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Alderson P, Bowman D, Brierley J, J Elliott M, Kazmi R, Mendizabal-Espinosa R, Montgomery J, Sutcliffe K, Wellesley H. Living bioethics, clinical ethics committees and children's consent to heart surgery. Clin Ethics 2022; 17:272-281. [PMID: 35967459 PMCID: PMC9361409 DOI: 10.1177/14777509211034145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This discussion paper considers how seldom recognised theories influence clinical ethics committees. A companion paper examined four major theories in social science: positivism, interpretivism, critical theory and functionalism, which can encourage legalistic ethics theories or practical living bioethics, which aims for theory-practice congruence. This paper develops the legalistic or living bioethics themes by relating the four theories to clinical ethics committee members' reported aims and practices and approaches towards efficiency, power, intimidation, justice, equality and children's interests and rights. Different approaches to framing ethical questions are also considered. Being aware of the four theories' influence can help when seeking to understand and possibly change clinical ethics committee routines. The paper is not a research report but is informed by a recent study in two London paediatric cardiac units. Forty-five practitioners and related experts were interviewed, including eight members of ethics committees, about the work of informing, preparing and supporting families during the extended process of consent to children's elective heart surgery. The mosaic of multidisciplinary teamwork is reported in a series of papers about each profession, including this one on bioethics and law and clinical ethics committees' influence on clinical practice. The qualitative social research was funded by the British Heart Foundation, in order that more may be known about the perioperative views and needs of all concerned. Questions included how disputes can be avoided, how high ethical standards and respectful cooperation between staff and families can be encouraged, and how minors' consent or refusal may be respected, with the support of clinical ethics committees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joe Brierley
- Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Romana Kazmi
- Chaplaincy, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | | | - Katy Sutcliffe
- Social Research Institute, University College London, UK
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Alderson P, Bellsham-Revell H, Brierley J, Dedieu N, Heath J, Johnson M, Johnson S, Katsatis A, Kazmi R, King L, Mendizabal R, Sutcliffe K, Trowell J, Vigneswaren T, Wellesley H, Wray J. Children's informed signified and voluntary consent to heart surgery: Professionals' practical perspectives. Nurs Ethics 2022; 29:1078-1090. [PMID: 35212562 PMCID: PMC9289987 DOI: 10.1177/09697330211057202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: The law and literature about children’s consent generally assume that
patients aged under-18 cannot consent until around 12 years, and cannot
refuse recommended surgery. Children deemed pre-competent do not have
automatic rights to information or to protection from unwanted
interventions. However, the observed practitioners tend to inform young
children s, respect their consent or refusal, and help them to “want” to
have the surgery. Refusal of heart transplantation by 6-year-olds is
accepted. Research question: What are possible reasons to explain the differences between theories and
practices about the ages when children begin to be informed about elective
heart surgery, and when their consent or refusal begins to be respected? Research design, participants and context: Research methods included reviews of related healthcare, law and ethics
literature; observations and conversations with staff and families in two
London hospitals; audio-recorded semi-structured interviews with a purposive
sample of 45 healthcare professionals and related experts; interviews and a
survey with parents and children aged 6- to 15-years having elective surgery
(not reported in this paper); meetings with an interdisciplinary advisory
group; thematic analysis of qualitative data and co-authorship of papers
with participants. Ethical considerations: Approval was granted by four research ethics committees/authorities. All
interviewees gave their informed written consent. Findings: Interviewees explained their views and experiences about children’s ages of
competence to understand and consent or refuse, analysed by their differing
emphases on informed, signified or voluntary consent. Discussion: Differing views about children’s competence to understand and consent are
associated with emphases on consent as an intellectual, practical and/or
emotional process. Conclusion: Greater respect for children’s
practical signified, emotional voluntary and intellectual informed consent
can increase respectful understanding of children’s consent. Nurses play a
vital part in children's practitioner-patient relationships and physical
care and therefore in all three elements of consent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joe Brierley
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Mae Johnson
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Romana Kazmi
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Liz King
- Children's Nursing, 4914London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Rosa Mendizabal
- Social Research Institute, 4919University College, London, UK
| | - Katy Sutcliffe
- Social Research Institute, 4919University College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jo Wray
- Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sherman V, Feldman LS, Stanbridge D, Kazmi R, Fried GM. Assessing the learning curve for the acquisition of laparoscopic skills on a virtual reality simulator. Surg Endosc 2005; 19:678-82. [PMID: 15776208 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-004-8943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to develop summary metrics and assess the construct validity for a virtual reality laparoscopic simulator (LapSim) by comparing the learning curves of three groups with different levels of laparoscopic expertise. METHODS Three groups of subjects ('expert', 'junior', and 'naïve') underwent repeated trials on three LapSim tasks. Formulas were developed to calculate scores for efficiency ('time-error') and economy of 'motion' ('motion') using metrics generated by the software after each drill. Data (mean +/- SD) were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS All three groups improved significantly from baseline to final for both 'time-error' and 'motion' scores. There were significant differences between groups in time error performances at baseline and final, due to higher scores in the 'expert' group. A significant difference in 'motion' scores was seen only at baseline. CONCLUSION We have developed summary metrics for the LapSim that differentiate among levels of laparoscopic experience. This study also provides evidence of construct validity for the LapSim.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sherman
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, L9.309 Montreal, Quebec H3G1A4, Canada
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Downey C, Kazmi R, Toh CH. Early identification and prognostic implications in disseminated intravascular coagulation through transmittance waveform analysis. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80:65-9. [PMID: 9684787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to improve the prognosis in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) have been hampered by the lack of an early, useful and rapidly available diagnostic marker. More recently, a characteristic bi-phasic change in the light transmittance waveform profile of the APTT assay has been associated with DIC. In this prospective study, we have assessed the utility of this assay in the routine clinical setting. 1,470 samples were analysed from 747 patients and 41 patients had DIC. The sensitivity and specificity of the bi-phasic waveform pattern for DIC was 97.6% and 98% respectively. The appearance of a bi-phasic waveform preceded the development of abnormalities in the standard laboratory tests for DIC and waveform changes correlated closely with clinical events. In conclusion, transmittance waveform analysis is not only useful as an early diagnostic and single monitoring marker of DIC but the quantifiable and standardisable changes also allow for prognostic applicability in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Downey
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK
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Christodoulopoulos G, Muller C, Salles B, Kazmi R, Panasci L. Potentiation of chlorambucil cytotoxicity in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia by inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase activity using wortmannin. Cancer Res 1998; 58:1789-92. [PMID: 9581813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the ability of wortmannin to modulate chlorambucil (CLB) cytotoxicity in lymphocyte samples from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). It has been suggested previously that enhanced cross-link repair is a primary mechanism of resistance to nitrogen mustards (NMs) in B-CLL. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is involved in the repair of double-strand breaks and in rejoining steps in recombination mechanisms. Mutants defective in this process are hypersensitive to alkylating agents. We have recently demonstrated that the activity of DNA-PK is a determinant in the cellular response of B-CLL to CLB. The DNA-PK gene has homology to the P110 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K). Wortmannin, an inhibitor of P110 PI 3-K, also inhibits DNA-PK activity in vitro. We investigated the effect of wortmannin on DNA-PK activity and CLB toxicity in the lymphocytes from 11 patients with B-CLL. Our results demonstrate that DNA-PK activity is decreased after exposure to wortmannin in a dose-dependent manner. Wortmannin, at nontoxic concentrations, synergistically sensitized B-CLL lymphocytes to the effects of CLB. Moreover, we observed a significant correlation when we compared the fold decrease in DNA-PK activity and the synergistic value (I), obtained when wortmannin was used at 0.1 microM. In the resistant B-CLL lymphocyte samples, there was a highly significant correlation between the ability of wortmannin at 0.1 and 0.25 microM to decrease the level of DNA-PK activity and to increase CLB sensitivity. In a model of primary human tumor cells, our findings suggest that the inhibition of DNA-PK activity may be a powerful way to overcome resistance to NMs such as CLB and point to new possibilities to improve the effectiveness of NM therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/toxicity
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chlorambucil/toxicity
- DNA-Activated Protein Kinase
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Wortmannin
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Affiliation(s)
- G Christodoulopoulos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, The Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Downey C, Kazmi R, Toh CH. Novel and diagnostically applicable information from optical waveform analysis of blood coagulation in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Br J Haematol 1997; 98:68-73. [PMID: 9233566 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.1062972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Transmittance waveform is the term applied to the optical profile generated from the process of clot formation on standard coagulation tests run on the MDA-180, a new-generation automated coagulation analyser. In patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation, a characteristically abnormal 'biphasic change' is seen on both the activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time waveforms. Increasing steepness of the initial slope on the waveform correlates with clinical deterioration and fulminant progression. Although the mechanism underlying the biphasic appearance remains to be elucidated, its identification provides the diagnostic laboratory with a simple, rapid and robust assay for disseminated intravascular coagulation that can help the clinician with urgent and appropriate therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Downey
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital
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Malu AO, Kazmi R, Wali SS, Fakunle YM, Bhusnurmath SR. Chronic duodenitis in Zaria, northern Nigeria. West Afr J Med 1993; 12:6-10. [PMID: 7685620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-four consecutive patients presenting to the Endoscopy clinic of the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria with symptoms of upper abdominal pain were investigated for chronic duodenitis by endoscopy and histology and for associated diseases. Twenty-two patients had histological evidence of chronic duodenitis. No clinical features separated these from those who had no duodenitis. Endoscopy was a good enough tool for diagnosis. Stool parasites were significantly commoner in those with histological duodenitis. Gastritis was also commoner in those with duodenitis. Ranitidine appeared superior to polycrol in relieving symptoms. Endoscopy is useful in the diagnosis of severe duodenitis. Specific ulcer healing drugs may be tried in treating symptoms associated with duodenitis, though their effectiveness is still open to further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Malu
- Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
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Malu AO, Wali SS, Kazmi R, Macauley D, Fakunle YM. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Zaria, northern Nigeria. West Afr J Med 1990; 9:279-84. [PMID: 2083205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The indications for and findings in 431 consecutive patients who had upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Zaria from June 1978 to August 1982 are reviewed. The major indications were dyspepsia (78.1%), upper gastro-intestinal bleeding (12.1%) and portal hypertension (4.2%). Other indications were persistent vomiting, dysphagia and abdominal masses. The mean age of the patients was 32 years. The male: female ratio (3:1) was not different from that in the hospital population. There were no abnormal findings in 32.7%. 26.6% had duodenal ulcers. Duodenitis was noted in 24.8%, oesophageal varices in 6.3%, gastritis in 6.3% and hiatus hernia in 4.6%. In those who presented with upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage, oesophageal varices (34.6%) and peptic ulcer (17.3%) were the commonest findings. Complication seen commonly were soreness in the throat and thrombophlebitis at the site of valium injection. One death was recorded from the procedure over the period.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Malu
- Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria
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Zafar MN, Lalani R, Kazmi R, Khursheed M. Quality assessment of glucose estimation by Reflocheck glucose meter at nursing stations. An exercise in extra laboratory tests. J PAK MED ASSOC 1988; 38:75-8. [PMID: 3133502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
A case of blastomycosis from Zaria, Nigeria is reported. The clinical features were indistinguishable from those of tuberculosis which is very common in this environment. Lack of response to anti-tuberculosis therapy within eight weeks prompted the search for other organisms which resulted in the isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Compatible histological evidence was obtained. Subsequent favourable response to amphotericin B was evident. Infection with this organism should be included in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary and pleural lesions simulating tuberculosis in West Africa.
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