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Denton EM, Pyle LA, Sheley RL. Seedling defoliation may enhance survival of dominant wheatgrasses but not Poa secunda seeded for restoration in the sagebrush steppe of the Northern Great Basin. AoB Plants 2021; 13:plab047. [PMID: 34457229 PMCID: PMC8387967 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of dryland ecosystems is often limited by low seedling establishment and survival. Defoliation caused by insects and small mammals could be an overlooked cause of seedling mortality. In the sagebrush steppe, we examined the effect of seedling defoliation on the survival of perennial grasses commonly used as restoration materials. Under field conditions, seedlings of three perennial bunchgrass species (non-native Agropyron cristatum, and native grasses Poa secunda and Pseudoroegneria spicata) were defoliated at two intensities (30 % and 70 % leaf length removal) and frequencies (one or two clippings) and compared to a non-defoliated control. Following emergence the first year, clippings occurred at the two-leaf stage; a second clipping occurred 1 month later for repeated defoliation treatments. We monitored seedling survival and tillering for 2 years. We expected higher defoliation intensity and frequency to reduce survival for all species, but only a few treatments reduced Po. secunda survival. Conversely, larger-statured Triticeae (wheatgrasses) benefited from some defoliation treatments. In both years, A. cristatum survival increased with repeated defoliation at both intensities. Defoliation did not affect Ps. spicata survival in the first year, but a single defoliation in the second year resulted in increased survival. In both A. cristatum and Ps. spicata, higher-intensity defoliation reduced the boost to survival resulting from defoliation frequency. Seedlings with more tillers had greater survival probabilities, but tiller number was unaffected by defoliation. Further research may elucidate mechanisms seedlings use to compensate for or benefit from defoliation. In the meantime, managers should aim to select defoliation-tolerant species if they anticipate herbivory will be problematic for restoration sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie M Denton
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Burns, 67826A Highway 205, OR 97720, USA
| | - Lysandra A Pyle
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Burns, 67826A Highway 205, OR 97720, USA
- Sierra Foothills Research and Extension Center, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Browns Valley, 8279 Scott Forbes Rd, CA 95918, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 51 Campus Dr., Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Roger L Sheley
- Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Burns, 67826A Highway 205, OR 97720, USA
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Swanson EK, Sheley RL, James JJ. Do shrubs improve reproductive chances of neighbors across soil types in drought? Oecologia 2019; 192:79-90. [PMID: 31768737 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant reproduction is highly sensitive to stress from severe weather. While facilitation has been shown to buffer negative impacts along stress gradients, less is known about facilitating plant reproduction in drought periods. Because intensity and frequency of drought are predicted to increase, plant reproductive facilitation has important implications for a species ability to adapt to changes in climate. Our primary study objective is to test if nurse shrubs act as reproductive micro-refugia across soil types, by improving reproductive potential of perennial bunchgrass neighbors subjected to severe drought. To investigate this objective, we designed a fully factored study testing direct interaction between shrub and bunchgrasses in eastern Oregon sagebrush steppe, at two sites with different soil types. The study consisted of six simple effect treatments combining three moisture regimes (moist, ambient, and drought) with two shrub conditions (shrub intact or shrub removed). Our results indicate when facilitation of reproductive potential occurs, it occurs strongly and particularly in drought, consistent with the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), where several species produced at least 54% more inflorescences in the presence of shrub neighbors. In addition, we found facilitation to be consistent with the SGH at the species level likely reflecting differences in plant strategy and perception of strain, but to follow alternative SGH models more closely at the site level where facilitation declined on the drier soil. Ultimately, our findings highlight the importance of facilitation in improving plant reproductive potential in drought, and support the role of nurse shrubs as micro-refugia in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Swanson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Roger L Sheley
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Burns, OR, 97720, USA
| | - Jeremy J James
- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sierra Foothills Research and Extension Center, University of California, Browns Valley, CA, 95918, USA
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James JJ, Sheley RL, Leger EA, Adler PB, Hardegree SP, Gornish ES, Rinella MJ. Increased soil temperature and decreased precipitation during early life stages constrain grass seedling recruitment in cold desert restoration. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. James
- University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Browns Valley CA USA
| | | | | | - Peter B. Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan UT USA
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Hamerlynck EP, Sheley RL, Davies KW, Svejcar TJ. Postdefoliation ecosystem carbon and water flux and canopy growth dynamics in sagebrush steppe bunchgrasses. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik P. Hamerlynck
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns Oregon 97720 USA
| | - Roger L. Sheley
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns Oregon 97720 USA
| | - Kirk W. Davies
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns Oregon 97720 USA
| | - Tony J. Svejcar
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research ServiceEastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center 67826‐A Highway 205 Burns Oregon 97720 USA
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Leffler AJ, Monaco TA, James JJ, Sheley RL. Importance of soil and plant community disturbance for establishment of Bromus tectorum in the Intermountain West, USA. NB 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.30.7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schantz MC, Sheley RL, James JJ, Hamerlynck EP. Role of Dispersal Timing and Frequency in Annual Grass—Invaded Great Basin Ecosystems: How Modifying Seeding Strategies Increases Restoration Success. WEST N AM NATURALIST 2016. [DOI: 10.3398/064.076.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Larson JE, Sheley RL, Hardegree SP, Doescher PS, James JJ. Do key dimensions of seed and seedling functional trait variation capture variation in recruitment probability? Oecologia 2015; 181:39-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Larson JE, Sheley RL, Hardegree SP, Doescher PS, James JJ. Seed and seedling traits affecting critical life stage transitions and recruitment outcomes in dryland grasses. J Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie E. Larson
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97330 USA
| | - Roger L. Sheley
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; Burns OR 97720 USA
| | - Stuart P. Hardegree
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; Boise ID 83712 USA
| | - Paul S. Doescher
- College of Forestry; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97330 USA
| | - Jeremy J. James
- Sierra Foothills Research and Extension Center; University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources; Browns Valley CA 95918 USA
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Rodhouse TJ, Irvine KM, Sheley RL, Smith BS, Hoh S, Esposito DM, Mata-Gonzalez R. Predicting foundation bunchgrass species abundances: model-assisted decision-making in protected-area sagebrush steppe. Ecosphere 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00169.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Schantz MC, Sheley RL, James JJ. Role of propagule pressure and priority effects on seedlings during invasion and restoration of shrub-steppe. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. James
- Sierra Foothills Research and Extension Center; University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources; Browns Valley; CA; 95918; USA
| | - Roger L. Sheley
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service; Burns; OR; 97720; USA
| | | | - Kim S. Rollins
- Department of Economics; University of Nevada; Reno; NV; 89557; USA
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Morris LR, Monaco TA, Blank R, Sheley RL. Long-term redevelopment of resource islands in shrublands of the Great Basin, USA. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00130.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Smith B, Sheley RL. Government Success in Partnerships: The USDA-ARS Areawide Ecologically Based Invasive Annual Grass Management Program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2111/rangelands-d-12-00017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rinella MJ, Mangold JM, Espeland EK, Sheley RL, Jacobs JS. Long-term population dynamics of seeded plants in invaded grasslands. Ecol Appl 2012; 22:1320-1329. [PMID: 22827138 DOI: 10.1890/11-1103.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, dozens of studies have involved attempts to introduce native and desirable nonnative plant species into grasslands dominated by invasive weeds. The newly introduced plants have proved capable of establishing, but because they are rarely monitored for more than four years, it is unknown if they have a high likelihood of persisting and suppressing invaders for the long-term. Beyond invaded grasslands, this lack of long-term monitoring is a general problem plaguing efforts to reintroduce a range of taxa into a range of ecosystems. We introduced species from seed and then periodically measured plant abundances for nine years at one site and 15 years at a second site. To our knowledge, our 15-year data are the longest to date from a seeding experiment in invaded, never-cultivated grassland. At one site, three seeded grasses maintained high densities for three or more years, but then all or nearly all individuals died. At the second site, one grass performed similarly, but two other grasses proliferated and at least one greatly suppressed the dominant invader (Centaurea maculosa). In one study, our point estimate suggests that the seeded grass Thinopyrum intermedium reduced C. maculosa biomass by 93% 15 years after seeding. In some cases, data from three and fewer years after seeding falsely suggested that seeded species were capable of persisting within the invaded grassland. In other cases, data from as late as nine years after seeding falsely suggested seeded populations would not become large enough to suppress the invader. These results show that seeded species sometimes persist and suppress invaders for long periods, but short-term data cannot predict if, when, or where this will occur. Because short-term data are not predictive of long-term seeded species performances, additional long-term data are needed to identify effective practices, traits, and species for revegetating invaded grasslands.
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Abstract
Ecosystem managers face a difficult decision when managing invasive species. If they use aggressive practices to reduce invader abundances, they will likely reduce invaders' competitive impacts on natives. But it is often difficult or impossible to reduce invaders without damaging natives. So a critical question becomes: Which is worse for native biota, invaders or things done to control invaders? We attempted to answer this question for a common scenario. We studied several grassland natives exhibiting long-term coexistence with an invader and asked how aggressive management (herbicide use) affected the natives. Whether or not grazing was excluded, one-time herbicide use made two native forbs exceedingly rare for our entire 16-year study period. Herbicide also made several other native forbs rare, but only when grazing was excluded, and there is evidence that the dominant invader became more abundant in response to the decreases in native-forb abundances. Throughout the world, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are receiving herbicide applications for exotic-species control. Some of the applications are doubtless warranted because they target small invader patches or larger areas with virtually no remaining natives. However, other herbicide applications occur where large native populations occur, and our data suggest that these applications can be ill advised. Our cautionary tale is told using an herbicide-treated grassland, but our results should be considered wherever invasive-species management damages native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rinella
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 243 Fort Keogh Street, Miles City, Montana 53901, USA.
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Pokorny ML, Sheley RL, Zabinski CA, Engel RE, Svejcar TJ, Borkowski JJ. Plant Functional Group Diversity as a Mechanism for Invasion Resistance. Restor Ecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2005.00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sheley RL, Jacobs JS, Martin JM. Integrating 2,4-D and Sheep Grazing to Rehabilitate Spotted Knapweed Infestations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.2307/4003861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Herron GJ, Sheley RL, Maxwell BD, Jacobsen JS. Influence of Nutrient Availability on the Interaction Between Spotted Knapweed and Bluebunch Wheatgrass. Restor Ecol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2001.009003326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jacobs JS, Sheley RL, Carter JR. Picloram, Fertilizer, and Defoliation Interactions on Spotted Knapweed Reinvasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.2307/4003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sheley RL, Jacobs JS, Velagala RP. Enhancing Intermediate Wheatgrass Establishment in Spotted Knapweed Infested Rangeland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/4003494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Velagala RP, Sheley RL, Jacobs JS. Influence of Density on Intermediate Wheatgrass and Spotted Knapweed Interference. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/4003708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jacobs JS, Sheley RL. Relationships among Idaho Fescue Defoliation, Soil Water, and Spotted Knapweed Emergence and Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/4003726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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