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Xiao T, Elmes R, Yao Y. Editorial: Host-guest chemistry of macrocycles- Volume II. Front Chem 2023; 11:1162019. [PMID: 36895319 PMCID: PMC9990904 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1162019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tangxin Xiao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Robert Elmes
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland.,Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Yong Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Kavanagh ON, Bhattacharya S, Marchetti L, Elmes R, O’Sullivan F, Farragher JP, Robinson S, Thompson D, Walker GM. Hydroxychloroquine Does Not Function as a Direct Zinc Ionophore. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050899. [PMID: 35631485 PMCID: PMC9147311 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-mediated correction of abnormal biological zinc homeostasis could provide new routes to treating neurodegeneration, cancer, and viral infections. Designing therapeutics to facilitate zinc transport intracellularly is hampered by inadequate concentrations of endogenous zinc, which is often protein-bound in vivo. We found strong evidence that hydroxychloroquine, a drug used to treat malaria and employed as a potential treatment for COVID-19, does not bind and transport zinc across biological membranes through ionophoric mechanisms, contrary to recent claims. In vitro complexation studies and liposomal transport assays are correlated with cellular zinc assays in A549 lung epithelial cells to confirm the indirect mechanism of hydroxychloroquine-mediated elevation in intracellular zinc without ionophorism. Molecular simulations show hydroxychloroquine-triggered helix perturbation in zinc-finger protein without zinc chelation, a potential alternative non-ionophoric mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín N. Kavanagh
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University (National University of Ireland), W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Shayon Bhattacharya
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Luke Marchetti
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University (National University of Ireland), W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Robert Elmes
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University (National University of Ireland), W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Finbarr O’Sullivan
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John P. Farragher
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
| | - Shane Robinson
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Sciences, T45 P663 Cork, Ireland
| | - Damien Thompson
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Gavin M. Walker
- SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (S.B.); (L.M.); (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.P.F.); (S.R.); (D.T.); (G.M.W.)
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Kavanagh O, Elmes R, O’Sullivan F, Farragher J, Robinson S, Walker G. Investigating Structural Property Relationships to Enable Repurposing of Pharmaceuticals as Zinc Ionophores. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2032. [PMID: 34959313 PMCID: PMC8704213 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of zinc in biology has gained greater recognition in recent years due to its essential contributions to the function of many endogenous enzymes. Disruption of zinc homeostasis may be useful in treating pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's, and for antiviral purposes. Despite the growth of knowledge and increased interest in zinc, little is known about the structure and function of zinc ionophores. In this study we analyse the Cambridge Structural Database and solution complexation studies found in the literature to identify key functional groups which may confer zinc ionophorism. Pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals and amino acids with these functionalities were selected to enable us to explore the translatability of ionophoric activity from in vitro assays to cellular systems. We find that although certain species may complex to zinc in the solid and solution states, and may carry ions across simple membrane systems, this does not necessarily translate into ionophoric activity. We propose that the CSD can help refine key functionalities but that ionophoric activity must be confirmed in cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín Kavanagh
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
- School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- School of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Elmes
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Finbarr O’Sullivan
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 NR58 Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Farragher
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
| | - Shane Robinson
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Sciences, T45 P663 Cork, Ireland
| | - Gavin Walker
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (R.E.); (F.O.); (J.F.); (S.R.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangxin Xiao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Robert Elmes
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland.,Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Yong Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Wu D, Daly HC, Grossi M, Conroy E, Li B, Gallagher WM, Elmes R, O'Shea DF. RGD conjugated cell uptake off to on responsive NIR-AZA fluorophores: applications toward intraoperative fluorescence guided surgery. Chem Sci 2019; 10:6944-6956. [PMID: 31588261 PMCID: PMC6686729 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02197c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of NIR-fluorescence imaging to demarcate tumour boundaries for real-time guidance of their surgical resection has a huge untapped potential. However, fluorescence imaging using molecular fluorophores, even with a targeting biomolecule attached, has a major shortcoming of signal interference from non-specific background fluorescence outside the region of interest. This poor selectivity necessitates prolonged time delays to allow clearance of background fluorophore and retention within the tumour prior to image acquisition. In this report, an innovative approach to overcome this issue is described in which cancer targeted off to on bio-responsive NIR-fluorophores are utilised to switch-on first within the tumour. Bio-responsive cRGD, iRGD and PEG conjugates have been synthesised using activated ester/amine or maleimide/thiol couplings to link targeting and fluorophore components. Their off to on emission responses were measured and compared with an always-on non-responsive control with each bio-responsive derivative showing large fluorescence enhancement values. Live cell imaging experiments using metastatic breast cancer cells confirmed in vitro bio-responsive capabilities. An in vivo assessment of MDA-MB 231 tumour imaging performance for bio-responsive and always-on fluorophores was conducted with monitoring of fluorescence distributions over 96 h. As anticipated, the always-on fluorophore gave an immediate, non-specific and very strong emission throughout whereas the bio-responsive derivatives initially displayed very low fluorescence. All three bio-responsive derivatives switched on within tumours at time points consistent with their conjugated targeting groups. cRGD and iRGD conjugates both had effective tumour turn-on in the first hour, though the cRGD derivative had superior specificity for tumour over the iRGD conjugate. The pegylated derivative had similar switch-on characteristics but over a much longer period, taking 9 h before a significant emission was observable from the tumour. Evidence for in vivo active tumour targeting was obtained for the best performing cRGD bio-responsive NIR-AZA derivative from competitive binding studies. Overall, this cRGD-conjugate has the potential to overcome the inherent drawback of targeted always-on fluorophores requiring prolonged clearance times and shows excellent potential for clinical translation for intraoperative use in fluorescence guided tumour resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Chemistry , RCSI , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
| | - Harrison C Daly
- Department of Chemistry , RCSI , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
| | - Marco Grossi
- Department of Chemistry , RCSI , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
| | - Emer Conroy
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , Conway Institute, University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Bo Li
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , Conway Institute, University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science , Conway Institute, University College Dublin , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Robert Elmes
- Department of Chemistry , Maynooth University Human Health Institute , Maynooth University , Maynooth , Ireland
| | - Donal F O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry , RCSI , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland .
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Thompson R, Ross I, McHaffie D, Leslie P, Easthope R, Elmes R. Left ventricular function in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation: relation to clinical parameters and exercise performance. Clin Cardiol 1982; 5:523-30. [PMID: 6217012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.4960051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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