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Kavun Y, Vashi V, Makwana R. Investigation of (d, 3n) reaction cross section using theoretical nuclear codes calculations on some nuclear materials. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 189:110426. [PMID: 36041248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is important to examine the effects of the nuclear reaction, which is used as a building material in nuclear reactors. Nuclear reactions occur as a result of the interaction between incident particles with the target nuclei. The charged particle-induced reactions have prime importance in understanding the reaction mechanism which can be applicable to understand the particles resulting from the reaction. It is useful to develop shielding the particle accelerators and fusion reactors. The present study contributes to providing the theoretical prediction of excitation functions for 112Cd (d, 3n)111In, 141Pr (d, 3n)140Nd, 167Er (d, 3n)166Tm, 197Au (d, 3n)196Hg and 209Bi (d, 3n)208Po reactions using theoretical model codes such as TALYS-1.95, EMPIRE-3.2.3, and ALICE-2014 within the incident deuteron energy range of threshold energy to 50 MeV. Also, newly developed (d, 3n) cross-section formula (Kavun, 2020) calculations have been performed for these reactions at 20 MeV of deuteron energy. Lastly, all calculated results have been compared with one another and with the previously published experimental data of the EXFOR database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kavun
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Vocational School of Health Services, Dept. of Medical Imaging Tech., Kahramanmaras, Turkey.
| | - V Vashi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390020, India
| | - R Makwana
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390020, India
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Makwana P, Makwana S, Makwana R. P-229 Has rampant use of ICSI wiped out Conventional IVF for non male factor infertility, or can Conventional IVF hold its ground. Hum Reprod 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac107.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Study question
Can ICSI completely replace and produce higher implantation rates as compared to conventional IVF for non-male factor infertility patients?
Summary answer
ICSI has no advantage over Conventional IVF in improving fertilization and implantation rates in non-male factor infertility. Rampant use of ICSI is not recommended.
What is known already
ICSI is the technique of choice for male factor infertility, no argument there. But in the recent times, the unbridled use of ICSI for non male factor patients worldwide has pushed Conventional IVF out of the picture. The evidence states otherwise, ICSI holds no significant advantage over Conventional IVF in couples with normal semen parameters when it comes to fertilization and implantation rates. The mechanical damage as a result of ICSI to oocytes cannot be ignored. Conventional IVF holds a certain advantage in allowing the oocyte to choose the sperm, mimicking in vivo selection.
Study design, size, duration
Prospective randomized study conducted in 140 patients, undergoing IVF & ICSI with non-male factor infertility. The oocytes recovered for all the patients included in the study underwent split insemination, and were divided into 2 groups:
Group 1: Insemination by Conventional IVF, and
Group 2: Insemination by ICSI.
Fertilization and Implantation rates were recorded.
Participants/materials, setting, methods
140 patients with non-male factor cause of infertility were undergoing IVF/ICSI cycle were included in this study. Post ovum pick-up, the oocytes recovered for each patient were split into 2 separate groups and inseminated using Conventional IVF (413) and ICSI (679). The fertilization check was done at 17±1 hours. The implantation rates were noted 14 days after embryo transfer using the beta HCG values. The results were noted and compared.
Main results and the role of chance
In the Conventional IVF(C-IVF) group, fertilization rates were 69.23% compared to 71.44% in the ICSI group.
The implantation rates were 26.50% in C-IVF group vs 22.10% in ICSI group.
Limitations, reasons for caution
A major limitation is the time constraint which did not allow us to track the live birth rates along with the small sample size, the lack of data showing clinical outcomes of this study can be improved upon in the future and with similar studies.
Wider implications of the findings
While ICSI holds the gold standard as the technique of choice for male factor infertility, it is not superior to C-IVF in patients with normal semen parameters. ICSI for all cannot be justified at this moment. Larger RCTs are required to establish superiority of one technique over the other
Trial registration number
not applicable
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Affiliation(s)
- P Makwana
- Vasundhara Hospital Limited- Jodhpur- Rajasthan- India, Department of A.R.T. , Jodhpur, India
| | - S Makwana
- Vasundhara Hospital Limited- Jodhpur- Rajasthan- India, Department of A.R.T. , Jodhpur, India
| | - R Makwana
- Vasundhara Hospital Limited- Jodhpur- Rajasthan- India, Department of OBGYN , Jodhpur, India
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Kavun Y, Makwana R. Effects of some level density models and γ-ray strength functions on production cross-section calculations of 16,18O and 24,26Mg radioisotopes. KERNTECHNIK 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/kern-2021-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oxygen and magnesium isotopes can be used in nuclear reactor materials as cooling, shielding, coating, electronics etc. They can also occur through nuclear reactions during the reactor operation. The exposure of high energy gamma can change the material and its properties, and hence its objective of selection may not remain satisfied. Thus, it is required to study the cross section of different reactions on nuclear reactor materials to understand their sustainability for the properties, for which they are chosen. In the scope of this study, theoretically, different level density model calculations and γ-ray strength functions have been performed for (γ, p) reaction for 16,18O and 24,26Mg nuclei using TALYS 1.9 and EMPI˙RE 3.2.2 codes. Also, semi empirical (γ, p) formula by Tel et al., have been calculated and compared with all results. The effect of different level density models defined in these codes on gamma strength has been studied. Finally, the consistency of these obtained data with EXFOR data have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kavun
- Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Vocational School of Health Services Dept. of Medical Imaging Tech . Kahramanmaras Turkey
| | - R. Makwana
- Department of Physics Faculty of Science The M. S. University of Baroda Vadodara – India
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Jayaswal SK, Makwana R, Mehra S, Shetty V. Unusual case of dystrophic calcification and thrombosis of an extra-anatomical graft in a patient with Takayasu's arteritis. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2021; 9:2050313X211056744. [PMID: 34777810 PMCID: PMC8581774 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x211056744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a thrombotic occlusion of an extra-anatomical aortic bypass graft performed 37 years ago in a 46-year-old male with Takayasu’s arteritis. He presented with uncontrolled upper body hypertension, claudication pain in both the lower limbs, and kidney dysfunction which returned to normal post-surgery. On table we found a pseudoaneurysm at the proximal anastomosis along with calcification of the capsular tissue surrounding the graft. We attempt to explain the mechanism behind the graft occlusion, along with management of this late surgical complication which has not been described in the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Kumar Jayaswal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rohan Makwana
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Siddhant Mehra
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Varun Shetty
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Kaskar A, Rao R, Mehra S, Bohra D, Makwana R, Rao Parachuri V. Long-term results of triple valve repair in rheumatic heart disease. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2021; 30:2184923211018030. [PMID: 33990141 DOI: 10.1177/02184923211018030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical outcomes of triple valve repair for rheumatic heart disease in terms of both early results and long-term benefits. METHODS Between January 2008 and December 2016, all the patients who underwent triple valve repair for rheumatic heart disease were included in this study. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients underwent triple valve repair procedure for rheumatic heart disease at our institute. Mean age was 33 years; 60.5% were females. Techniques used to achieve mitral valve repair were: commisurotomy (n = 26), prosthetic ring annuloplasty (n = 9), posterior teflon annuloplasty (n = 23), leaflet shaving (n = 14), implantation of neochordae (n = 5) and pericardial patch augmentation of mitral valve leaflets (n = 6). For aortic valve repair, the techniques used were: commisurotomy (n = 23), leaflet shaving (n = 16), pericardial patch augmentation (n = 3), subcommisural plication (n = 10), free margin plication (n = 2) and free margin resuspension (n = 1). Tricuspid valve repair was performed using modified Devega's technique (n = 32), commisurotomy (n = 9) and posterior annular plication (bicuspidization) (n = 5). The operative mortality was 0%. There was no primary repair failure. Estimated survival at the end of 1 year, 5 years and 10 years was 100%, 91.6% and 65.8%, respectively. Overall freedom from reintervention at 1, 5 and 10 years was 100%, 96.4% and 61.4, respectively. CONCLUSION Triple valve repair provided satisfactory early and long-term results in this challenging subset of patients and can be considered as an acceptable option for significant triple valve disease due to the absence of anticoagulation-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Kaskar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 501944Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Rahul Rao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 501944Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Siddhant Mehra
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 501944Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepak Bohra
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 501944Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Rohan Makwana
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 501944Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - V Rao Parachuri
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 501944Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
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Mehta M, Singh NL, Singh RK, Parashari S, Subhash PV, Naik H, Chauhan RD, Makwana R, Suryanarayana SV, Mukherjee S, Gandhi A, Varmuza J, Katovsky K. Measurement of 90Zr(n,2n)89Zr and 90Zr(n,p)90mY reaction cross-sections in the neutron energy range of 10.95 to 20.02 MeV. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mukherjee S, Vansola V, Parashari S, Makwana R, Singh NL, Suryanarayana SV, Sharma SC, Nayak BK, Naik H. Measurement of 232Th and 238U neutron capture cross-sections in the energy range 5-17 MeV. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 143:72-78. [PMID: 30390503 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The neutron capture cross sections of 232Th and 238U at the average neutron energies of 5.08 ± 0.17, 8.96 ± 0.77, 12.47 ± 0.83, and 16.63 ± 0.95 MeV have been measured by using the activation technique and off-line γ-ray spectroscopy. The 232Th and 238U were irradiated with neutrons produced from the 7Li(p, n) reaction using the proton energies of 7, 11, 15 and 18.8 MeV from the 14UD BARC-TIFR Pelletron facility in Mumbai, India. Detailed covariance analysis was also performed to evaluate the uncertainties in the measured cross-sections. The excitation function of the 232Th(n, γ) and 238U(n, γ) reactions were calculated using the theoretical model code TALYS-1.9. The experimental and theoretical results from the present work were compared with the ENDF/B-VII-1 and JENDL-4.0 nuclear data libraries and were found to be in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukherjee
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390020, India.
| | - Vibha Vansola
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390020, India
| | - Siddharth Parashari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390020, India
| | - R Makwana
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390020, India
| | - N L Singh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390020, India
| | - S V Suryanarayana
- Nuclear Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - S C Sharma
- Nuclear Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - B K Nayak
- Nuclear Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - H Naik
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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Dash T, Nayak BB, Abhangi M, Makwana R, Vala S, Jakhar S, Rao CVS, Basu TK. Preparation and Neutronic Studies of Tungsten Carbide Composite. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Dash
- Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar-751013, Odisha, India
| | - B. B. Nayak
- Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar-751013, Odisha, India
| | - M. Abhangi
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382428, India
| | - R. Makwana
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382428, India
| | - S. Vala
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382428, India
| | - S. Jakhar
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382428, India
| | - C. V. S. Rao
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382428, India
| | - T. K. Basu
- Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382428, India
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Jakhar S, Tiwari S, Abhangi M, Chaudhari V, Makwana R, Rao C, Basu T, Mandal D. Neutron flux spectra investigations in breeding blanket assembly containing lithium titanate and Lead irradiated with DT neutrons. Fusion Engineering and Design 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jakhar S, Abhangi M, Tiwari S, Makwana R, Chaudhari V, Swami H, Danani C, Rao C, Basu T, Mandal D, Bhade S, Kolekar R, Reddy P, Bhattacharyay R, Chaudhuri P. Tritium breeding mock-up experiments containing lithium titanate ceramic pebbles and lead irradiated with DT neutrons. Fusion Engineering and Design 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Syme D, Popovichev S, Conroy S, Lengar I, Snoj L, Sowden C, Giacomelli L, Hermon G, Allan P, Macheta P, Plummer D, Stephens J, Batistoni P, Prokopowicz R, Jednorog S, Abhangi M, Makwana R. Fusion yield measurements on JET and their calibration. Fusion Engineering and Design 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Makwana R, Gozzard N, Spina D, Page C. TNF-α-induces airway hyperresponsiveness to cholinergic stimulation in guinea pig airways. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:1978-1991. [PMID: 21951209 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and it causes airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness to a number of spasmogens following inhalation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We compared contractions of guinea pig isolated trachea incubated with saline or TNF-α for 1, 2 or 4 days to electrical field stimulation (EFS), 5-HT or methacholine. In addition, we compared bronchoconstriction in anaesthetized guinea pigs 6 h after intratracheal instillation of saline or TNF-α to vagal nerve stimulation, i.v. 5-HT or methacholine. Differential counts were performed on the bronchoalvelolar lavage fluid (BALF). KEY RESULTS Maximum contractions to methacholine, 5-HT and EFS were not different between freshly prepared and saline-incubated tissues. Exposure to TNF-α concentration-dependently potentiated contractions to 5-HT and EFS, but not methacholine. All contractions were atropine-sensitive, but not hexamethonium-sensitive. 5-HT-evoked contractions were inhibited by ketanserin or epithelial denudation. Only EFS-evoked contractions were tetrodotoxin-sensitive. Vagal stimulation, i.v. 5-HT or MCh caused a significant atropine-sensitive, frequency- and dose-dependent bronchoconstriction and decreased blood pressure similarly in both saline and TNF-α pre-treated animals. TNF-α potentiated the bronchoconstriction to vagal stimulation and 5-HT, but not MCh. The BALF from saline-treated animals contained predominantly macrophages, whereas that from TNF-α-treated animals contained neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TNF-α caused airway hyperresponsiveness to nerve stimulation in vivo and increased contractility in vitro. However, responsiveness to MCh was unchanged, suggesting a pre-synaptic action of TNF-α on parasympathetic nerves. TNF-α-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to 5-HT suggested an increased 5-HT(2A) receptor-mediated acetylcholine release from epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Makwana
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UKUCB Celltech, Slough, UK
| | - N Gozzard
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UKUCB Celltech, Slough, UK
| | - D Spina
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UKUCB Celltech, Slough, UK
| | - C Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UKUCB Celltech, Slough, UK
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Makwana R, Molleman A, Parsons ME. Evidence for both inverse agonism at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and the lack of an endogenous cannabinoid tone in the rat and guinea-pig isolated ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:615-26. [PMID: 20590566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabinoid receptor agonists reduce intestinal propulsion in rodents through the CB(1) receptor. In addition to its antagonistic activity at this receptor, rimonabant (N-(piperidino)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-3-pyrazole-carboxyamide) alone augments intestinal transit. Using rat and guinea-pig ileum MPLM (myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle) preparations, we investigated whether the latter effect was through inverse agonism or antagonism of endocannabinoid agonist(s). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Inverse agonism was investigated by comparing the maximal enhancement of electrically evoked contractions of the MPLM by two CB(1) receptor antagonists, AM 251 (N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide) and O-2050 [(6aR,10aR)-3-(1-methanesulphonylamino-4-hexyn-6-yl)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-6-H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran], with that produced by rimonabant. To reveal ongoing endocannabinoid activity, effects of inhibiting endocannabinoid hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) using AA-5HT (arachidonyl-5-hydroxytryptamine), PMSF (phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride) or URB-597 (3'-carbamoyl-biphenyl-3-yl-cyclohexylcarbamate), or putative uptake using VDM-11 [(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-N-(4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenamide] was evaluated. KEY RESULTS The presence of CB(1) receptors was revealed by antagonism of exogenous anandamide, arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) and WIN 55,212-2 [(R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone mesylate] by rimonabant. The rank order of potentiation of contractions was AM 251 > rimonabant > O-2050. Neither the FAAH inhibitors nor VDM-11 affected electrically evoked contractions. Each FAAH inhibitor increased the potency of AEA but not WIN 55,212-2. VDM-11 did not alter the inhibitory effect of AEA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The different levels of maximal potentiation of contractions by the CB(1) receptor antagonists suggest inverse agonism. The potentiation of the action of AEA by the FAAH inhibitors showed that FAAH was present. The lack of effect of FAAH inhibitors and VDM-11 alone on electrically evoked contractions, and on the potency of exogenous AEA suggests that pharmacologically active endocannabinoids were not released and the endocannabinoid transporter was absent. Thus, the CB(1) receptor antagonists behave as inverse agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Makwana
- The Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London, UK.
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