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Whitaker J, Rickard R, Leather A, Davies J. Exploring the global health and defence engagement interface. BMJ Mil Health 2023:e002497. [PMID: 38053261 DOI: 10.1136/military-2023-002497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Militaries have an important and inevitable role in global health and will interface with existing health systems on deployments. While the primary concern of militaries is not global health, there are clear, and increasingly frequent, circumstances when global health activities align with the interests of defence. Recognising this link between global health and security warrants thoughtful consideration and action where concerns affecting both intersect. In addition to providing medical support to military personnel on operations, advantageous effects can be achieved directly from military medical activities as part of Defence Engagement. While there are limitations and ethical boundaries to the role of militaries in global health, further training, research and conceptual development are warranted to optimise military medical activity at the intersection of security and global health to deliver advantageous effects. This paper forms part of a special issue of BMJ Military Health dedicated to Defence Engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Whitaker
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Rickard
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - A Leather
- School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Davies
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Global Surgery, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Staruch R, Naumann DN, Wordsworth M, Jeffery S, Rickard R. Understanding progressive tissue loss and wound burden in combat casualties: lessons learnt for future operational capability. BMJ Mil Health 2023:e002227. [PMID: 38053264 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding tissue loss following injury is important due to its prevalence among the war-wounded and the impact it has on subsequent treatment and rehabilitation. Progressive tissue loss is a type of tissue loss that has complicated extremity injury in recent conflicts. It has resulted in more proximal residual limb lengths and has influenced rehabilitation. Quantifying wound burden in combat casualties remains a challenge due to poor quality of data sets that lack the capacity for detailed analysis. The aims of this article are to outline the current hurdles in attempting to quantify wound burden in combat casualties and to propose simple interventions to improve data capture for future analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Staruch
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D N Naumann
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Wordsworth
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - S Jeffery
- Department of Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Rickard
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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Rela M, Sarginson J, Rickard R. 546 A Longitudinal Case History of Skin Cancer Presentations from One of the UK's Longest Surviving Renal Transplant Patients. Br J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znac269.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The immunosuppression required by solid-organ transplant patients not only increases their risk of severe infections but also pre-disposes them to post-transplant malignancy, with skin cancers being the most frequent type. We present a longitudinal history of skin cancers in a patient who received their kidney transplant as a child and has been on immunosuppression for 50 years.
Case Report
The patient developed renal failure at 12 years of age and received a living donor renal transplant in 1970. He developed his first skin cancer in 2004, 34 years later. To date he has had a total of 173 lesions excised of which 123 were a non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) (108 basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and 15 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs)). None of these lesions had any high-severity features such as poor differentiation or lymphovascular invasion. Numbers of BCCs have not varied, but numbers of SCCs, Bowen's disease and Actinic Keratoses have risen gradually over time.
Discussion
The patient developed his first skin cancer later than has typically been reported in transplant patients and has had a ratio of BCCs to SCCs more similar to the non-transplant population.
Conclusion
Whilst the patient has had a large number of NMSCs over time, a recognised association for those taking immunosuppressive medications, the types and nature of his lesions mirrored that of the non-transplant population, which could relate to the fact he received his transplant as a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rela
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust , Plymouth , United Kingdom
| | - J Sarginson
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust , Plymouth , United Kingdom
| | - R Rickard
- University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust , Plymouth , United Kingdom
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Staruch RMT, Spear AM, Edwards J, Rickard R, Thompson M. O3: EVALUATION OF A 3D PRINTED BIO-ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE-ORGANOID FOR TRAUMA RESEARCH. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab117.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Organoid models serve as a robust platform for investigating injury and disease in vitro. Currently, representative models of injury are lacking to investigate the effects of traumatic damage to organs and tissues. Here we describe a three-dimensional in vitro model of high strain rate loading seen in traumatic blast injury.
Method
3D printing resins were tested for Young's Modulus & Poisson Ratio using a universal testing Organoids were then loaded into a 3D Printed bioreactor for high strain rate loading using a split Hopkinson pressure bar device. machine and digital image. Euler beam theory was used to evaluate post deflection. C2C12 myoblasts were seeded in fibrin hydrogels around 3D printed posts using a custom designed jig. High strain rate loading was applied to constructs, then qPCR & Fluorescent Live/Dead staining was utilised to demonstrate cell alignment and myotube formation.
Result
Young's modulus of Flexible resin was 11.51Mpa. Differentiated C2C12 myoblasts were capable of alignment between posts and expression of key markers of differentiation shown by qPCR & imaging. MYH5, MYH2 & MYH1 all had a > 1.5 old increase in expression compared to undifferentiated controls. Organoids were capable of survival in bioreactor casings for over 24 hours and were intact after application of high strain rate loading.
Conclusion
This work demonstrates the first use of a 3D printed organoid in vitro model to investigate high strain rate loading for trauma research. This organoid is capable of high throughput analysis to facilitate genomic and protein level expression analysis.
Take-home message
This work demonstrates the first use of a 3D printed organoid in vitro model to investigate high strain rate loading for trauma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- RMT Staruch
- University of Oxford
- Academic Department of Military Surgery & Trauma
| | - AM Spear
- Defence Science & Technology Laboratories
| | | | - R Rickard
- Academic Department of Military Surgery & Trauma
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Abstract
Topical negative pressure is widely used in the management of superficial wounds. The use of this technology in the management of oesophageal perforations is becoming increasingly common. This systematic review aims to capture available evidence about its use in this setting. Medline and Embase were searched using MeSH terms and free text: esophageal perforation; esophageal injury; vacuum assisted closure; vacuum therapy device; esophagus; wounds penetrating; esophageal perforation; wound healing; negative pressure wound therapy. Searches were carried out between April and November 2015. Case series, cohort trials and controlled trials were included. Additional studies were found by hand searching reference lists. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria with 180 patients. Nine of the studies were case series and two were retrospective comparisons of negative pressure with stents or clips. Healing of the perforation occurred in 163/179 patients and the overall mortality was 12.8%. Compared with published data on mortality from oesophageal perforation, the application of negative pressure appears to be beneficial. The studies are, however, limited to case series and retrospective cohort studies. The number of patients in each study is small and in the absence of randomized trials demonstrating a lack of bias firm conclusions cannot be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Newton
- Gastrointestinal Services, University College Hospital, London
| | - A Sharrock
- Centre for Blast Injury Studies Imperial College, London
| | - R Rickard
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - M Mughal
- Gastrointestinal Services, University College Hospital, London
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Mai CT, Isenburg J, Langlois PH, Alverson CJ, Gilboa SM, Rickard R, Canfield MA, Anjohrin SB, Lupo PJ, Jackson DR, Stallings EB, Scheuerle AE, Kirby RS. Population-based birth defects data in the United States, 2008 to 2012: Presentation of state-specific data and descriptive brief on variability of prevalence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 103:972-93. [PMID: 26611917 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cara T Mai
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Isenburg
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Carter Consulting, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter H Langlois
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas
| | - C J Alverson
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suzanne M Gilboa
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Russel Rickard
- National Birth Defects Prevention Network, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark A Canfield
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas
| | - Suzanne B Anjohrin
- Florida Birth Defects Registry, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Philip J Lupo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Deanna R Jackson
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erin B Stallings
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Carter Consulting, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Angela E Scheuerle
- Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Russell S Kirby
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Sharrock AE, Barker T, Yuen HM, Rickard R, Tai N. Management and closure of the open abdomen after damage control laparotomy for trauma. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Injury 2016; 47:296-306. [PMID: 26462958 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Damage control laparotomy for trauma (DCL) entails immediate control of haemorrhage and contamination, temporary abdominal closure (TAC), a period of physiological stabilisation, then definitive repair of injuries. Although immediate primary fascial closure is desired, fascial retraction and visceral oedema may dictate an alternate approach. Our objectives were to systematically identify and compare methods for restoration of fascial continuity when primary closure is not possible following DCL for trauma, to simplify these into a standardised map, and describe the ideal measures of process and outcome for future studies. METHODS Cochrane, OVID (Medline, AMED, Embase, HMIC) and PubMed databases were accessed using terms: (traum*, damage control, abbreviated laparotomy, component separation, fascial traction, mesh closure, planned ventral hernia (PVH), and topical negative pressure (TNP)). Randomised Controlled Trials, Case Series and Cohort Studies reporting TAC and early definitive closure methods in trauma patients undergoing DCL were included. Outcomes were mortality, days to fascial closure, hospital length of stay, abdominal complications and delayed ventral herniation. RESULTS 26 studies described and compared early definitive closure methods; delayed primary closure (DPC), component separation (CS) and mesh repair (MR), among patients with an open abdomen after DCL for trauma. A three phase map was developed to describe the temporal and sequential attributes of each technique. Significant heterogeneity in nomenclature, terminology, and reporting of outcomes was identified. Estimates for abdominal complications in DPC, MR and CS groups were 17%, 41% and 17% respectively, while estimates for mortality in DPC and MR groups were 6% and 0.5% (data heterogeneity and requirement of fixed and random effects models prevented significance assessment). Estimates for abdominal closure in the MR and DPC groups differed; 6.30 (95% CI=5.10-7.51), and 15.90 (95% CI=9.22-22.58) days respectively. Reporting poverty prevented subgroup estimate generation for ventral hernia and hospital length of stay. CONCLUSION Component separation or mesh repair may be valid alternatives to delayed primary closure following a trauma DCL. Comparisons were hampered by the lack of uniform reporting and bias. We propose a new system of standardised nomenclature and reporting for further investigation and management of the post-DCL open abdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Sharrock
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.
| | - T Barker
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - H M Yuen
- Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD
| | - R Rickard
- Department of Primary Care and Population Sciences, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD
| | - N Tai
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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Anderka M, Mai CT, Romitti PA, Copeland G, Isenburg J, Feldkamp ML, Krikov S, Rickard R, Olney RS, Canfield MA, Stanton C, Mosley B, Kirby RS. Development and implementation of the first national data quality standards for population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:925. [PMID: 26386816 PMCID: PMC4575466 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population-based birth defects surveillance is a core public health activity in the United States (U.S.); however, the lack of national data quality standards has limited the use of birth defects surveillance data across state programs. Development of national standards will facilitate data aggregation and utilization across birth defects surveillance programs in the U.S. Methods Based on national standards for other U.S. public health surveillance programs, existing National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN) guidelines for conducting birth defects surveillance, and information from birth defects surveillance programs regarding their current data quality practices, we developed 11 data quality measures that focused on data completeness (n = 5 measures), timeliness (n = 2), and accuracy (n = 4). For each measure, we established tri-level performance criteria (1 = rudimentary, 2 = essential, 3 = optimal). In January 2014, we sent birth defects surveillance programs in each state, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the U.S. Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Registry an invitation to complete a self-administered NBDPN Standards Data Quality Assessment Tool. The completed forms were electronically submitted to the CDC for analyses. Results Of 47 eligible population-based surveillance programs, 45 submitted a completed assessment tool. Two of the 45 programs did not meet minimum inclusion criteria and were excluded; thus, the final analysis included information from 43 programs. Average scores for four of the five completeness performance measures were above level 2. Conversely, the average scores for both timeliness measures and three of the four accuracy measures were below level 2. Surveillance programs using an active case-finding approach scored higher than programs using passive case-finding approaches for the completeness and accuracy measures, whereas their average scores were lower for timeliness measures. Conclusions This initial, nation-wide assessment of data quality across U.S. population-based birth defects surveillance programs highlights areas for improvement. Using this information to identify strengths and weaknesses, the birth defects surveillance community, working through the NBDPN, can enhance and implement a consistent set of standards that can promote uniformity and enable surveillance programs to work towards improving the potential of these programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2223-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Anderka
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 250 Washington St. 5th floor, Boston, MA, 02108, USA.
| | - Cara T Mai
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Paul A Romitti
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Glenn Copeland
- Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Jennifer Isenburg
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Carter Consulting, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Marcia L Feldkamp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Sergey Krikov
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Russel Rickard
- National Birth Defects Prevention Network, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Richard S Olney
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mark A Canfield
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Birth Defects Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Carol Stanton
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Bridget Mosley
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - Russell S Kirby
- Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Marshall J, Salemi JL, Tanner JP, Ramakrishnan R, Feldkamp ML, Marengo LK, Meyer RE, Druschel CM, Rickard R, Kirby RS. Prevalence, Correlates, and Outcomes of Omphalocele in the United States, 1995–2005. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 126:284-293. [DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kinnear-Mellor R, Newton K, Woolley T, Rickard R. Predictive utility of cardiac ultrasound in traumatic cardiac arrest in a combat casualty. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2015; 162:68-70. [PMID: 25736444 DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2014-000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of traumatic cardiac arrest in a combat casualty who was resuscitated to return of spontaneous circulation despite asystole and no visible cardiac activity on initial ultrasound examination. This return of spontaneous circulation suggests that survival may be possible in traumatic cardiac arrest due to exsanguination, even when there is no demonstrable cardiac activity on ultrasound. Cardiac ultrasonography was performed for 10 s only. We suggest that cardiac ultrasonography should be performed for a minimum of 1 min during volume resuscitation. If absence of cardiac activity is confirmed once the heart is full, and there are no other signs of life (including pupillary reaction), then termination of resuscitation should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Newton
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T Woolley
- Department of Military Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - R Rickard
- Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
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Mai CT, Cassell CH, Meyer RE, Isenburg J, Canfield MA, Rickard R, Olney RS, Stallings EB, Beck M, Hashmi SS, Cho SJ, Kirby RS. Birth defects data from population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States, 2007 to 2011: highlighting orofacial clefts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:895-904. [PMID: 25399767 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
© 2014 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara T Mai
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Canfield MA, Mai CT, Wang Y, O'Halloran A, Marengo LK, Olney RS, Borger CL, Rutkowski R, Fornoff J, Irwin N, Copeland G, Flood TJ, Meyer RE, Rickard R, Alverson CJ, Sweatlock J, Kirby RS. The association between race/ethnicity and major birth defects in the United States, 1999-2007. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:e14-23. [PMID: 25033129 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between race/ethnicity and 27 major birth defects. METHODS We pooled data from 12 population-based birth defects surveillance systems in the United States that included 13.5 million live births (1 of 3 of US births) from 1999 to 2007. Using Poisson regression, we calculated prevalence estimates for each birth defect and 13 racial/ethnic groupings, along with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs). Non-Hispanic Whites served as the referent group. RESULTS American Indians/Alaska Natives had a significantly higher and 50% or greater prevalence for 7 conditions (aPR = 3.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.89, 5.44 for anotia or microtia); aPRs of 1.5 to 2.1 for cleft lip, trisomy 18, and encephalocele, and lower, upper, and any limb deficiency). Cubans and Asians, especially Chinese and Asian Indians, had either significantly lower or similar prevalences of these defects compared with non-Hispanic Whites, with the exception of anotia or microtia among Chinese (aPR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.30, 3.33) and Filipinos (aPR = 1.90; 95% CI = 1.10, 3.30) and tetralogy of Fallot among Vietnamese (aPR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.11, 2.32). CONCLUSIONS This is the largest population-based study to our knowledge to systematically examine the prevalence of a range of major birth defects across many racial/ethnic groups, including Asian and Hispanic subgroups. The relatively high prevalence of birth defects in American Indians/Alaska Natives warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Canfield
- Mark A. Canfield and Lisa K. Marengo are with the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin. Cara T. Mai, Alissa O'Halloran, Richard S. Olney, and C. J. Alverson are with the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Ying Wang is with the New York State Department of Health, Albany. Christopher L. Borger is with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston. Rachel Rutkowski is with the Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee. Jane Fornoff is with the Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield. Nila Irwin is with the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln. Glenn Copeland is with the Michigan Birth Defects Registry, Michigan Department of Community Health, Lansing. Timothy J. Flood is with the Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix. Robert E. Meyer is with the North Carolina Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Raleigh. Russel Rickard is with the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver. Joseph Sweatlock is with the New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton. Russell S. Kirby is with the Department of Community and Family Health, University of South Florida, Tampa
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Mai CT, Kucik JE, Isenburg J, Feldkamp ML, Marengo LK, Bugenske EM, Thorpe PG, Jackson JM, Correa A, Rickard R, Alverson CJ, Kirby RS. Selected birth defects data from population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States, 2006 to 2010: featuring trisomy conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 97:709-25. [PMID: 24265125 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cara T Mai
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Mai CT, Riehle-Colarusso T, O'Halloran A, Cragan JD, Olney RS, Lin A, Feldkamp M, Botto LD, Rickard R, Anderka M, Ethen M, Stanton C, Ehrhardt J, Canfield M. Selected birth defects data from population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States, 2005-2009: Featuring critical congenital heart defects targeted for pulse oximetry screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:970-83. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Parker SE, Mai CT, Canfield MA, Rickard R, Wang Y, Meyer RE, Anderson P, Mason CA, Collins JS, Kirby RS, Correa A. Updated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004-2006. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:1008-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1320] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Parker SE, Mai CT, Strickland MJ, Olney RS, Rickard R, Marengo L, Wang Y, Hashmi SS, Meyer RE. Multistate study of the epidemiology of clubfoot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 85:897-904. [PMID: 19697433 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although clubfoot is a common birth defect, with a prevalence of approximately 1 per 1000 livebirths, the etiology of clubfoot remains largely unknown. Studies of the prevalence and risk factors for clubfoot in the United States have previously been limited to specific states. The purpose of this study was to pool data from several birth defects surveillance programs to better estimate the prevalence of clubfoot and investigate its risk factors. METHODS The 10 population-based birth defects surveillance programs that participated in this study ascertained 6139 cases of clubfoot from 2001 through 2005. A random sample of 10 controls per case, matched on year and state of birth, was selected from birth certificates. Data on infant and maternal risk factors were collected from birth certificates. Prevalence was calculated by pooling the state-specific data. Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate the association between risk factors and clubfoot. RESULTS The overall prevalence of clubfoot was 1.29 per 1000 livebirths; 1.38 among non-Hispanic whites, 1.30 among Hispanics, and 1.14 among non-Hispanic blacks or African Americans. Maternal age, parity, education, and marital status were significantly associated with clubfoot. Maternal smoking and diabetes also showed significant associations. Several of these observed associations were consistent between surveillance programs. CONCLUSIONS We estimated the prevalence of clubfoot using data from several birth defects programs, representing one-quarter of all births in the United States. Our findings underline the importance of birth defects surveillance programs and their utility in monitoring population-based prevalence and investigating risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Parker
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The experience of our multidisciplinary team in surgical treatment of female-to-male trans-sexualism is presented, and our treatment concepts described in detail. In addition, our preferred technique of neourethra formation using a prefabricated free fibula flap is described. PATIENTS AND METHOD From 1996 to 2003, thirty-four patients underwent gender reassignment surgery as a staged procedure. The neourethra was constructed using an anterior vaginal flap and the prefabricated free fibular flap. RESULTS There were four complete losses of the prefabricated fibular flap (11.7%). The neourethra stricture rate was 20.5% and the fistula formation rate was 14.7%. In 82.3% of the patients, the ability to micturate while standing was achieved. CONCLUSION This modern concept reduces the complication rate and improves the quality of patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dabernig
- Abteilung für Hand-, Mikro- und Plastische Chirurgie, Amper-Kliniken AG, Klinikum Dachau, Dachau, Germany
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Meyer C, Hudson D, Rickard R. Anastomotic Size Mismatch—Modeling of the Hemodynamics of Idealized Constructs by Means of Computational Fluid Dynamics. J Reconstr Microsurg 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-949005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Orton H, Rickard R, Miller L. Using active medical record review and capture-recapture methods to investigate the prevalence of Down Syndrome among live-born infants in Colorado. Teratology 2002; 64 Suppl 1:S14-9. [PMID: 11745839 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a 1994 comparison of Down Syndrome (DS) birth prevalence rates between 17 states (CDC '94), the average rate for the 17 states was 9.2 per 10,000 live-born infants. Colorado residents had the highest birth prevalence rate (12.3 per 10,000). We investigated the accuracy of this report. METHODS All children born to Colorado residents during 1989-1991 and reported to CRCSN as having DS went through an active medical record review to eliminate false-positive cases. To adjust for case underascertainment, we used capture-recapture methods to estimate the number of cases missed during surveillance activities. After eliminating false-positive cases and adjusting for case underascertainment, we estimated a new prevalence rate. RESULTS A total of 198 children born to Colorado residents during 1989-1991 were reported to CRCSN as having DS. Of these, 151 (76%) were definite cases, 25 (13%) were false-positive cases, and 22 (11%) were inconclusive. A log-linear capture-recapture model applied to the definite cases resulted in an estimate of three missing cases. Therefore, the estimated total number of definite DS cases in Colorado was 155 (95% CI = (153-160)) and the new prevalence rate for 1989-1991 was 9.6 per 10,000 live-born infants. CONCLUSIONS Identifying false-positive cases and applying capture-recapture methods can help identify problems with birth defects surveillance efforts and provide direction for improvements. In Colorado, these techniques identified a problem of false-positive and inconclusive reports of DS. Case underascertainment was discovered not to be a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Orton
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Denver, CO 80222, USA
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Callender ES, Rickard R, Miller L, Rinsky-Eng J. Knowledge and use of folic acid supplementation: a study of Colorado women whose pregnancies were affected by a fetal neural tube defect. CLIN INVEST MED 2001; 24:124-8. [PMID: 11437063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether women who have ha da pregnancy in which the fetus is affected by a neural tube defect (NTD) know of current folic acid recommendations; whether the recommendations are followed before or during the pregnancy associated with an NTD and subsequent pregnancies; and to insure that women who have had an NTD-affected pregnancy have access to proper information about NTDs and folic acid recommendations. METHODS Women living in Colorado who had a pregnancy in 1996 or 1997 in which the fetus had an NTD were interviewed in 1998 about their knowledge and use of folic acid supplementation. RESULTS Twenty-one of 42 eligible women were interviewed. All women first learned of the folic acid recommendations either during or after their affected pregnancy. Only 23.8% of the women took vitamins containing folic acid during the 1 to 3 months before becoming pregnant. None who had a subsequent pregnancy followed the recommendation to consume 4.0 mg/d of folic acid, beginning at least 1 month before conception. Women who had subsequent pregnancies became pregnant on average of 9 months after their affected pregnancy ended. CONCLUSIONS Most women who have an NTD-affected pregnancy are unaware of the national folic acid recommendations and do not follow these recommendations for subsequent pregnancies. However, such women are receptive to information about folic acid supplementation. Health care providers and public health officials should consider their role in assuring that education is provided in an effective and timely manner to women with NTD-affected pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Callender
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA.
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O'Donoghue JM, Chaubal ND, Haywood RM, Rickard R, Desai SN. An infiltration technique for reduction mammaplasty: results in 192 consecutive breasts. Acta Chir Plast 2000; 41:103-6. [PMID: 10743712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of local anaesthetic infiltration with adrenaline is now considered safe in reduction mammaplasty. However, the technique of infiltration by those who support its use is often unclear. Any technique must take account of the neurovascular anatomy of the breast if it is to be effective. We propose the use of a large volume of dilute local anaesthetic (20 ml of 1% lignocaine and 1 mg of adrenaline made up to 400 ml with 0.9% saline) which is placed judiciously in the retroglandular space 15 minutes prior to surgery. The results in 96 consecutive patients (192 breasts) who had an inferior pedicle technique were analysed. The breast complication rate was 9.36% and the patient complication rate 19.79%. Postoperative blood loss ranged from 0 to 305 ml with a mean of 56.03 ml and a median of 50 ml. The described method could be considered a variation of the tumescent technique used in liposuction. The results is an almost bloodless dissection with minimal postoperative blood loss. It should be possible to dispense with the use of drains in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M O'Donoghue
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Stoke Mandeville NHS Trust Hospital, Aylesbury, Bucks, United Kingdom
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Miller LA, Shaikh T, Stanton C, Montgomery A, Rickard R, Keefer S, Hoffman R. Surveillance for fetal alcohol syndrome in Colorado. Public Health Rep 1995; 110:690-7. [PMID: 8570819 PMCID: PMC1381808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors performed surveillance for fetal alcohol syndrome with an existing birth defects registry. Fetal alcohol syndrome cases were identified from multiple sources using passive surveillance and from two selected medical sites using enhanced surveillance. Between May 1992 and March 1994, a total of 173 cases were identified, and the medical records of the cases were reviewed to determine whether the cases met a surveillance case definition for fetal alcohol syndrome. Of these cases, 37 (21 percent) met either definite (28) or probable (9) criteria for fetal alcohol syndrome, 76 met possible criteria (44 percent), and 60 (35 percent) were defined as not fetal alcohol syndrome. Enhanced surveillance had the highest sensitivity for definite or probable cases, 31 of 37 (84 percent), followed by hospital discharge data, 14 of 37 (38 percent). The authors also compared birth certificate information for 22 definite or probable cases in children born between 1989 and 1992 to birth certificate information for all Colorado births for that period. The proportion of mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome was statistically significantly greater (as determined by exact binomial 95 percent confidence limits) than the proportion of all mothers for the following characteristics: black race (0.23 versus 0.05), unmarried (0.55 versus 0.22), not employed during pregnancy (0.86 versus 0.43), and started prenatal care in the third trimester (0.18 versus 0.04). Surveillance for fetal alcohol syndrome can be accomplished with an existing registry system in combination with additional case finding and verification activities. Through followup investigation of reported cases, data can be gathered on the mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome. These data could be used to target fetal alcohol syndrome prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Miller
- Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, DCEED-EE-A3, Denver 80222-1530, USA
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