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Hampel U, Babout L, Banasiak R, Schleicher E, Soleimani M, Wondrak T, Vauhkonen M, Lähivaara T, Tan C, Hoyle B, Penn A. A Review on Fast Tomographic Imaging Techniques and Their Potential Application in Industrial Process Control. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22062309. [PMID: 35336477 PMCID: PMC8948778 DOI: 10.3390/s22062309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
With the ongoing digitalization of industry, imaging sensors are becoming increasingly important for industrial process control. In addition to direct imaging techniques such as those provided by video or infrared cameras, tomographic sensors are of interest in the process industry where harsh process conditions and opaque fluids require non-intrusive and non-optical sensing techniques. Because most tomographic sensors rely on complex and often time-multiplexed excitation and measurement schemes and require computationally intensive image reconstruction, their application in the control of highly dynamic processes is often hindered. This article provides an overview of the current state of the art in fast process tomography and its potential for use in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Hampel
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
- Institute of Power Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Laurent Babout
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowski 18, 90-937 Lodz, Poland; (L.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Robert Banasiak
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowski 18, 90-937 Lodz, Poland; (L.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Eckhard Schleicher
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Manuchehr Soleimani
- Engineering Tomography Lab (ETL), Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Thomas Wondrak
- Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany; (E.S.); (T.W.)
| | - Marko Vauhkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Timo Lähivaara
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (M.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Chao Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Process Measurement and Control, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Brian Hoyle
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Alexander Penn
- Institute of Process Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestraße 17, 21073 Hamburg, Germany;
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Fabijańska A, Banasiak R. Graph convolutional networks for enhanced resolution 3D Electrical Capacitance Tomography image reconstruction. Appl Soft Comput 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2021.107608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sattar MA, Garcia MM, Banasiak R, Portela LM, Babout L. Electrical Resistance Tomography for Control Applications: Quantitative Study of the Gas-Liquid Distribution inside A Cyclone. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20216069. [PMID: 33113871 PMCID: PMC7662277 DOI: 10.3390/s20216069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation based centrifugal forces is effective, and thus widely explored by the process industry. In an inline swirl separator, a core of the light phase is formed in the center of the device and captured further downstream. Given the inlet conditions, this gas core created varies in shape and size. To predict the separation behavior and control the process in an optimal way, the gas core diameter should be measured with the minimum possible intrusiveness. Process tomography techniques such as electrical resistance tomography (ERT) allows us to measure the gas core diameter in a fast and non-intrusive way. Due to the soft-field nature and ill-posed problem in solving the inverse problem, especially in the area of low spatial resolution, the reconstructed images often overestimate the diameter of the object under consideration leading to unreliable measurements. To use ERT measurements as an input for the controller, the estimated diameters should be corrected based on secondary measurements, e.g., optical techniques such as high-speed cameras. In this context, image processing and image analysis techniques were adapted to compare the diameter calculated by an ERT system and a fast camera. In this paper, a correction method is introduced to correct the diameter obtained by ERT based on static measurements. The proposed method reduced the ERT error of dynamic measurements of the gas core size from over 300% to below 20%, making it a reliable sensing technique for controlled separation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Awais Sattar
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, The Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 18/22, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Matheus Martinez Garcia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; (M.M.G.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Robert Banasiak
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, The Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 18/22, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (R.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Luis M. Portela
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands; (M.M.G.); (L.M.P.)
| | - Laurent Babout
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, The Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 18/22, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (R.B.); (L.B.)
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Wajman R, Banasiak R, Babout L. On the Use of a Rotatable ECT Sensor to Investigate Dense Phase Flow: A Feasibility Study. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20174854. [PMID: 32867266 PMCID: PMC7506880 DOI: 10.3390/s20174854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the feasibility study of dynamic flow measurements using the concept of a rotatable electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensor. The experiment considered horizontal flow in a pneumatic conveying flow loop in the case of dense phase flow. Slugs and settled layers were imaged and a comparison was made between no rotation or rotation of the sensor for two image reconstruction schemas: linear back projection (LBP) and non-linear iterative back projection. Data were evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively by estimating the solids concentration level for different hue levels.
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Sahovic B, Atmani H, Sattar MA, Garcia MM, Schleicher E, Legendre D, Climent E, Zamansky R, Pedrono A, Babout L, Banasiak R, Portela LM, Hampel U. Controlled Inline Fluid Separation Based on Smart Process Tomography Sensors. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201900172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sahovic
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Institute of Fluid Dynamics Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Hanane Atmani
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse Allée Emile Monso 6 31029 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Muhammad Awais Sattar
- Lodz University of Technology Institute of Applied Computer Science Stefanowskiego 18/22 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Matheus Martinez Garcia
- Delft University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Netherlands
| | - Eckhart Schleicher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Institute of Fluid Dynamics Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Dominique Legendre
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse Allée Emile Monso 6 31029 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Eric Climent
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse Allée Emile Monso 6 31029 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Remi Zamansky
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse Allée Emile Monso 6 31029 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Annaig Pedrono
- Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse Allée Emile Monso 6 31029 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Laurent Babout
- Lodz University of Technology Institute of Applied Computer Science Stefanowskiego 18/22 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Robert Banasiak
- Lodz University of Technology Institute of Applied Computer Science Stefanowskiego 18/22 90-924 Łódź Poland
| | - Luis M. Portela
- Delft University of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Netherlands
| | - Uwe Hampel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Institute of Fluid Dynamics Bautzner Landstraße 400 01328 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Chair of Imaging Techniques in Energy and Process Engineering 01062 Dresden Germany
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Majchrowicz M, Kapusta P, Jackowska-Strumiłło L, Banasiak R, Sankowski D. Multi-GPU, Multi-Node Algorithms for Acceleration of Image Reconstruction in 3D Electrical Capacitance Tomography in Heterogeneous Distributed System. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20020391. [PMID: 32284509 PMCID: PMC7013565 DOI: 10.3390/s20020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is one of non-invasive visualization techniques which can be used for industrial process monitoring. However, acquiring images trough 3D ECT often requires performing time consuming complex computations on large size matrices. Therefore, a new parallel approach for 3D ECT image reconstruction is proposed, which is based on application of multi-GPU, multi-node algorithms in heterogeneous distributed system. This solution allows to speed up the required data processing. Distributed measurement system with a new framework for parallel computing and a special plugin dedicated to ECT are presented in the paper. Computing system architecture and its main features are described. Both data distribution as well as transmission between the computing nodes are discussed. System performance was measured using LBP and the Landweber’s reconstruction algorithms which were implemented as a part of the ECT plugin. Application of the framework with a new network communication layer reduced data transfer times significantly and improved the overall system efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Majchrowicz
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (L.J.-S.); Tel.: +48-42-631-27-50 (M.M. & L.J.-S.)
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Kowalska A, Banasiak R, Romanowski A, Sankowski D. 3D-Printed Multilayer Sensor Structure for Electrical Capacitance Tomography. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19153416. [PMID: 31382667 PMCID: PMC6696201 DOI: 10.3390/s19153416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Presently, Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is positioned as a relatively mature and inexpensive tool for the diagnosis of non-conductive industrial processes. For most industrial applications, a hand-made approach for an ECT sensor and its 3D extended structure fabrication is used. Moreover, a hand-made procedure is often inaccurate, complicated, and time-consuming. Another drawback is that a hand-made ECT sensor’s geometrical parameters, mounting base profile thickness, and electrode array shape usually depends on the structure of industrial test objects, tanks, and containers available on the market. Most of the traditionally fabricated capacitance tomography sensors offer external measurements only with electrodes localized outside of the test object. Although internal measurement is possible, it is often difficult to implement. This leads to limited in-depth scanning abilities and poor sensitivity distribution of traditionally fabricated ECT sensors. In this work we propose, demonstrate, and validate experimentally a new 3D ECT sensor fabrication process. The proposed solution uses a computational workflow that incorporates both 3D computer modeling and 3D-printing techniques. Such a 3D-printed structure can be of any shape, and the electrode layout can be easily fitted to a broad range of industrial applications. A developed solution offers an internal measurement due to negligible thickness of sensor mount base profile. This paper analyses and compares measurement capabilities of a traditionally fabricated 3D ECT sensor with novel 3D-printed design. The authors compared two types of the 3D ECT sensors using experimental capacitance measurements for a set of low-contrast and high-contrast permittivity distribution phantoms. The comparison demonstrates advantages and benefits of using the new 3D-printed spatial capacitance sensor regarding the significant fabrication time reduction as well as the improvement of overall measurement accuracy and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kowalska
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Robert Banasiak
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Romanowski
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Sankowski
- Institute of Applied Computer Science, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Banasiak R, Wajman R, Sankowski D, Soleimani M. THREE-DIMENSIONAL NONLINEAR INVERSION OF ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY DATA USING A COMPLETE SENSOR MODEL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2528/pier09111201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Soleimani M, Mitchell CN, Banasiak R, Wajman R, Adler A. FOUR-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRICAL CAPACITANCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING USING EXPERIMENTAL DATA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2528/pier09010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
This paper investigates in-sewer sediment deposit behaviour and its influence on the hydraulic performance of sewer pipes. This evaluation is based on experimental results regarding the mobility of non-cohesive and partly cohesive deposits in a partially full circular pipe. The focus of these tests is on the development of bed forms and friction characteristics. In particular, it is investigated to what extent the bed forms from the non-cohesive and (partly) cohesive sediments affect a sewer's discharge capacity. Based on the laboratory study results and on the existing criteria for sewer design, a generic assessment of a sewer's hydraulic performance is made. The relative discharge factor for a pipe with sediment deposit is analysed in terms of the thickness and roughness of the deposit.
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Banasiak R, Tait S. The reliability of sediment transport predictions in sewers: influence of hydraulic and morphological uncertainties. Water Sci Technol 2008; 57:1317-1327. [PMID: 18495994 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2008.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The paper is focussed on the concept of defining the "predictability" of sediment transport. Engineers are faced with a number of sediment transport formulas derived from different tests and described as suitable for application in sewers. Bed and suspended load formulas vary in form and performance, generally depending on the data sets that were used to calibrated them. As different sediment types have been tested no single, generally valid formula has been established so far. Formulas are distributed in the scientific literature and are often reported without the information necessary to define their range of potential applicability. Therefore, this paper along with analysing the formulas available, will also comment on the assumptions used in their development as well as the reliability of their underlying data to aid engineers in the selection of the most appropriate sediment transport formulae to correspond with the environment in which they are working.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Banasiak
- Hydraulics Laboratory, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Banasiak R, Verhoeven R, De Sutter R, Tait S. The erosion behaviour of biologically active sewer sediment deposits: observations from a laboratory study. Water Res 2005; 39:5221-31. [PMID: 16309729 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The erosion behaviour of various fine-grained sediment deposits has been investigated in laboratory experiments. This work mainly focused on tests using sewer sediment in which strong biochemical reactions were observed during the deposit formation period. A small number of initial tests were conducted in which the deposits were made from mixtures of "clean" mineral and organic sediments. The erosion behaviour observed in these tests was compared with the erosion characteristics for sediments taken from deposits in a sewer. The impact of the biological processes on physical properties such as bulk density, water content, deposit structure and the erosive behaviour as a function of bed shear stress are quantified and discussed. Based on these observations it is believed that bio-processes weaken the strength of the in-pipe sediment deposits. A significantly weaker sediment surface layer was observed during deposition under quiescent oxygen-rich conditions. This resulted in a deposit with low shear strength which may be a cause of a first foul flush of suspended sediment when flow rates were increased. Comparison between tests with sewer sediments and the artificial representative surrogates suggested that the deposits of the later did not correctly simulate the depositional development and the resultant erosion patterns observed with the more bio-active sewer sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Banasiak
- Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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