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Ezzati Amini R, Abouelela M, Dhamaniya A, Friedrich B, Antoniou C. A game-theoretic approach for modelling pedestrian-vehicle conflict resolutions in uncontrolled traffic environments. Accid Anal Prev 2024; 203:107604. [PMID: 38733807 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The interactions of motorised vehicles with pedestrians have always been a concern in traffic safety. The major threat to pedestrians comes from the high level of interactions imposed in uncontrolled traffic environments, where road users have to compete over the right of way. In the absence of traffic management and control systems in such traffic environments, road users have to negotiate the right of way while avoiding conflict. Furthermore, the high level of movement freedom and agility of pedestrians, as one of the interactive parties, can lead to exposing unpredictable behaviour on the road. Traffic interactions in uncontrolled mixed traffic environments will become more challenging by fully/partially automated driving systems' deployment, where the intentions and decisions of interacting agents must be predicted/detected to avoid conflict and improve traffic safety and efficiency. This study aims to formulate a game-theoretic approach to model pedestrian interactions with passenger cars and light vehicles (two-wheel and three-wheel vehicles) in uncontrolled traffic settings. The proposed models employ the most influencing factors in the road user's decision and choice of strategy to predict their movements and conflict resolution strategies in traffic interactions. The models are applied to two data sets of video recordings collected in a shared space in Hamburg and a mid-block crossing area in Surat, India, including the interactions of pedestrians with passenger cars and light vehicles, respectively. The models are calibrated using the identified conflicts between users and their conflict resolution strategies in the data sets. The proposed models indicate satisfactory performances considering the stochastic behaviour of road users - particularly in the mid-block crossing area in India - and have the potential to be used as a behavioural model for automated driving systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roja Ezzati Amini
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Mohamed Abouelela
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Ashish Dhamaniya
- SV National Institute of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Surat 395007, Gujarat, India
| | - Bernhard Friedrich
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hermann-Blenk-Str. 42, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Constantinos Antoniou
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
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Ezzati Amini R, Al Haddad C, Batabyal D, Gkena I, De Vos B, Cuenen A, Brijs T, Antoniou C. Driver distraction and in-vehicle interventions: A driving simulator study on visual attention and driving performance. Accid Anal Prev 2023; 191:107195. [PMID: 37441985 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Driving simulator studies are popular means to investigate driving behaviour in a controlled environment and test safety-critical events that would otherwise not be possible in real-world driving conditions. While several factors affect driving performance, driving distraction has been emphasised as a safety-critical issue across the globe. In this context, this study explores the impact of distraction imposed by mobile phone usage, i.e., writing and reading text messages, on driver behaviour. As part of the greater i-DREAMS project, this study uses a car driving simulator experimental design in Germany to investigate driver behaviour under various conditions: (I) monitoring scenario representing normal driving conditions, (II) intervention scenario in which drivers receive fixed timing in-vehicle intervention in case of unsafe driving manoeuvres, and (III) distraction scenario in which drivers receive in-vehicle interventions based on task completion capability, where mobile phone distraction is imposed. Besides, eye-tracking glasses are used to further explore drivers' attention allocation and eye movement behaviour. This research focuses on driver response to risky traffic events (i.e., potential pedestrian collisions, and tailgating) and the impact of distraction on driving performance, by analysing a set of eye movement and driving performance measures of 58 participants. The results reveal a significant change in drivers' gaze patterns during the distraction drives with significantly higher gaze points towards the i-DREAMS intervention display (the utilised advanced driver assistance systems in this study). The overall statistical analysis of driving performance measures suggests nearly similar impacts on driver behaviour during distraction drives; a higher deviation of lateral positioning was noted irrespective of the event risk levels and lower longitudinal acceleration rates were observed for pedestrian collisions and non-critical events during distracted driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roja Ezzati Amini
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 85748, Germany.
| | - Christelle Al Haddad
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 85748, Germany
| | - Debapreet Batabyal
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 85748, Germany
| | - Isidora Gkena
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 85748, Germany
| | | | - Ariane Cuenen
- School for Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Brijs
- School for Transportation Sciences, Transportation Research Institute, UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Constantinos Antoniou
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 85748, Germany
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Ezzati Amini R, Yang K, Antoniou C. Development of a conflict risk evaluation model to assess pedestrian safety in interaction with vehicles. Accid Anal Prev 2022; 175:106773. [PMID: 35905611 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of motorised vehicles with pedestrians have always been a concern in traffic safety. The major threat to pedestrians comes from the high level of interactions imposed in uncontrolled traffic environments, where road users have to compete over the right of way. The interactions become more complex with the variety of user types and their available conflict resolution strategies. In this research, a conflict risk evaluation model is developed to assess the safety level of pedestrian conflict with other road users. Surrogate safety indicators are employed to measure road users' temporal and spatial proximity during a conflict. The thresholds are determined through the application of various methods (i.e., intersection point, p-tile, maximum between-class variance, and minimum cross-entropy method) to separate potential critical conflicts against normal traffic conditions, on the basis of the conflict risk evaluation model. An F-score method is used to select the optimal threshold given by various applied methods. Two data sets of shared space and mid-block were used to develop and validate conflict risk evaluation models for the interaction of pedestrians with vehicles (passenger cars) and light vehicles (two- or three-wheel vehicles) separately. The proposed model can potentially be used as a real-time conflict risk evaluation model to improve traffic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roja Ezzati Amini
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Kui Yang
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Constantinos Antoniou
- Chair of Transportation Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstrasse 21, 80333 Munich, Germany
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