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Žemgulytė J, Sadauskas M, Ragulis P, Trusovas R, Ratautas K, Simniškis R, Kancleris Ž, Račiukaitis G. Effects of different manufacturing techniques on the performance of planar antennas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22510. [PMID: 38110591 PMCID: PMC10728079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates antenna performance based on its manufacturing process. Two types of planar antennas are manufactured on FR-4 dielectric using three different techniques: traditional lithography, laser ablation, and the novel SSAIL (selective surface activation by laser) technique. Various characteristics, such as reflection coefficient, gain, half-power beamwidth, and surface conductivity, are measured to compare the results. These findings offer invaluable insights for choosing the most suitable antenna manufacturing technique, particularly since the SSAIL technique has not been previously compared to alternative methods in the context of antenna production. In both types of antennas, the highest gain is achieved using laser ablation, with the slot-loaded patch antenna reaching 8.5 dBi and the Yagi-Uda antenna reaching 9.76 dBi. Antennas manufactured using SSAIL technology are notable for their excellent resolution and usefulness in constructing structures on non-metallized dielectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Žemgulytė
- Department of Physical Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Sadauskas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Ragulis
- Department of Physical Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Romualdas Trusovas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Ratautas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Simniškis
- Department of Physical Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Žilvinas Kancleris
- Department of Physical Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Račiukaitis
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Fiodorov V, Trusovas R, Mockus Z, Ratautas K, Račiukaitis G. Laser-Induced Graphene Formation on Polyimide Using UV to Mid-Infrared Laser Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4229. [PMID: 37959913 PMCID: PMC10650728 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study presents laser-assisted methods to produce conductive graphene layers on the polymer surface. Specimens were treated using two different lasers at ambient and nitrogen atmospheres. A solid-state picosecond laser generating 355 nm, 532 nm, or 1064 nm wavelengths and a CO2 laser generating mid-infrared 10.6 µm wavelength radiation operating in a pulsed regime were used in experiments. Sheet resistance measurements and microscopic analysis of treated sample surfaces were made. The chemical structure of laser-treated surfaces was investigated using Raman spectroscopy, and it showed the formation of high-quality few-layer graphene structures on the PI surface. The intensity ratios I(2D)/I(G) and I(D)/I(G) of samples treated with 1064 nm wavelength in nitrogen atmosphere were 0.81 and 0.46, respectively. After laser treatment, a conductive laser-induced graphene layer with a sheet resistance as low as 5 Ω was formed. Further, copper layers with a thickness of 3-10 µm were deposited on laser-formed graphene using a galvanic plating. The techniques of forming a conductive graphene layer on a polymer surface have a great perspective in many fields, especially in advanced electronic applications to fabricate copper tracks on 3D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Fiodorov
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.T.); (K.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Romualdas Trusovas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.T.); (K.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Zenius Mockus
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Karolis Ratautas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.T.); (K.R.); (G.R.)
| | - Gediminas Račiukaitis
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.T.); (K.R.); (G.R.)
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Kamarauskas A, Seliuta D, Šlekas G, Sadauskas M, Kvietkauskas E, Trusovas R, Ratautas K, Kancleris Ž. Experimental demonstration of multiple Fano resonances in a mirrored array of split-ring resonators on a thick substrate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15846. [PMID: 36151200 PMCID: PMC9508172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the first experimental observation of multiple Fano resonances in the terahertz range in a system based on an array of mirror-symmetric split-ring resonators deposited on low-loss and low-refractive index polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrate. For the first time, selective surface activation induced by laser technology has been used to deposit a copper layer on a PTFE substrate with the further application of standard mask lithography for metasurface manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Kamarauskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Seliuta
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Sauletekio Ave. 11, 10223, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Šlekas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Sadauskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Evaldas Kvietkauskas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Romualdas Trusovas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Karolis Ratautas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Žilvinas Kancleris
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Duobiene S, Ratautas K, Trusovas R, Ragulis P, Šlekas G, Simniškis R, Račiukaitis G. Development of Wireless Sensor Network for Environment Monitoring and Its Implementation Using SSAIL Technology. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22145343. [PMID: 35891024 PMCID: PMC9321793 DOI: 10.3390/s22145343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) technology and its applications are turning real-world things into smart objects, integrating everything under a common infrastructure to manage performance through a software application and offering upgrades with integrated web servers in a timely manner. Quality of life, the green economy, and pollution management in society require comprehensive environmental monitoring systems with easy-to-use features and maintenance. This research suggests implementing a wireless sensor network with embedded sensor nodes manufactured using the Selective Surface Activation Induced by Laser technology. Such technology allows the integration of electrical circuits with free-form plastic sensor housing. In this work, a low-cost asynchronous web server for monitoring temperature and humidity sensors connected to the ESP32 Wi-Fi module has been developed. Data from sensor nodes across the facility are collected and displayed in real-time charts on a web server. Multiple web clients on the same network can access the sensor data. The energy to the sensor nodes could be powered by harvesting energy from surrounding sources of electromagnetic radiation. This automated and self-powered system monitors environmental and climatic factors, helps with timely action, and benefits sensor design by allowing antenna and rf-circuit formation on various plastics, even on the body of the device itself. It also provides greater flexibility in hardware modification and rapid large-scale deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shathya Duobiene
- Department of Laser Technologies, FTMC—Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.R.); (R.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Karolis Ratautas
- Department of Laser Technologies, FTMC—Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.R.); (R.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Romualdas Trusovas
- Department of Laser Technologies, FTMC—Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.R.); (R.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Paulius Ragulis
- Department of Physical Technologies, FTMC—Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Al. 3, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.R.); (G.Š.); (R.S.)
| | - Gediminas Šlekas
- Department of Physical Technologies, FTMC—Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Al. 3, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.R.); (G.Š.); (R.S.)
| | - Rimantas Simniškis
- Department of Physical Technologies, FTMC—Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Al. 3, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (P.R.); (G.Š.); (R.S.)
| | - Gediminas Račiukaitis
- Department of Laser Technologies, FTMC—Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.R.); (R.T.); (G.R.)
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Fiodorov V, Ratautas K, Mockus Z, Trusovas R, Mikoliūnaitė L, Račiukaitis G. Laser-Assisted Selective Fabrication of Copper Traces on Polymers by Electroplating. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040781. [PMID: 35215694 PMCID: PMC8875099 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective deposition of metals on dielectric materials is widely used in the electronic industry, making electro-conductive connections between circuit elements. We report a new low-cost laser-assisted method for the selective deposition of copper tracks on polymer surfaces by electroplating. The technique uses a laser for the selective modification of the polymer surface. The electrical conductivity of some polymers could be increased due to laser irradiation. Polyimide samples were treated using nanosecond and picosecond lasers working at a 1064 nm wavelength. An electro-conductive graphene-like layer was formed on the polymer surface after the laser treatment with selected parameters, and the copper layer thickness of 5–20 µm was deposited on the modified surface by electroplating. The selective laser-assisted electroplating technology allows the fabrication of copper tracks on complex shape dielectric materials. The technology could be used in the manufacturing of molded interconnect devices (MID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Fiodorov
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.R.); (R.T.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-6286-2878
| | - Karolis Ratautas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.R.); (R.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Zenius Mockus
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Romualdas Trusovas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.R.); (R.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Lina Mikoliūnaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Gediminas Račiukaitis
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania; (K.R.); (R.T.); (G.R.)
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Jagminas A, Trusovas R, Bittencourt C, Kurtinaitienė M, Pakštas V, Cossement D, Valušis G. MoS 2 with Organic Fragment - a New Hybrid Material for Laser Writing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7839. [PMID: 31127162 PMCID: PMC6534602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
New nanostructured metasurfaces capable change the composition and physical properties upon pulse laser excitation recently received a marked attention for nanophotonic technologies. In this study, well adherent to the metal substrate and significantly thicker nanoplatelet-shaped MoS2-based arrays were synthesized by one pot hydrothermal way via addition of ethanolamine in the synthesis solution containing ammonium heptamolybdate and thiourea. It was shown that the lightening of this material with green light ns-laser pulses at a suitable fluencies results in the detachment of organic species and compositional transformations to significantly pure MoS2 material. For characterization the synthesized products scanning electron microscopy (SEM), glancing angle X-ray diffraction (GA-XRD), diffuse reflection, Raman, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) methods before and following green light picosecond laser pulse illumination were applied. We envisaged that these films can be successfully used as metamaterial for laser writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunas Jagminas
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Romualdas Trusovas
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chemie des Interactions Plasma-Surface, University of Mons, Place du Parc 22, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marija Kurtinaitienė
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vidas Pakštas
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Damien Cossement
- Materia Nova Research Center, Avenue Copernic, 3, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Gintaras Valušis
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Laurinavičius L, Radzevič A, Ignatjev I, Niaura G, Vitkutė K, Širšinaitis T, Trusovas R, Pauliukaite R. Investigation of electrochemical polymerisation of L-lysine and application for immobilisation of functionalised graphene as platform for electrochemical sensing. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Stankevičius E, Garliauskas M, Laurinavičius L, Trusovas R, Tarasenko N, Pauliukaitė R. Engineering electrochemical sensors using nanosecond laser treatment of thin gold film on ITO glass. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Trusovas R, Niaura G, Gaidukevič J, Mališauskaitė I, Barkauskas J. Graphene oxide-dye nanocomposites: effect of molecular structure on the quality of laser-induced graphene. Nanotechnology 2018; 29:445704. [PMID: 30136658 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aadc85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nanocomposite coatings made using graphene oxide (GO) and six different organic dyes were used to produce the laser-induced graphene (LIG) coatings by means of near infrared picosecond laser irradiation. The coatings were investigated by means of contact angle measurement with three liquids (1-bromonaphtalene, glycerol and water), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the more hydrophilic is the precursor surface the more hydrophobic LIG surface is produced after the laser treatment. Contact angle values obtained on LIG produced from pure GO reached 143°. FTIR spectra have shown that the interaction between GO and dye molecules is realized through the nitrogen atoms. Raman spectra have shown that the best quality LIG coating is obtained using a GO-neutral red nanocomposite precursor. A correlation among contact angle, Raman spectra and topological indices of dye molecules was found, and will serve for the further investigation of the mechanism of LIG production and development of low-defect coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romualdas Trusovas
- Department of Laser Technologies, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Jagminas A, Niaura G, Žalnėravičius R, Trusovas R, Račiukaitis G, Jasulaitiene V. Laser Light Induced Transformation of Molybdenum Disulphide-Based Nanoplatelet Arrays. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37514. [PMID: 27892489 PMCID: PMC5124966 DOI: 10.1038/srep37514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
One-pot hydrothermal synthesis of MoS2 nanoplatelet arrays on various substrates is perhaps the most promising approach to fabricate efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. However, the main challenges in this synthesis remain the purity and crystallinity of MoS2. In this study, we show for the first time that irradiation of amorphous, defect-rich MoS2 nanoplatelets with a green nanosecond laser at a proper irradiation dose, ca ≤0.35 J cm-2, can significantly improve the crystallinity and purity of MoS2 nanoplatelets. The effect was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy investigations demonstrating a surprising intensity increase of the A1g and modes after the laser irradiation. Further increase of irradiation energy, however, resulted in the photocorrosion and destruction of MoS2 nanoplatelets. The variation of A1g and Raman mode intensities ratio depending on the green light irradiation dose was also presented and is discussed below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arūnas Jagminas
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Niaura
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Vilnius University, Faculty of Physics, Sauletekio Ave. 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rokas Žalnėravičius
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Romualdas Trusovas
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Račiukaitis
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalija Jasulaitiene
- State Research Institute Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology, Savanoriu Ave. 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Celiešiūtė R, Trusovas R, Niaura G, Švedas V, Račiukaitis G, Ruželė Ž, Pauliukaite R. Influence of the laser irradiation on the electrochemical and spectroscopic peculiarities of graphene-chitosan composite film. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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