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Singh L, Sinha A, Gupta M, Xiao S, Hammond R, Rawat N. Wheat Pore-Forming Toxin-Like Protein Confers Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Fungal Pathogens in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2023; 36:489-501. [PMID: 36892820 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-22-0247-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium graminearum, is one of the major threats to global wheat productivity. A wheat pore-forming toxin-like (PFT) protein was previously reported to underlie Fhb1, the most widely used quantitative trait locus in FHB breeding programs worldwide. In the present work, wheat PFT was ectopically expressed in the model dicot plant Arabidopsis. Heterologous expression of wheat PFT in Arabidopsis provided a broad-spectrum quantitative resistance to fungal pathogens including F. graminearum, Colletotrichum higginsianum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Botrytis cinerea. However, there was no resistance to bacterial or oomycete pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Phytophthora capsici, respectively in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. To explore the reason for the resistance response to, exclusively, the fungal pathogens, purified PFT protein was hybridized to a glycan microarray having 300 different types of carbohydrate monomers and oligomers. It was found that PFT specifically hybridized with chitin monomer, N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), which is present in fungal cell walls but not in bacteria or oomycete species. This exclusive recognition of chitin may be responsible for the specificity of PFT-mediated resistance to fungal pathogens. Transfer of the atypical quantitative resistance of wheat PFT to a dicot system highlights its potential utility in designing broad-spectrum resistance in diverse host plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovepreet Singh
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - Arunima Sinha
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - Megha Gupta
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, U.S.A
| | - Rosemarie Hammond
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | - Nidhi Rawat
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742, U.S.A
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Tregidgo L, Hammond R, Bramley A, Davis M, Morshed A, Patel A, Pradhan A, D'Cruz R, Lipman M. Delayed-onset disseminated BCG disease causing a multi-system illness with fatal mycotic aortic aneurysm. Clinical Infection in Practice 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2022.100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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3
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Wei W, Inaba J, Zhao Y, Mowery JD, Hammond R. Phytoplasma Infection Blocks Starch Breakdown and Triggers Chloroplast Degradation, Leading to Premature Leaf Senescence, Sucrose Reallocation, and Spatiotemporal Redistribution of Phytohormones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031810. [PMID: 35163732 PMCID: PMC8836287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Witches’-broom (WB, excessive initiation, and outgrowth of axillary buds) is one of the remarkable symptoms in plants caused by phytoplasmas, minute wall-less intracellular bacteria. In healthy plants, axillary bud initiation and outgrowth are regulated by an intricate interplay of nutrients (such as sugars), hormones, and environmental factors. However, how these factors are involved in the induction of WB by phytoplasma is poorly understood. We postulated that the WB symptom is a manifestation of the pathologically induced redistribution of sugar and phytohormones. Employing potato purple top phytoplasma and its alternative host tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), sugar metabolism and transportation, and the spatiotemporal distribution of phytohormones were investigated. A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that starch breakdown was inhibited, resulting in the degradation of damaged chloroplasts, and in turn, premature leaf senescence. In the infected source leaves, two marker genes encoding asparagine synthetase (Sl-ASN) and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (Sl-TPS) that induce early leaf senescence were significantly up-regulated. However, the key gibberellin biosynthesis gene that encodes ent-kaurene synthase (Sl-KS) was suppressed. The assessment of sugar content in various infected tissues (mature leaves, stems, roots, and leaf axils) indicated that sucrose transportation through phloem was impeded, leading to sucrose reallocation into the leaf axils. Excessive callose deposition and the resulting reduction in sieve pore size revealed by aniline blue staining and TEM provided additional evidence to support impaired sugar transport. In addition, a spatiotemporal distribution study of cytokinin and auxin using reporter lines detected a cytokinin signal in leaf axils where the axillary buds initiated. However, the auxin responsive signal was rarely present in such leaf axils, but at the tips of the newly elongated buds. These results suggested that redistributed sucrose as well as cytokinin in leaf axils triggered the axillary bud initiation, and auxin played a role in the bud elongation. The expression profiles of genes encoding squamosa promoter-binding proteins (Sl-SBP1), and BRANCHED1 (Sl-BRC1a and Sl-BRC1b) that control axillary bud release, as determined by quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR, indicated their roles in WB induction. However, their interactions with sugars and cytokinins require further study. Our findings provide a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms by which phytoplasmas induce WB along with leaf chlorosis, little leaf, and stunted growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-504-0786
| | - Junichi Inaba
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (R.H.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (R.H.)
| | - Joseph D. Mowery
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Rosemarie Hammond
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (J.I.); (Y.Z.); (R.H.)
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Grube M, Krämer P, Chiu D, Bosse T, Scheunhage D, Koebel M, Singh N, Manchanda R, Hammond R, Heitz F, Harter P, du Bois A, Ataseven B, Neudeck N, Beschorner C, Fischer A, Greif K, Krämer B, Brucker S, Talhouk A, Anglesio M, Staebler A, Kommoss S. Immunhistochemische Expression von L1CAM in endometrioiden Ovarialkarzinomen – Ein neuer prognostischer Marker? Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Grube
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Tübingen
| | - P Krämer
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Tübingen
| | - D Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia
| | - T Bosse
- Leiden University Medical Center
| | | | - M Koebel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary
| | - N Singh
- Dept of Cellular Pathology, BartsHealth NHS Trust
| | - R Manchanda
- Dept of Cellular Pathology, BartsHealth NHS Trust
| | - R Hammond
- Dept of Cellular Pathology, BartsHealth NHS Trust
| | | | | | | | | | - N Neudeck
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
| | - C Beschorner
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
| | - A Fischer
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
| | - K Greif
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
| | - B Krämer
- Universitätsfrauenklinik Tübingen
| | | | - A Talhouk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia
| | - M Anglesio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia
| | - A Staebler
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
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Hammond R, Stenner R, Palmer S. P197 What matters most - a qualitative study of person-centred physiotherapy practice in community rehabilitation. Physiotherapy 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2020.03.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Seibel S, Vitale L, Thomas L, Goldstein J, Forsberg E, Crocker A, Widger J, Patterson C, Mills-Chen L, Hammond R, Keler T, Gedrich R. D100 CDX-0159, AN ANTI-KIT MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY, AS A MODULATOR OF MAST CELL-RELATED DISEASES. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2019.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jiang Z, Wang D, Jurkiewicz M, Langdon KD, Hammond R, Fernández-Codina A, Pope JE. Immunoglobulin G 4-related disease as a mimicker of granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report. Scand J Rheumatol 2019; 49:163-164. [PMID: 31631725 DOI: 10.1080/03009742.2019.1672088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Jurkiewicz
- Department of Medical Imaging, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - K D Langdon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Hammond
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Fernández-Codina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J E Pope
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, St Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Aigrain P, Bois B, Brugiere F, Duchene E, de Cortazar-Atauri I, Gautier J, Giraud-Heraud E, Hammond R, Hannin H, Ollat N, Touzard J. L'utilisation par la viticulture française d'un exercice de prospective pour l'élaboration d'une stratégie d'adaptation au changement climatique. BIO Web Conf 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191203020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foresight studies are regularly conducted at sectoral or geographical scales, in order to help policy makers and economic actors to define their strategy of adaptation to climate change (CC).
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Hammond R, Paasch V, Ewen J, Lam J. 1049 Are Referrals to Sleep Clinic Necessary Prior to Polysomnography in Children with ADHD? Sleep 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy061.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Hammond
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - V Paasch
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - J Ewen
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - J Lam
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
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Abdul Sani S, Hammond R, Jafari S, Wahab N, Amouzad Mahdiraji G, Siti Shafiqah A, Abdul Rashid H, Maah M, Aldousari H, Alkhorayef M, Alzimami M, Bradley D. Measurement of a wide-range of X-ray doses using specialty doped silica fibres. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Robinson T, Gogniat M, Renzi L, Hammond R, Miller L. A-21Does Frailty Moderate the Relationship Between Reserve and Cognitive Function. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acw043.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Hammond R, Lennon S, Walker MF, Hoffman A, Irwin P, Lowe D. Changing occupational therapy and physiotherapy practice through guidelines and audit in the United Kingdom. Clin Rehabil 2016; 19:365-71. [PMID: 15929504 DOI: 10.1191/0269215505cr784oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: The National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke (NCGS) were produced and three rounds of the National Sentinel Audit of Stroke conducted to improve the quality of stroke care in the UK. Objective: To compare the results of the occupational therapy and physiotherapy elements of the most recent national sentinel audit with the occupational therapy-and physiotherapy-specific recommendations of the NCGS. Methods: Retrospective case-note audit. Results: Over 95% of hospitals/sites who manage stroke in England, Wales and Northern Ireland took part in the most recent round of the sentinel audit. The clinical audit took place from 1 April to 30 June 2001 and incorporated 235 hospitals/sites. The organizational audit took place in January 2002 and incorporated 240 hospitals/sites. Data are presented from the 235 with both clinical and organizational data, under the headings of: approaches to rehabilitation; carers/families; rehabilitation interventions; and transfer to the community. Low rates of compliance with national standards were observed for all domains. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that occupational therapists and physiotherapists are not fully complying with the national standards for stroke care.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hammond
- Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, London
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13
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Frasch MG, Szynkaruk M, Prout AP, Nygard K, Cao M, Veldhuizen R, Hammond R, Richardson BS. Decreased neuroinflammation correlates to higher vagus nerve activity fluctuations in near-term ovine fetuses: a case for the afferent cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway? J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:103. [PMID: 27165310 PMCID: PMC4894374 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation in utero may contribute to brain injury resulting in life-long neurological disabilities. The pivotal role of the efferent cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) in controlling inflammation, e.g., by inhibiting the HMGB1 release, via the macrophages’ α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has been described in adults, but its importance in the fetus is unknown. Moreover, it is unknown whether CAP may also exert anti-inflammatory effects on the brain via the anatomically predominant afferent component of the vagus nerve. Methods We measured microglial activation in the ovine fetal brain near term 24 h after the umbilical cord occlusions mimicking human labor versus controls (no occlusions) by quantifying HMGB1 nucleus-to-cytosol translocation in the Iba1+ and α7nAChR+ microglia. Based on multiple clinical studies in adults and our own work in fetal autonomic nervous system, we gauged the degree of CAP activity in vivo using heart rate variability measure RMSSD that reflects fluctuations in vagus nerve activity. Results RMSSD correlated to corresponding plasma IL-1β levels at R = 0.57 (p = 0.02, n = 17) and to white matter microglia cell counts at R = −0.89 (p = 0.03). The insult increased the HMGB1 translocation in α7nAChR+ microglia in a brain region-dependent manner (p < 0.001). In parallel, RMSSD at 1 h post insult correlated with cytosolic HMGB1 of thalamic microglia (R = −0.94, p = 0.005), and RMSSD at pH nadir correlated with microglial α7nAChR in the white matter (R = 0.83, p = 0.04). Overall, higher RMSSD values correlated with lower HMGB1 translocation and higher α7nAChR intensity per area in a brain region-specific manner. Conclusions Afferent fetal CAP may translate increased vagal cholinergic signaling into suppression of cerebral inflammation in response to near-term hypoxic acidemia as might occur during labor. Our findings suggest a new control mechanism of fetal neuroinflammation via the vagus nerve, providing novel possibilities for its non-invasive monitoring in utero and for targeted treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0567-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Frasch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurosciences, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Animal Reproduction Research Centre (CRRA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Box 356460, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - M Szynkaruk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - A P Prout
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - K Nygard
- Microscopy Imaging@Biotron, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - M Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurosciences, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - R Veldhuizen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - R Hammond
- Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - B S Richardson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Hammond R. CP-023 Introduction of a prescription chart for peri-procedural bridging anticoagulation. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2016-000875.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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15
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Cocker M, Spence J, Hammond R, Wells G, Mc Ardle B, deKemp R, Lum C, Karavardanyan T, Adeeko A, Alturkustani M, Hammond L, Hill A, Nagpal S, Stotts G, Garrard L, Kelly C, Warren B, Renaud J, DaSilva J, Yaffe M, Tardif J, Beanlands R. VALIDATION OF [18F]-SODIUM FLUORIDE AS A MARKER OF ACTIVE CALCIFICATION AND HIGH-RISK CAROTID PLAQUE: A SUB-STUDY OF THE CANADIAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS IMAGING NETWORK (CAIN-2). Can J Cardiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.07.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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Hammond R. How physical therapists construct their professional identity. Physiotherapy 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Samuel L, Basch CH, Ethan D, Hammond R, Chiazzese K. An analysis of sodium, total fat and saturated fat contents of packaged food products advertised in Bronx-based supermarket circulars. J Community Health 2015; 39:775-82. [PMID: 24488648 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Americans' consumption of sodium, fat, and saturated fat exceed federally recommended limits for these nutrients and has been identified as a preventable leading cause of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. More than 40% of the Bronx population comprises African-Americans, who have increased risk and earlier onset of hypertension and are also genetically predisposed to salt-sensitive hypertension. This study analyzed nutrition information for packaged foods advertised in Bronx-based supermarket circulars. Federally recommended limits for sodium, saturated fat and total fat contents were used to identify foods that were high in these nutrients. The proportion of these products with respect to the total number of packaged foods was calculated. More than a third (35%) and almost a quarter (24%) of the 898 advertised packaged foods were high in saturated fat and sodium respectively. Such foods predominantly included processed meat and fish products, fast foods, meals, entrees and side dishes. Dairy and egg products were the greatest contributors of high saturated fat. Pork and beef products, fast foods, meals, entrees and side dishes had the highest median values for sodium, total fat and saturated fat content. The high proportion of packaged foods that are high in sodium and/or saturated fat promoted through supermarket circulars highlights the need for nutrition education among consumers as well as collaborative public health measures by the food industry, community and government agencies to reduce the amounts of sodium and saturated fat in these products and limit the promotion of foods that are high in these nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Samuel
- Dietetics, Foods, and Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. W., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA,
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Gish RG, Gutierrez JA, Navarro-Cazarez N, Giang K, Adler D, Tran B, Locarnini S, Hammond R, Bowden S. A simple and inexpensive point-of-care test for hepatitis B surface antigen detection: serological and molecular evaluation. J Viral Hepat 2014; 21:905-8. [PMID: 24779356 PMCID: PMC4263238 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Early identification of chronic hepatitis B is important for optimal disease management and prevention of transmission. Cost and lack of access to commercial hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) immunoassays can compromise the effectiveness of HBV screening in resource-limited settings and among marginalized populations. High-quality point-of-care (POC) testing may improve HBV diagnosis in these situations. Currently available POC HBsAg assays are often limited in sensitivity. We evaluated the NanoSign(®) HBs POC chromatographic immunoassay for its ability to detect HBsAg of different genotypes and with substitutions in the 'a' determinant. Thirty-seven serum samples from patients with HBV infection, covering HBV genotypes A-G, were assessed for HBsAg titre with the Roche Elecsys HBsAg II quantification assay and with the POC assay. The POC assay reliably detected HBsAg at a concentration of at least 50 IU/mL for all genotypes, and at lower concentrations for some genotypes. Eight samples with substitutions in the HBV 'a' determinant were reliably detected after a 1/100 dilution. The POC strips were used to screen serum samples from 297 individuals at risk for HBV in local clinical settings (health fairs and outreach events) in parallel with commercial laboratory HBsAg testing (Quest Diagnostics EIA). POC testing was 73.7% sensitive and 97.8% specific for detection of HBsAg. Although the POC test demonstrated high sensitivity over a range of genotypes, false negatives were frequent in a clinical setting. Nevertheless, the POC assay offers advantages for testing in both developed and resource-limited countries due to its low cost (0.50$) and immediately available results.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Gish
- Hepatitis B FoundationDoylestown, PA, USA
| | - J A Gutierrez
- Transplant Hepatology, University of Miami HospitalMiami, FL, USA
| | - N Navarro-Cazarez
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California at San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - K Giang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California at San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - D Adler
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California at San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - B Tran
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California at San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - S Locarnini
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference LaboratoryNorth Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Hammond
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference LaboratoryNorth Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Bowden
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference LaboratoryNorth Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Cocker M, Spence J, Wells G, Hammond R, Ardle BM, R deKemp, Lum C, Karavardanyan T, Adeeko A, Hill A, Nagpal S, Stotts G, Renaud J, Kelly C, Brennan J, Garrard L, Alturkustani M, Hammond L, DaSilva J, Yaffe M, Tardif J, Beanlands R. [18F]-SODIUM FLUORIDE IS A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF ACTIVE CALCIFICATION AND POSITIVE PLAQUE REMODELING: A SUB-STUDY OF THE CANADIAN ATHEROSCLEROSIS IMAGING NETWORK (CAIN-2). Can J Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.07.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Gibbs RB, Nelson D, Hammond R. Role of GPR30 in mediating estradiol effects on acetylcholine release in the hippocampus. Horm Behav 2014; 66:339-45. [PMID: 24928571 PMCID: PMC4131743 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have hypothesized that estradiol enhances basal forebrain cholinergic function and cognitive performance, at least in part, via activation of the novel estrogen receptor GPR30. Here we evaluated the effects of estradiol, G-1 (a selective GPR30 agonist), and tamoxifen (TAM; an ERα/ERβ antagonist that also acts as a GPR30 agonist), on acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampus, as well as the ability to block the effects of 17β-estradiol (E) or TAM with the GPR30 antagonist G-15. Note that G-1 was included to evaluate the effects of selectively activating GPR30, whereas TAM was included to differentiate effects of E associated with activation of GPR30 vs. ERα or ERβ. The study was designed to test effects on potassium-stimulated release, as well as on ACh release stimulated by feeding. Effects of feeding were included because the tasks we used previously to demonstrate beneficial effects of E on cognitive performance were motivated by food reward, and we hypothesized that E may enhance performance by increasing ACh release in association with that reward. Ovariectomized rats were treated for 1week, and ACh release was evaluated using in vivo microdialysis. In addition, rats were fed at the same time daily for several days and were fasted overnight prior to microdialysis. For each rat, ACh release was evaluated under basal conditions, in response to feeding, and in response to elevated potassium. Both feeding and elevated potassium increased ACh release in the hippocampus. In response to feeding, E, G-1, and TAM all significantly increased the percent change in release. The effects of E and TAM were blocked by G-15, and the effects of combining E+TAM did not differ significantly from the effects of E or TAM alone. In response to elevated potassium, E, and TAM significantly increased the percent change in ACh release. G-1 produced a slightly lesser effect. The effect of TAM was reduced by G-15, but the effect of E was not. These findings suggest that activation of GPR30 is both necessary and sufficient to account for the effects of E on ACh release associated with feeding. In contrast, activation of GPR30 appears to be sufficient, but may not be necessary for increased release associated with elevated potassium. The changes associated with feeding are consistent with the effects of E, G-1 and G-15 on acquisition of a spatial learning task previously described. These data confirm and extend previous reports, and support a hypothesis wherein E treatment can improve learning on specific tasks by activating GPR30 and enhancing ACh release in association with food reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Gibbs
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 1004 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - D Nelson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 1004 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - R Hammond
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 1004 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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21
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Cocker MS, Spence J, McArdle B, deKemp R, Lum C, Hammond R, Youssef G, Yerofeyeva Y, Karavardanyan T, Adeeko A, Hill A, Stotts G, Nagpal S, Renaud J, Klein R, Kelly C, Brennan J, Garrard L, Alturkustani M, Hammond L, DaSilva J, Tardif J, Beanlands R. Evidence for Actively Inflamed Bilateral Carotid Plaque in Patients With Advanced Atherosclerosis, Insight From [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose Imaging: A Sub-Study of the Canadian Atherosclerosis Imaging Network (CAIN). Can J Cardiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.07.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Savla J, Lin K, Lefkowitz D, Paridon S, Gaynor J, Hammond R, Shaddy R, Rossano J. Impact of Adolescent Age on Graft Survival in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease Versus Myocarditis. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.01.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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23
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Hammond R, Nelson D, Kline E, Gibbs RB. Chronic treatment with a GPR30 antagonist impairs acquisition of a spatial learning task in young female rats. Horm Behav 2012; 62:367-74. [PMID: 22828404 PMCID: PMC3477261 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the beneficial effects of estradiol on cognitive performance may be mediated through GPR30, a putative membrane target of estrogens. Recently we showed that administration of a selective GPR30 agonist (G-1) to ovariectomized rats enhanced acquisition of a delayed matching-to-position (DMP) T-maze task and increased potassium-stimulated acetylcholine release in the hippocampus, similar to estradiol (E2) (Hammond et al., 2009). The present study tested whether treating with a selective GPR30 antagonist (G-15) would impair spatial learning in gonadally intact rats and in ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with E2. As predicted, G-15 dose-dependently impaired DMP acquisition both in gonadally intact rats and in OVX rats treated with E2. G-15 specifically reduced the rate of acquisition, and this effect was associated with an increased predisposition to adopt a persistent turn. In contrast, G-15 alone at the highest dose had no significant effect on DMP acquisition in OVX controls. The effects were task dependent, as similar effects of G-15 were not observed in gonadally intact rats tested on an operant discrimination/reversal learning task motivated by the same food reward. This suggests that the effects on DMP acquisition were not due to effects on motivation for food. Effects of G-15 on DMP acquisition were similar to previously published work showing significant impairment produced by selective cholinergic denervation of the hippocampus. These data suggest that GPR30 can play an important role in mediating the effects of estradiol on spatial learning, possibly by mediating estradiol effects on basal forebrain cholinergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hammond
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Cocker M, Mc Ardle B, DeKemp R, Lum C, Youssef G, Hammond R, Yerofeyeva Y, Karavardanyan T, Adeeko A, Hill A, Stotts G, Renaud J, Brennan J, Alturkustani M, Hammond L, DaSilva J, Tardif J, Spence J, Beanlands R. 190 Immunohistochemical Validation of [18f]-Fluorodeoxyglucose as a Novel Biomarker of Inflamed Vulnerable Carotid Plaque: A Sub-Study of the Canadian Atherosclerosis Imaging Network (CAIN). Can J Cardiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.07.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Gibbs RB, Chipman AM, Hammond R, Nelson D. Galanthamine plus estradiol treatment enhances cognitive performance in aged ovariectomized rats. Horm Behav 2011; 60:607-16. [PMID: 21889940 PMCID: PMC3210334 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that beneficial effects of estradiol on cognitive performance diminish with age and time following menopause due to a progressive decline in basal forebrain cholinergic function. This study tested whether galanthamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat memory impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease, could enhance or restore estradiol effects on cognitive performance in aged rats that had been ovariectomized in middle-age. Rats were ovariectomized at 16-17 months of age. At 21-22 months of age rats began receiving daily injections of galanthamine (5mg/day) or vehicle. After one week, half of each group also received 17ß-estradiol administered subcutaneously. Rats were then trained on a delayed matching to position (DMP) T-maze task, followed by an operant stimulus discrimination/reversal learning task. Treatment with galanthamine+estradiol significantly enhanced the rate of DMP acquisition and improved short-term delay-dependent spatial memory performance. Treatment with galanthamine or estradiol alone was without significant effect. Effects were task-specific in that galanthamine+estradiol treatment did not significantly improve performance on the stimulus discrimination/reversal learning task. In fact, estradiol was associated with a significant increase in incorrect responses on this task after reversal of the stimulus contingency. In addition, treatments did not significantly affect hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity or acetylcholine release. This may be an effect of age, or possibly is related to compensatory changes associated with long-term cholinesterase inhibitor treatment. The data suggest that treating with a cholinesterase inhibitor can enhance the effects of estradiol on acquisition of a DMP task by old rats following a long period of hormone deprivation. This could be of particular benefit to older women who have not used hormone therapy for many years and are beginning to show signs of mild cognitive impairment. Potential mechanisms for these effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Gibbs
- University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 1004 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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White GA, Hobson-West P, Cobb K, Craigon J, Hammond R, Millar KM. Canine obesity: is there a difference between veterinarian and owner perception? J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:622-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Youssef G, deKemp R, Hammond R, Yerofeyeva Y, Lum C, Hill A, Stotts G, Renaud J, Brennan J, Tardif J, Spence JD, Beanlands R. 648 Role of FDG-PET in imaging of carotid atherosclerotic plaque (FDG PET substudy of the canadian atherosclerosis imaging network project-II). Can J Cardiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.07.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Karmarkar S, Garber R, Genchanok Y, George S, Yang X, Hammond R. Quality by Design (QbD) Based Development of a Stability Indicating HPLC Method for Drug and Impurities. J Chromatogr Sci 2011; 49:439-46. [DOI: 10.1093/chrsci/49.6.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hammond R, Nelson D, Gibbs R. GPR30 co-localizes with cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and enhances potassium-stimulated acetylcholine release in the hippocampus. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011; 36:182-92. [PMID: 20696528 PMCID: PMC2994977 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
GPR30 is a novel, membrane-bound, G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (Filardo et al., 2002; Prossnitz et al., 2008). We hypothesize that GPR30 may mediate effects of estradiol (E2) on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cognitive performance. Recently we showed that G-1, a selective GPR30 agonist, enhances the rate of acquisition on a delayed matching-to-position (DMP) T-maze task (Hammond et al., 2009). In the present study, we examined the distribution of GPR30 in the rat forebrain, and the effects of G-1 on potassium-stimulated acetylcholine release in the hippocampus. GPR30-like immunoreactivity was detected in many regions of the forebrain including the hippocampus, frontal cortex, medial septum/diagonal band of Broca, nucleus basalis magnocellularis and striatum. GPR30 mRNA also was detected, with higher levels in the hippocampus and cortex than in the septum and striatum. Co-localization studies revealed that the majority (63-99%) of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain expressed GPR30-like immunoreactivity. A far lower percentage (0.4-42%) of GABAergic (parvalbumin-containing) cells also contained GPR30. Sustained administration of either G-1 or E2 (5 μg/day) to ovariectomized rats produced a nearly 3-fold increase in potassium-stimulated acetylcholine release in the hippocampus relative to vehicle-treated controls. These data demonstrate that GPR30 is expressed by cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, and suggest that activation of GPR30 enhances cholinergic function in the hippocampus similar to E2. This may account for the effects of G-1 on DMP acquisition previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hammond
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, TEL: 412-383-6877,
| | - D. Nelson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, TEL: 412-383-6877,
| | - R.B. Gibbs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, TEL: 412-383-6877,
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30
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Hammond R, Gibbs RB. GPR30 is positioned to mediate estrogen effects on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and cognitive performance. Brain Res 2010; 1379:53-60. [PMID: 21138734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.11.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of estrogen therapy on cognitive performance diminish with age and time following the loss of ovarian function. This has led to the 'Window of Opportunity' hypothesis, which states that estrogen therapy must be administered within a limited period of time following menopause in order to be effective. Effects of estrogen therapy on cognitive performance are due, at least in part, to the effects on cholinergic afferents innervating the hippocampus and cortex, and it has been suggested that the loss of estrogen effect with age and time following menopause is due to a substantial reduction in the function of these projections. The mechanisms that underlie the effects are not clear. GPR30 is a novel G-protein coupled estrogen receptor that is expressed in the brain and other tissues. Our recent studies show that GPR30 is expressed in areas of the brain important for spatial learning, memory, and attention. In addition, GPR30 in expressed by the vast majority of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, and appears to be an important regulator of basal forebrain cholinergic function. We hypothesize that GPR30 plays an important role in mediating direct effects of estradiol on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, with corresponding effects on cognitive performance. Hence, GPR30 may be an important target for developing new therapies that can enhance or restore estrogen effects on cognitive performance in older women. Here we briefly review the cholinergic hypothesis and summarize our findings to date showing effects of a GPR30 agonist and antagonist on basal forebrain cholinergic function and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hammond
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Fishman RA, Happ E, Stevens T, Kunschner L, Jaworski DM, Stradecki HM, Penar PL, Pendlebury WW, Pennington CJ, Edwards DR, Broaddus WC, Fillmore HL, Mukherjee J, Hawkins C, Guha A, Pioli PD, Milani S, Linskey ME, Zhou YH, Marchetti V, Barnett F, Wang M, Scheppke L, Sanchez-Cespedes J, De Rossi C, Nemerow G, Torbett B, Friedlander M, Goldlust SA, Singer S, DeAngelis LM, Lassman AB, Nolan CP, Yang SH, Lee SW, Chen ZP, Liu XM, Wojton JA, Chu Z, Qi X, Kaur B, Zhou YH, Hu Y, Pioli PD, Siegel E, Ro DI, Marlon S, Hsu N, Milani SN, Mohan S, Yu L, Hess KR, Linskey ME, Liu Y, Carson-Walter E, Walter K, Raghu H, Gondi CS, Gujrati M, Dinh DH, Rao JS, Narayana A, Kunnakkat SD, Medabalmi P, Golfinos J, Parker E, Knopp E, Zagzag D, Gruber D, Gruber ML, Burrell K, Jelveh S, Lindsey P, Hill R, Zadeh G, Ivkovic S, Beadle C, Massey SC, Swanson KR, Canoll P, Rosenfeld SS, McAllister S, Soroceanu L, Pakdel A, Limbad C, Adrados I, Desprez PY, Nakada M, Nambu E, Furuyama N, Yoshida Y, Kita D, Hayashi Y, Hayashi Y, Hamada JI, Seyed Sadr M, Maret D, Seyed Sadr E, Siu V, Alshami J, Denault JS, Faury D, Jabado N, Nantel A, Del Maestro R, Kunnakkat SD, Perretta D, Medabalmi P, Gruber ML, Gruber D, Golfinos J, Parker E, Narayana A, Pioli PD, Linskey ME, Zhou YH, Nagaiah G, Almubarak M, Torres-Trejo A, Newton, M, Willey P, Altaha R, Murphy SF, Banasiak M, Yee GT, Wotoczek-Obadia M, Tran Y, Prak A, Albright R, Mullan M, Paris D, Brem S, Yang YP, Ennis M, Tran N, Symons M, Najbauer J, Huszthy PC, Garcia E, Metz MZ, Gutova M, Frank RT, Miletic H, Glackin CA, Barish ME, Bjerkvig R, Aboody KS, Clump DA, Engh JA, Mintz AH, Cunnick J, Flynn DC, Clark AJ, Butowski NA, Chang SM, Prados MD, Clarke J, Polley MYC, Sughrue ME, McDermott MW, Parsa AT, Berger MS, Aghi MK, Megyesi JF, Costello P, Macdonald W, Dyer E, Macdonald D, Hammond R, Kalache Y, Easaw J, McIntyre J, Williams SC, Karajannis MA, Chiriboga L, von Deimling A, Zagzag D, Ajlan A, Husaine S, Petrecca K, Magnus N, Garnier D, Meehan B, Rak J. Angiogenesis and Invasion. Neuro Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noq116.s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Bustillo JR, Rowland LM, Mullins P, Jung R, Chen H, Qualls C, Hammond R, Brooks WM, Lauriello J. 1H-MRS at 4 tesla in minimally treated early schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:629-36. [PMID: 19918243 PMCID: PMC2892215 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated glutamate-related neuronal dysfunction in the anterior cingulate (AC) early in schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic treatment. A total of 14 minimally treated schizophrenia patients and 10 healthy subjects were studied with single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) of the AC, frontal white matter and thalamus at 4 T. Concentrations of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln) and Gln/Glu ratios were determined and corrected for the partial tissue volume. Patients were treated with antipsychotic medication following a specific algorithm and (1)H-MRS was repeated after 1, 6 and 12 months. There were group x region interactions for baseline NAA (P=0.074) and Gln/Glu (P=0.028): schizophrenia subjects had lower NAA (P=0.045) and higher Gln/Glu (P=0.006) in the AC before treatment. In addition, AC Gln/Glu was inversely related to AC NAA in the schizophrenia (P=0.0009) but not in the control group (P=0.92). Following antipsychotic treatment, there were no further changes in NAA, Gln/Glu or any of the other metabolites in any of the regions studied. We conclude that early in the illness, schizophrenia patients already show abnormalities in glutamatergic metabolism and reductions in NAA consistent with glutamate-related excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- JR Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - LM Rowland
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Mullins
- The Mental Illness and Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - R Jung
- The Mental Illness and Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA,Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - H Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - C Qualls
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - R Hammond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - WM Brooks
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - J Lauriello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Snodderly M, Hammond R, Stringham J, Wooten B. Compensation for light loss due to filtering by the macular pigment: Specificity of the mechanism. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/7.9.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hammond R, Mauk R, Ninaci D, Nelson D, Gibbs RB. Chronic treatment with estrogen receptor agonists restores acquisition of a spatial learning task in young ovariectomized rats. Horm Behav 2009; 56:309-14. [PMID: 19560466 PMCID: PMC2772993 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that continuous estradiol replacement in young ovariectomized rats enhances acquisition of a delayed matching-to-position (DMP) T-maze task over that of ovariectomized controls. The mechanism by which estradiol confers this benefit has not been fully elucidated. This study examined the role of selective estrogen receptor agonists of ERalpha, ERbeta, and GPR30 in the enhancement of spatial learning on a DMP task by comparing continuous estradiol replacement with continuous administration of PPT (an agonist of ERalpha), DPN (an agonist of ERbeta), or G-1 (an agonist of GPR30) relative to gonadally intact and ovariectomized vehicle-treated controls. It was found that ovariectomy impaired acquisition on this task, whereas all ER selective agonists restored the rate of acquisition to that of gonadally intact controls. These data suggest that estradiol can work through any of several estrogen receptors to enhance the rate of acquisition on this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Hammond
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, TEL: 412-383-6877,
| | - R. Mauk
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, TEL: 412-383-6877,
| | - D. Ninaci
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, TEL: 412-383-6877,
| | - D. Nelson
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, TEL: 412-383-6877,
| | - RB Gibbs
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1009 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, TEL: 412-383-6877,
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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36
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Hammond R, Johnson A. Use of the Zenoderm porcine dermis sling in the treatment of stress incontinence. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/01443618709013663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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Gimotty P, Yoon F, Hammond R, Rosenbaum P, Guerry D. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) improves survival among SEER patients with melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.9005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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39
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Abraitiene A, Zhao Y, Hammond R. Nuclear targeting by fragmentation of the potato spindle tuber viroid genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 368:470-5. [PMID: 18211806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transient expression of engineered reporter RNAs encoding an intron-containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a Potato virus X-based expression vector previously demonstrated the nuclear targeting capability of the 359 nucleotide Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) RNA genome. To further delimit the putative nuclear-targeting signal, PSTVd subgenomic fragments were embedded within the intron, and recombinant reporter RNAs were inoculated onto Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Appearance of green fluorescence in leaf tissue inoculated with PSTVd-fragment-containing constructs indicated shuttling of the RNA into the nucleus by fragments as short as 80 nucleotides in length. Plant-to-plant variation in the timing of intron removal and subsequent GFP fluorescence was observed; however, earliest and most abundant GFP expression was obtained with constructs containing the conserved hairpin I palindrome structure and embedded upper central conserved region. Our results suggest that this conserved sequence and/or the stem-loop structure it forms is sufficient for import of PSTVd into the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Abraitiene
- Eukaryote Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Chicas M, Caviedes M, Hammond R, Madriz K, Albertazzi F, Villalobos H, Ramírez P. Partial characterization of Maize rayado fino virus isolates from Ecuador: Phylogenetic analysis supports a Central American origin of the virus. Virus Res 2007; 126:268-76. [PMID: 17386956 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) infects maize and appears to be restricted to, yet widespread in, the Americas. MRFV was previously unreported from Ecuador. Maize plants exhibiting symptoms of MRFV infection were collected at the Santa Catalina experiment station in Quito, Ecuador. RT-PCR reactions were performed on total RNA extracted from the symptomatic leaves using primers specific for the capsid protein (CP) gene and 3' non-translated region of MRFV and first strand cDNA as a template. Nucleotide sequence comparisons to previously sequenced MRFV isolates from other geographic regions revealed 88-91% sequence identity. Phylogenetic trees constructed using Maximum Likelihood, UPGMA, Minimal Evolution, Neighbor Joining, and Maximum Parsimony methods separated the MRFV isolates into four groups. These groups may represent geographic isolation generated by the mountainous chains of the American continent. Analysis of the sequences and the genetic distances among the different isolates suggests that MRFV may have originated in Mexico and/or Guatemala and from there it dispersed to the rest of the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Chicas
- Centro de Investigacion en Biologia Celular y Molecular (CIBCM) and Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
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Mukkamala R, Kim J, Li Y, Sala-Mercado J, Hammond R, Scislo T, O'leary D. Identification of the arterial and cardiopulmonary total peripheral resistance baroreflex gain values from spontaneous hemodynamic variability. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2007; 2005:3958-61. [PMID: 17281098 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1615328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We have previously proposed a potentially noninvasive technique for determining the closed-loop gain values of the arterial and cardiopulmonary total peripheral resistance (TPR) baroreflex systems by mathematical analysis of beat-tobeat fluctuations in arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume. In this paper, we describe an evaluation of the technique with respect to spontaneous hemodynamic variability measured from seven conscious dogs before and after chronic arterial baroreceptor denervation. We report that the technique correctly predicted the expected changes in the TPR baroreflex gain values induced by the baroreceptor denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mukkamala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Andreadis C, Gimotty PA, Wahl P, Hammond R, Houldsworth J, Schuster SJ, Rebbeck TR. Members of the glutathione (GSH) and ABC-transporter families are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLCL). J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.10035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
10035 Background: Chemotherapy only cures 60–70% of DLCL patients (pts). While genes in both the GSH and ABC-transporter families have been implicated in drug resistance in other malignancies, their role in DLCL remains controversial. Methods: This study includes 94 DLCL pts with tissue expression data obtained prior to anthracycline-based chemotherapy from 2 oligonucleotide microarray datasets (Affymetrix) with annotated clinical information. Patient-level expression was derived for 10 key genes utilizing probe set matching and levels were adjusted for a common probe set signal. Freedom-from-progression (FFP) was analyzed using an accelerated failure-time regression model, stratified by the international prognostic index (IPI). CART software was used to develop a classification tree for the 2-year disease-free rate. Results: Based on IPI, 48% of pts were low risk, 23% were low-intermediate (int) risk, 24% high-int risk, and 12% were high risk. After therapy, 30 pts (32%) had disease relapse or progression within 2 yrs and 58 pts (62%) were disease-free; 6 (6%) had shorter follow-up. Expression of multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1; ABCB1) was favorably associated with FFP (β=1.89, p=0.004), with a 100-point change in the expression signal resulting in a near-doubling of the time to failure (time ratio (TR) = 2.2, 95%CI: 1.3–3.6). Expression of GSH S-transferase μ, classes 1/2/4 (GSTM124) was also favorably associated with FFP (β=0.14, p=0.001); a 1000-point signal change resulted in a near-doubling of the time to failure (TR=1.8, 1.3–2.4). Based on our tree, 2 risk groups were identified using IPI and 3 genes: ABCB1, GSTM124, and GSH cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM). Thus, 89% (78%-96%) pts in the low-risk group (N=56) were disease-free at 2 yrs vs. 25% (11%-43%) pts in the high-risk group (p<0.001). Conclusions: We observed a significant favorable association between expression of genes in the GSH and ABC-transporter families, and FFP in pts treated for DLCL. Moreover, we generated 2 risk groups based on the IPI and the expression of 3 key genes, which we plan to validate in an independent dataset. Our findings suggest an additional role for these genes that are classically associated with drug resistance. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Andreadis
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - P. A. Gimotty
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - P. Wahl
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - R. Hammond
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - J. Houldsworth
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - S. J. Schuster
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - T. R. Rebbeck
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Costello PC, MacDonald D, McDonald W, Hammond R, Sloby V, Faubert B, Megyesi J. Determination of human brain tumour therapy response using an ex vivo invasion assay provides a potential step toward individualized treatment. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.11509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
11509 Background: Malignant brain tumours are the 6th leading cause of pre-mature death in Ontario with over 10,000 potential years of life lost each year. Improved treatment for malignant brain tumours is needed. Models assessing chemotherapy response employ clonal malignant human tumour cells while patient responses are heterogeneous. Tumour spreading is dependent on tissue invasion and in this study, a surgical sample of each patient’s tumour was used to assess invasion and growth while exposed to a panel of clinically relevant chemotherapies. Methods: Tissue specimens were placed into a nutrient-rich collagen gel that mimics the tumour environment in the body. Chemotherapy treatments were suspended in the matrix surrounding the tumour. Growth and invasion in the presence of chemotherapies was assessed for 5 days following surgical removal in this 3 dimensional matrix and compared to control conditions using student t- test. Results: 12 patient’s individual tumour response was assessed. 4 patients tumours did not respond to any chemotherapy tested. Table 1 shows the number of responders to each therapy tested. Conclusions: Individual response to chemotherapy is highly variable both clinically and in our ex vivo assessment of tissue fragments. Several patients (8/12 or 67%) tumour assessment displayed significant (p<.05) response to one or more therapies. Results from this data will continue to be compared to patient response, The overall predictive value of the data obtained using this ex vivo model will be determined by continuing to collect information time to recurrence and survival at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months) from 90 solid tumour patients per year. Pre-assessment each patient’s responsiveness to chemotherapies could lead to more individualized and therefore more effective treatment. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- P. C. Costello
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; ONCO-SCREEN Inc, London, ON, Canada; PC Healthcare Communications, Inc, London, ON, Canada
| | - D. MacDonald
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; ONCO-SCREEN Inc, London, ON, Canada; PC Healthcare Communications, Inc, London, ON, Canada
| | - W. McDonald
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; ONCO-SCREEN Inc, London, ON, Canada; PC Healthcare Communications, Inc, London, ON, Canada
| | - R. Hammond
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; ONCO-SCREEN Inc, London, ON, Canada; PC Healthcare Communications, Inc, London, ON, Canada
| | - V. Sloby
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; ONCO-SCREEN Inc, London, ON, Canada; PC Healthcare Communications, Inc, London, ON, Canada
| | - B. Faubert
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; ONCO-SCREEN Inc, London, ON, Canada; PC Healthcare Communications, Inc, London, ON, Canada
| | - J. Megyesi
- University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; ONCO-SCREEN Inc, London, ON, Canada; PC Healthcare Communications, Inc, London, ON, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Brodbelt
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU
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Siddiqi F, Hammond R, Lee D, Duggal N. Spontaneous chronic spinal subdural hematoma associated with spinal arachnoiditis and syringomyelia. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12:949-53. [PMID: 16326275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous chronic spinal subdural hematoma is rare. We describe a case of spontaneous chronic spinal subdural hematoma associated with arachnoiditis and syringomyelia in a 76-year old woman who presented with a 14-year history of progressive myelopathy. MRI scan revealed a thoraco-lumbar subdural cystic lesion and a thoracic syrinx. The patient underwent thoracic laminectomy and decompression of the lesion, which was a subdural hematoma. A myelotomy was performed to drain the syrinx. Pathological examination revealed features consistent with chronic subdural membrane. This report attempts to elucidate the pathogenesis of chronic spinal subdural hematoma. We discuss possible etiological factors in light of the current literature and pathogenesis of both spinal subdural hematoma and syrinx formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Siddiqi
- Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Shchelkunov SN, Salyaev RK, Rekoslavskaya NI, Pozdnyakov SG, Nesterov AE, Sumtsova VM, Pakova NV, Mishutina UO, Kopytina TV, Hammond R. Study of immunogenic properties of the candidate edible vaccine against human immunodeficiency and hepatitis B viruses based on transgenic tomato fruits. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2005; 401:167-9. [PMID: 15999829 DOI: 10.1007/s10628-005-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S N Shchelkunov
- Vektor State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology, p. Kol'tsovo, Novosibirsk oblast 630559, Russia
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Shchelkunov SN, Salyaev RK, Rekoslavskaya NI, Ryzhova TS, Pozdnyakov SG, Sumtsova VM, Pakova NV, Mishutina UO, Kopytina TV, Hammond R. The Obtaining of Transgenic Tomato Plant Producing Chimerical Proteins TBI-HBsAg. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2004; 396:139-42. [PMID: 15378910 DOI: 10.1023/b:dobi.0000033512.53069.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S N Shchelkunov
- Vektor State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology, p. Kol'tsovo, Novosibirsk oblast, 630559 Russia
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Xenitidis K, Gratsa A, Bouras N, Hammond R, Ditchfield H, Holt G, Martin J, Brooks D. Psychiatric inpatient care for adults with intellectual disabilities: generic or specialist units? J Intellect Disabil Res 2004; 48:11-18. [PMID: 14675226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2004.00586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) require a psychiatric admission, general adult mental health units are often used. Specialist units have emerged recently as a care option but there is only limited evidence of their effectiveness. Thus this study aims to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of a specialist inpatient unit and report on the utilization of generic and specialist inpatient services. METHOD All patients admitted to a specialist ID psychiatric unit were evaluated on admission and immediately after discharge on a number of outcome measures. In addition, they were compared with those admitted to general adult mental health units covering the same catchment area. RESULTS Significant improvements were demonstrated within the specialist unit cohort on measures including psychopathology, global level of functioning, behavioural impairment and severity of mental illness. The specialist unit patients had a longer length of inpatient stay but were less likely to be discharged to out-of-area residential placement. CONCLUSIONS Specialist units are an effective care option for this group of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Xenitidis
- South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, York Clinic, Guy's Hospital, London SEI 3RR, UK.
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