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Forfang E, Larsen KT, Salman RA, Bell SM, Wester P, Berge E, Wyller TB, Rønning OM. Antithrombotic treatment after intracerebral hemorrhage: Surveys among stroke physicians in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1059. [PMID: 36698713 PMCID: PMC9854165 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims It is unclear whether patients with previous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) should receive antithrombotic treatment to prevent ischemic events. We assessed stroke physicians' opinions about this, and their views on randomizing patients in trials assessing this question. Methods We conducted three web-based surveys among stroke physicians in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom. Results Eighty-nine of 205 stroke physicians (43%) responded to the Scandinavian survey, 161 of 180 (89%) to the UK antiplatelet survey, and 153 of 289 (53%) to the UK anticoagulant survey. In Scandinavia, 19 (21%) stroke physicians were uncertain about antiplatelet treatment after ICH for ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and 21 (24%) for prior myocardial infarction. In the United Kingdom, 116 (77%) were uncertain for ischemic stroke or TIA and 115 (717%) for ischemic heart disease. In Scandinavia, 32 (36%) were uncertain about anticoagulant treatment after ICH for atrial fibrillation, and 26 (29%) for recurrent deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. In the United Kingdom, 145 (95%) were uncertain about anticoagulants after ICH in at least some cases. In both regions combined, 191 of 250 (76%) would consider randomizing ICH survivors in a trial of starting versus avoiding antiplatelets, and 176 of 242 (73%) in a trial of starting versus avoiding anticoagulants. Conclusion Considerable proportions of stroke physicians in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom were uncertain about antithrombotic treatment after ICH. A clear majority would consider randomizing patients in trials assessing this question. These findings support the need for such trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Forfang
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kristin Tveitan Larsen
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | - Simon M. Bell
- Sheffield Institute for Translational NeuroscienceUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Per Wester
- Department of Public Health and Clinical ScienceUniversity of UmeåUmeåSweden
- Department of Clinical ScienceKarolinska Institutet Danderyds HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Eivind Berge
- Department of CardiologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Torgeir Bruun Wyller
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Geriatric MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Ole Morten Rønning
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of NeurologyAkershus University HospitalNordbyhagenNorway
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Mair G, White P, Bath PM, Muir KW, Al‐Shahi Salman R, Martin C, Dye D, Chappell FM, Vacek A, von Kummer R, Macleod M, Sprigg N, Wardlaw JM. External Validation of e-ASPECTS Software for Interpreting Brain CT in Stroke. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:943-957. [PMID: 36053916 PMCID: PMC9826303 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test e-ASPECTS software in patients with stroke. Marketed as a decision-support tool, e-ASPECTS may detect features of ischemia or hemorrhage on computed tomography (CT) imaging and quantify ischemic extent using Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). METHODS Using CT from 9 stroke studies, we compared software with masked experts. As per indications for software use, we assessed e-ASPECTS results for patients with/without middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemia but no other cause of stroke. In an analysis outside the intended use of the software, we enriched our dataset with non-MCA ischemia, hemorrhage, and mimics to simulate a representative "front door" hospital population. With final diagnosis as the reference standard, we tested the diagnostic accuracy of e-ASPECTS for identifying stroke features (ischemia, hyperattenuated arteries, and hemorrhage) in the representative population. RESULTS We included 4,100 patients (51% women, median age = 78 years, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] = 10, onset to scan = 2.5 hours). Final diagnosis was ischemia (78%), hemorrhage (14%), or mimic (8%). From 3,035 CTs with expert-rated ASPECTS, most (2084/3035, 69%) e-ASPECTS results were within one point of experts. In the representative population, the diagnostic accuracy of e-ASPECTS was 71% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 70-72%) for detecting ischemic features, 85% (83-86%) for hemorrhage. Software identified more false positive ischemia (12% vs 2%) and hemorrhage (14% vs <1%) than experts. INTERPRETATION On independent testing, e-ASPECTS provided moderate agreement with experts and overcalled stroke features. Therefore, future prospective trials testing impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) software on patient care and outcome are required before widespread implementation of stroke decision-support software. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:943-957.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Mair
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Philip White
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Philip M. Bath
- Stroke Trials Unit, Mental Health & Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Keith W. Muir
- School of Psychology & NeuroscienceUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Chloe Martin
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - David Dye
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Adam Vacek
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Rüdiger von Kummer
- Department of NeuroradiologyUniversity Hospital, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Malcolm Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre at the University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the single most common cause of intracerebral haemorrhage in young adults. Brain AVMs also cause seizure(s) and focal neurological deficits (in the absence of haemorrhage, migraine or an epileptic seizure); approximately one-fifth are incidental discoveries. Various interventions are used in an attempt to eradicate brain AVMs: neurosurgical excision, stereotactic radiosurgery, endovascular embolization, and staged combinations of these interventions. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2006, and last updated in 2009. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness and safety of the different interventions, alone or in combination, for treating brain AVMs in adults compared against either each other, or conservative management, in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Stroke Group Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (last searched 7 January 2019), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019, Issue 1) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE Ovid (1980 to 14 January 2019), and Embase OVID (1980 to 14 January 2019). We searched international registers of clinical trials, the contents pages of relevant journals, and bibliographies of relevant articles (November 2009). We also contacted manufacturers of interventional treatments for brain AVMs (March 2005). SELECTION CRITERIA We sought RCTs of any intervention for brain AVMs (used alone or in combination), compared against each other or against conservative management, with relevant clinical outcome measures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS One author screened the results of the updated searches for potentially eligible RCTs for this updated review. Both authors independently read the potentially eligible RCTs in full and confirmed their inclusion according to the inclusion criteria. We resolved disagreement by discussion. We assessed the risk of bias in included studies and applied GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included one trial with 226 participants: A Randomized trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA), comparing intervention versus conservative management for unruptured brain AVMs (that had never bled). The quality of evidence was moderate because we found just one trial that was at low risk of bias other than a high risk of performance bias due to participants and treating physicians not being blinded to allocated treatment. Data on functional outcome and death at a follow-up of 12 months were provided for 218 (96%) of the participants in ARUBA. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), intervention compared to conservative management increased death or dependency (modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 2, risk ratio (RR) 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28 to 4.98; 1 trial, 226 participants; moderate-quality evidence) and the proportion of participants with symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (RR 6.75, 95% CI 2.07 to 21.96; 1 trial, 226 participants; moderate-quality evidence), but there was no difference in the frequency of epileptic seizures (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.06; 1 trial, 226 participants; moderate-quality evidence). Three RCTs are ongoing. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found moderate-quality evidence from one RCT including adults with unruptured brain AVMs that conservative management was superior to intervention with respect to functional outcome and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage over one year after randomization. More RCTs will help to confirm or refute these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna M Zuurbier
- Amsterdam University Medical CentersDepartment of NeurologyAmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Rustam Al‐Shahi Salman
- University of EdinburghCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesFU303i, First floor, Chancellor's Building49 Little France CrescentEdinburghMidlothianUKEH16 4SB
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcome after spontaneous (non-traumatic) intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is influenced by haematoma volume; up to one-third of ICHs enlarge within 24 hours of onset. Early haemostatic therapy might improve outcome by limiting haematoma growth. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2006, and last updated in 2009. OBJECTIVES To examine 1) the effectiveness and safety of individual classes of haemostatic therapies, compared against placebo or open control, in adults with acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage, and 2) the effects of each class of haemostatic therapy according to the type of antithrombotic drug taken immediately before ICH onset (i.e. anticoagulant, antiplatelet, or none). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Trials Register, CENTRAL; 2017, Issue 11, MEDLINE Ovid, and Embase Ovid on 27 November 2017. In an effort to identify further published, ongoing, and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCT), we scanned bibliographies of relevant articles and searched international registers of RCTs in November 2017. SELECTION CRITERIA We sought randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any haemostatic intervention (i.e. pro-coagulant treatments such as coagulation factors, antifibrinolytic drugs, or platelet transfusion) for acute spontaneous ICH, compared with placebo, open control, or an active comparator, reporting relevant clinical outcome measures. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and contacted corresponding authors of eligible RCTs for specific data if they were not provided in the published report of an RCT. MAIN RESULTS We included 12 RCTs involving 1732 participants. There were seven RCTs of blood clotting factors versus placebo or open control involving 1480 participants, three RCTs of antifibrinolytic drugs versus placebo or open control involving 57 participants, one RCT of platelet transfusion versus open control involving 190 participants, and one RCT of blood clotting factors versus fresh frozen plasma involving five participants. We were unable to include two eligible RCTs because they presented aggregate data for adults with ICH and other types of intracranial haemorrhage. We identified 10 ongoing RCTs. Across all seven criteria in the 12 included RCTs, the risk of bias was unclear in 37 (44%), high in 16 (19%), and low in 31 (37%). Only one RCT was at low risk of bias in all criteria.In one RCT of platelet transfusion versus open control for acute spontaneous ICH associated with antiplatelet drug use, there was a significant increase in death or dependence (modified Rankin Scale score 4 to 6) at day 90 (70/97 versus 52/93; risk ratio (RR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 to 1.61, one trial, 190 participants, moderate-quality evidence). All findings were non-significant for blood clotting factors versus placebo or open control for acute spontaneous ICH with or without surgery (moderate-quality evidence), for antifibrinolytic drugs versus placebo (moderate-quality evidence) or open control for acute spontaneous ICH (moderate-quality evidence), and for clotting factors versus fresh frozen plasma for acute spontaneous ICH associated with anticoagulant drug use (no evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on moderate-quality evidence from one trial, platelet transfusion seems hazardous in comparison to standard care for adults with antiplatelet-associated ICH.We were unable to draw firm conclusions about the efficacy and safety of blood clotting factors for acute spontaneous ICH with or without surgery, antifibrinolytic drugs for acute spontaneous ICH, and clotting factors versus fresh frozen plasma for acute spontaneous ICH associated with anticoagulant drug use.Further RCTs are warranted, and we await the results of the 10 ongoing RCTs with interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustam Al‐Shahi Salman
- University of EdinburghCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesFU303i, First floor, Chancellor's Building49 Little France CrescentEdinburghMidlothianUKEH16 4SB
| | - Zhe Kang Law
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical CentreDepartment of MedicineJalan Yaacob LatifBandar Tun RazakKuala LumpurCherasMalaysia56000
- University of Nottingham, City HospitalStroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceRoom B56, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital Campus,NottinghamUKNG5 1PB
| | - Philip M Bath
- University of Nottingham, City HospitalStroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceRoom B56, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital Campus,NottinghamUKNG5 1PB
| | - Thorsten Steiner
- Klinikum Frankfurt HöchstGotenstr 6‐8FrankfurtGermany65929
- Heidelberg University HospitalDepartment of NeurologyHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- University of Nottingham, City HospitalStroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical NeuroscienceRoom B56, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital Campus,NottinghamUKNG5 1PB
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Perry LA, Berge E, Bowditch J, Forfang E, Rønning OM, Hankey GJ, Villanueva E, Al‐Shahi Salman R. Antithrombotic treatment after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 5:CD012144. [PMID: 28540976 PMCID: PMC6481874 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012144.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Survivors of stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) are at risk of thromboembolism. Antithrombotic (antiplatelet or anticoagulant) treatments may lower the risk of thromboembolism after ICH, but they may increase the risks of bleeding. OBJECTIVES To determine the overall effectiveness and safety of antithrombotic drugs for people with ICH. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (24 March 2017). We also searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL: the Cochrane Library 2017, Issue 3), MEDLINE Ovid (from 1948 to March 2017), Embase Ovid (from 1980 to March 2017), and online registries of clinical trials (8 March 2017). We also screened the reference lists of included trials for additional, potentially relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any antithrombotic treatment after ICH. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three review authors independently extracted data. We converted categorical estimates of effect to the risk ratio (RR) or odds ratio (OR), as appropriate. We divided our analyses into short- and long-term treatment, and used fixed-effect modelling for meta-analyses. Three review authors independently assessed the included RCTs for risks of bias and we created a 'Summary of findings' table using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS We included two RCTs with a total of 121 participants. Both RCTs were of short-term parenteral anticoagulation early after ICH: one tested heparin and the other enoxaparin. The risk of bias in the included RCTs was generally unclear or low, with the exception of blinding of participants and personnel, which was not done. The included RCTs did not report our chosen primary outcome (a composite outcome of all serious vascular events including ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, other major ischaemic event, ICH, major extracerebral haemorrhage, and vascular death). Parenteral anticoagulation did not cause a statistically significant difference in case fatality (RR 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38 to 4.07 in one RCT involving 46 participants, low-quality evidence), ICH, or major extracerebral haemorrhage (no detected events in one RCT involving 75 participants, low-quality evidence), growth of ICH (RR 1.64, 95% CI 0.51 to 5.29 in two RCTs involving 121 participants, low-quality evidence), deep vein thrombosis (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.96 in two RCTs involving 121 participants, low quality evidence), or major ischaemic events (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.28 in two RCTs involving 121 participants, low quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence from RCTs to support or discourage the use of antithrombotic treatment after ICH. RCTs comparing starting versus avoiding antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs after ICH appear justified and are needed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eivind Berge
- Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Internal MedicineOsloNorwayNO‐0407
| | | | - Elisabeth Forfang
- Oslo University HospitalDepartment of Internal MedicineOsloNorwayNO‐0407
| | - Ole Morten Rønning
- Akershus University HospitalDepartment of NeurologySykehusveien 25LørenskogNorwayNO‐1478
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- The University of Western AustraliaSchool of Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital Unit6 Verdun StreetNedlandsPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia6009
| | - Elmer Villanueva
- Xi'an Jiaotong‐Liverpool UniversityDepartment of Public Health111 Ren'ai Road, Dushu Lake Higher Education TownSuzhou Industrial ParkSuzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Rustam Al‐Shahi Salman
- University of EdinburghCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesFU303i, First floor, Chancellor's Building49 Little France CrescentEdinburghMidlothianUKEH16 4SB
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Dichgans M, Wardlaw J, Smith E, Zietemann V, Seshadri S, Sachdev P, Biessels GJ, Fazekas F, Benavente O, Pantoni L, De Leeuw F, Norrving B, Matthews P, Chen C, Mok V, Düring M, Whiteley W, Shuler K, Alonso A, Black SE, Brayne C, Chabriat H, Cordonnier C, Doubal F, Duzel E, Ewers M, Frayne R, Hachinski V, Ikram MA, Jessen F, Jouvent E, Linn J, O'Brien J, van Oostenbrugge R, Malik R, Mazoyer B, Schmidt R, Sposato LA, Stephan B, Swartz RH, Vernooij M, Viswanathan A, Werring D, Abe K, Allan L, Arba F, Diener H, Davis S, Hankey G, Lees K, Ovbiagele B, Weir C, Bae H, Bath PMW, Bordet R, Breteler M, Choi S, Deary I, DeCarli C, Ebmeier K, Feng L, Greenberg SM, Ihara M, Kalaria R, Kim S, Lim J, Lindley RI, Mead G, Murray A, Quinn T, Ritchie C, Sacco R, Al‐Shahi Salman R, Sprigg N, Sudlow C, Thomas A, van Boxtel M, van der Grond J, van der Lugt A, Yang Y. METACOHORTS for the study of vascular disease and its contribution to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration: An initiative of the Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:1235-1249. [PMID: 27490018 PMCID: PMC5399602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a global problem and major target for health care providers. Although up to 45% of cases are primarily or partly due to cerebrovascular disease, little is known of these mechanisms or treatments because most dementia research still focuses on pure Alzheimer's disease. An improved understanding of the vascular contributions to neurodegeneration and dementia, particularly by small vessel disease, is hampered by imprecise data, including the incidence and prevalence of symptomatic and clinically "silent" cerebrovascular disease, long-term outcomes (cognitive, stroke, or functional), and risk factors. New large collaborative studies with long follow-up are expensive and time consuming, yet substantial data to advance the field are available. In an initiative funded by the Joint Programme for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, 55 international experts surveyed and assessed available data, starting with European cohorts, to promote data sharing to advance understanding of how vascular disease affects brain structure and function, optimize methods for cerebrovascular disease in neurodegeneration research, and focus future research on gaps in knowledge. Here, we summarize the results and recommendations from this initiative. We identified data from over 90 studies, including over 660,000 participants, many being additional to neurodegeneration data initiatives. The enthusiastic response means that cohorts from North America, Australasia, and the Asia Pacific Region are included, creating a truly global, collaborative, data sharing platform, linked to major national dementia initiatives. Furthermore, the revised World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases version 11 should facilitate recognition of vascular-related brain damage by creating one category for all cerebrovascular disease presentations and thus accelerate identification of targets for dementia prevention.
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Josephson CB, White PM, Krishan A, Al‐Shahi Salman R. Computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for detection of intracranial vascular malformations in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD009372. [PMID: 25177839 PMCID: PMC6544803 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009372.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial vascular malformations (brain or pial/dural arteriovenous malformations/fistulae, and aneurysms) are the leading cause of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in young adults. Early identification of the intracranial vascular malformation may improve outcome if treatment can prevent ICH recurrence. Catheter intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IADSA) is considered the reference standard for the detection an intracranial vascular malformation as the cause of ICH. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are less invasive than IADSA and may be as accurate for identifying some causes of ICH. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic test accuracy of CTA and MRA versus IADSA for the detection of intracranial vascular malformations as a cause of ICH. SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE (1948 to August 2013), EMBASE (1980 to August 2013), MEDION (August 2013), the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE; August 2013), the Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA; August 2013), ClinicalTrials.gov (August 2013), and WHO ICTRP (International Clinical Trials Register Portfolio; August 2013). We also performed a cited reference search for forward tracking of relevant articles on Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/), screened bibliographies, and contacted authors to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected studies reporting data that could be used to construct contingency tables that compared CTA or MRA, or both, with IADSA in the same patients for the detection of intracranial vascular malformations following ICH. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors (CBJ and RA-SS) independently extracted data on study characteristics and measures of test accuracy. Two authors (CBJ and PMW) independently extracted data on test characteristics. We obtained data restricted to the subgroup undergoing IADSA in studies using multiple reference standards. We combined data using the bivariate model. We generated forest plots of the sensitivity and specificity of CTA and MRA and created a summary receiver operating characteristic plot. MAIN RESULTS Eleven studies (n = 927 participants) met our inclusion criteria. Eight studies compared CTA with IADSA (n = 526) and three studies compared MRA with IADSA (n = 401). Methodological quality varied considerably among studies, with partial verification bias in 7/11 (64%) and retrospective designs in 5/10 (50%). In studies of CTA, the pooled estimate of sensitivity was 0.95 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 0.97) and specificity was 0.99 (95% CI 0.95 to 1.00). The results remained robust in a sensitivity analysis in which only studies evaluating adult patients (≥ 16 years of age) were included. In studies of MRA, the pooled estimate of sensitivity was 0.98 (95% CI 0.80 to 1.00) and specificity was 0.99 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.00). An indirect comparison of CTA and MRA using a bivariate model incorporating test type as one of the parameters failed to reveal a statistically significant difference in sensitivity or specificity between the two imaging modalities (P value = 0.6). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS CTA and MRA appear to have good sensitivity and specificity following ICH for the detection of intracranial vascular malformations, although several of the included studies had methodological shortcomings (retrospective designs and partial verification bias in particular) that may have increased apparent test accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin B Josephson
- University of CalgaryDepartment of Clinical Neurosciences12th Floor, Foothills Medical Centre1403‐29 Street NWCalgaryABCanadaT2N 2T9
- University of EdinburghDivision of Clinical NeurosciencesEdinburghUK
| | - Philip M White
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute for Ageing and Health3‐4 Claremont TerraceNewcastle Upon TyneUKNE2 4AE
| | - Ashma Krishan
- University of EdinburghEdinburgh Clinical Trials UnitOutpatients Building, 2nd FloorWestern General Hospital, Crewe Road SouthEdinburghUKEH4 2XU
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Salman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Salman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University Dental Center, NY 10010
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Abstract
A granular cell tumor occurred in the right anterior maxilla of a 22-yr-old black man. It involved the right labial maxillary submucosa and the underlying bone. It also invaded the maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity on the same side. The ultrastructural features of the lesion confirmed the biopsy diagnosis of benign granular cell tumor. The treatment involved partial maxillectomy, split thickness skin graft and immediate dental prosthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Salman
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Salman
- Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, N.Y. 10010
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Abstract
A report of case of a patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is presented. The macroglossia associated with the syndrome necessitated long-term dental follow-up to prevent and treat problems with occlusion, speech, and esthetic appearance that might develop. Early intervention might be required if feeding or respiratory difficulties, resulting from the macroglossia, arise. The diagnosis of the syndrome should alert the dentist to the increased incidence of intra-abdominal malignancies and the need for periodic observation.
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Salman RA, Glickman RS, Super S. Splint therapy for electrical burns of the oral commissure in children. ASDC J Dent Child 1987; 54:161-4. [PMID: 3473095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrical burns of the oral cavity are relatively rare; a case is reported here. An acrylic splint fabricated for the patient helped prevent microstomia and the subsequent development of a deformity.
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Salman RA, Glickman RS, Super S. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: report of two cases. J Oral Med 1987; 42:10-3, 66. [PMID: 3469343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
A submandibular space abscess is reported in which a pure culture of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was identified. The bacterium may often be overlooked as a pathogen due to its slow growth and its requirement for carbon dioxide for primary isolation. As A. actinomycetemcomitans is often resistant to commonly used antibiotics, proper management is based on careful utilization of microbiologic tests and clinical judgement. In this case prompt surgical drainage and appropriate antibiotic therapy resolved the abscess.
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Salman RA, Salman DG, Glickman RS, Super S, Salman L. Minocycline induced pigmentation of the oral cavity. J Oral Med 1985; 40:154-7. [PMID: 3861819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
A case of quinidine-induced thrombocytopenic purpura is reported. The patient had been previously sensitized and developed oral bleeding. On repeated ingestion of the drug, he developed classic oral manifestations of the hemorrhagic disease and sought dental treatment. Identification and withdrawal of the drug reversed the clinical and hematologic symptoms.
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