrectomy were 27 times more likely to have better outcome (P=0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Post-traumatic endophthalmitis in children is more common in boys <10 years of age and most often caused by injury with organic matter. Corneal abscess and retinal detachment are associated with poor outcome. E. fecalis is the most common causative organism. Early vitrectomy results in better outcomes.

Patient-reported outcomes during and after definitive chemoradiotherapy for oesophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

Limited data describe patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of localised oesophageal cancer treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy(CRT). The phase 2/3 SCOPE-1 trial assessed the effectiveness of CRT±cetuximab. The trial for the first time provided an opportunity to describe PROs from a multi-centre group of patients treated with CRT that are presented here.

METHODS

Patients undergoing CRT±cetuximab within the SCOPE-1 trial (258 patients from 36 UK centres) completed generic-, disease- and treatment-specific health-related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30, QLQ-OES18, Dermatology Life-Quality Index (DLQI)) at baseline and at 7, 13, 24, 52 and 104 weeks. Mean EORTC functional scale scores (>15 point change significant), DLQI scores (>4 point change significant) and proportions of patients (>15% significant) with 'minimal' or 'severe' symptoms are presented.

RESULTS

Questionnaire response rates were good. At baseline, EORTC functional scores were high (>75%) and few symptoms were reported except for severe problems with fatigue, insomnia and eating-related symptoms (e.g., appetite loss, dysphagia, dry mouth) in both groups(>15%). Functional aspects of health deteriorated and symptoms increased with treatment and by week 13 global quality of life, physical, role and social function significantly deteriorated and more problems with fatigue, dyspnoea, appetite loss and trouble with taste were reported. Recovery occurred by 6 months (except severe fatigue and insomnia in >15% of patients) and maintained at follow-up with no differences between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

CRT for localised oesophageal cancer has a significant detrimental impact on many aspects of HRQL; however, recovery is achieved by 6 months and maintained with the exception of persisting problems with severe fatigue and insomnia. The data suggest that the HRQL recovery after definitive CRT is quicker, and there is little lasting deficit compared with treatment including surgery. These data need to be compared with HRQL data from studies evaluating treatments including surgery for oesophageal cancer.

Sex differences in children's investment in peers

It is hypothesized from within an evolutionary framework that females should be less invested in peer relations than males. Investment was operationalized as enjoyment in Study 1 and as preference for interaction in Study 2. In the first study, four- and six-year-old children's enjoyment of peer interaction was observed in 26 groups of same-sex peers. Girls were rated as enjoying their interactions significantly less than boys. In the second study, six- and nine-year-old children were interviewed about the individuals with whom they spend time in their homes and neighborhoods and about the individuals who participate in their favorite activities. The proportion of individuals named by children who were peers was significantly lower for girls than boys both in children's neighborhoods and in children's favorite activities. Results strongly support the hypothesis that females and males have evolved differential preferences for interaction with peers.

Spermatozoa of Sminthopsis murina (Mammalia: Metatheria) exhibit an unusually high degree of chromatin stability in the absence of disulphide bonding in protamine 1

Although all but a single genus (Planigale) of the metatheria so far examined contain no cysteine residues in protamine 1, we report a remarkable level of chromatin stability in the spermatozoa of the common dunnart, Sminthopsis murina. S. murina cauda epididymal spermatozoa and somatic epithelial cells were exposed to a combination of graded treatments to lyse sperm protein and induce sperm DNA damage via standard freeze-thaw protocols and post-thaw incubation at 37°C for 48h, exposure to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the enzyme AluI restriction endonuclease. Sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed using the comet assay and sperm chromatin dispersal test. Although S. murina somatic cells showed DNA fragmentation following protein lysis and after treatment with all the protocols specifically designed to induce chromatin damage, sperm DNA fragmentation was only observed following moderate to severe proteolytic exposure and treatment with the restriction endonuclease; there was also an increase in the baseline halo of spermatozoa treated with an aggressive reducing agent, but no corresponding evidence of fragmented DNA, suggesting that cysteine residues may be functioning to conform tertiary and/or quaternary chromatin structure. Given that the protamine 1 of S. murina contains no cysteine, we suggest that the source of these residues is possibly the histone fraction of the chromatin and that the high level of stability is potentially related to prolonged sperm survival in the female's reproductive tract.

A preliminary study of recombinant human interferon-α-2a activity against rabies virus in murine model

Rabies remains an important public health problem in the world due to uncontrolled enzootic rabies. Although rabies associated fatalities may be prevented with timely immunoprophylaxis, but till date a therapeutic molecule has remained elusive. We investigated the role of rhuIFN α-2a in murine model challenged with rabies virus. Titre of 10(4.25) LD50/0.03 ml of 10% w/v RV CVS stock suspension were obtained. Based on 1LD50 titre, challenge dose of 50 LD 50 was administered along with rhuIFN α-2a with pre-exposure (primed) and post-exposure with the rabies virus. Both showed increased survival time as compared with the virus controls. These findings suggest that the rhuIFN α-2a might have some anti-viral activity, which can be used for the treatment of rabies infection. Further research on the efficacy of interferon along with anti-viral drugs for the treatment will be helpful in designing combination therapy against the disease.