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Kornauth C, Pemovska T, Vladimer GI, Bayer G, Bergmann M, Eder S, Eichner R, Erl M, Esterbauer H, Exner R, Felsleitner-Hauer V, Forte M, Gaiger A, Geissler K, Greinix HT, Gstöttner W, Hacker M, Hartmann BL, Hauswirth AW, Heinemann T, Heintel D, Hoda MA, Hopfinger G, Jaeger U, Kazianka L, Kenner L, Kiesewetter B, Krall N, Krajnik G, Kubicek S, Le T, Lubowitzki S, Mayerhoefer ME, Menschel E, Merkel O, Miura K, Müllauer L, Neumeister P, Noesslinger T, Ocko K, Öhler L, Panny M, Pichler A, Porpaczy E, Prager GW, Raderer M, Ristl R, Ruckser R, Salamon J, Schiefer AI, Schmolke AS, Schwarzinger I, Selzer E, Sillaber C, Skrabs C, Sperr WR, Srndic I, Thalhammer R, Valent P, van der Kouwe E, Vanura K, Vogt S, Waldstein C, Wolf D, Zielinski CC, Zojer N, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Superti-Furga G, Snijder B, Staber PB. Functional Precision Medicine Provides Clinical Benefit in Advanced Aggressive Hematologic Cancers and Identifies Exceptional Responders. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:372-387. [PMID: 34635570 PMCID: PMC9762339 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine aims to match the right drug with the right patient by using specific features of the individual patient's tumor. However, current strategies of personalized therapy matching provide treatment opportunities for less than 10% of patients with cancer. A promising method may be drug profiling of patient biopsy specimens with single-cell resolution to directly quantify drug effects. We prospectively tested an image-based single-cell functional precision medicine (scFPM) approach to guide treatments in 143 patients with advanced aggressive hematologic cancers. Fifty-six patients (39%) were treated according to scFPM results. At a median follow-up of 23.9 months, 30 patients (54%) demonstrated a clinical benefit of more than 1.3-fold enhanced progression-free survival compared with their previous therapy. Twelve patients (40% of responders) experienced exceptional responses lasting three times longer than expected for their respective disease. We conclude that therapy matching by scFPM is clinically feasible and effective in advanced aggressive hematologic cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first precision medicine trial using a functional assay to instruct n-of-one therapies in oncology. It illustrates that for patients lacking standard therapies, high-content assay-based scFPM can have a significant value in clinical therapy guidance based on functional dependencies of each patient's cancer.See related commentary by Letai, p. 290.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 275.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kornauth
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tea Pemovska
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory I Vladimer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Exscientia GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther Bayer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Eder
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology/Oncology, Klinikum Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | - Ruth Eichner
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Erl
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Exner
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maurizio Forte
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Gaiger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Geissler
- Medical School, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hildegard T Greinix
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Gstöttner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alexander W Hauswirth
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Heinemann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Heintel
- Division of Medicine I, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mir Alireza Hoda
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Hopfinger
- Third Medical Department, Centre for Oncology and Haematology, Klinik Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Jaeger
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kazianka
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kiesewetter
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Krall
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Exscientia GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Krajnik
- Department of Medicine I, Universitätsklinikum St. Pölten, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Lubowitzki
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marius E Mayerhoefer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisabeth Menschel
- Third Medical Department, Hematology & Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olaf Merkel
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katsuhiro Miura
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leonhard Müllauer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Neumeister
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Noesslinger
- Third Medical Department, Hematology & Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Ocko
- Pharmacy Department, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Öhler
- Internal Medicine I, Department of Oncology, St. Josef Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Panny
- Third Medical Department, Hematology & Oncology, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Pichler
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edit Porpaczy
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald W Prager
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Raderer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robin Ristl
- Section for Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Julius Salamon
- Department of Medicine, Landesklinikum Waidhofen a.d. Ybbs, Waidhofen-Ybbs, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ann-Sofie Schmolke
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilse Schwarzinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edgar Selzer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Sillaber
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cathrin Skrabs
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ismet Srndic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Thalhammer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emiel van der Kouwe
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrina Vanura
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Vogt
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, LKH Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Cora Waldstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Niklas Zojer
- Division of Medicine I, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Berend Snijder
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp B Staber
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna and Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Heider M, Eichner R, Stroh J, Morath V, Kuisl A, Zecha J, Lawatscheck J, Baek K, Garz AK, Rudelius M, Deuschle FC, Keller U, Lemeer S, Verbeek M, Götze KS, Skerra A, Weber WA, Buchner J, Schulman BA, Kuster B, Fernández-Sáiz V, Bassermann F. The IMiD target CRBN determines HSP90 activity toward transmembrane proteins essential in multiple myeloma. Mol Cell 2021; 81:1170-1186.e10. [PMID: 33571422 PMCID: PMC7980223 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The complex architecture of transmembrane proteins requires quality control (QC) of folding, membrane positioning, and trafficking as prerequisites for cellular homeostasis and intercellular communication. However, it has remained unclear whether transmembrane protein-specific QC hubs exist. Here we identify cereblon (CRBN), the target of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), as a co-chaperone that specifically determines chaperone activity of HSP90 toward transmembrane proteins by means of counteracting AHA1. This function is abrogated by IMiDs, which disrupt the interaction of CRBN with HSP90. Among the multiple transmembrane protein clients of CRBN-AHA1-HSP90 revealed by cell surface proteomics, we identify the amino acid transporter LAT1/CD98hc as a determinant of IMiD activity in multiple myeloma (MM) and present an Anticalin-based CD98hc radiopharmaceutical for MM radio-theranostics. These data establish the CRBN-AHA1-HSP90 axis in the biogenesis of transmembrane proteins, link IMiD activity to tumor metabolism, and nominate CD98hc and LAT1 as attractive diagnostic and therapeutic targets in MM. CRBN functions as a transmembrane protein-specific co-chaperone of HSP90 Disruption of CRBN-HSP90 interaction determines the anti-tumor activity of IMiDs The CD98hc/LAT1 complex is a central target of IMiDs in multiple myeloma CD98hc-Anticalin is a theranostic tool in multiple myeloma
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heider
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ruth Eichner
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jacob Stroh
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Morath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Kuisl
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Zecha
- Department of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jannis Lawatscheck
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kheewoong Baek
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Garz
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Keller
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology (Campus Benjamin Franklin), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simone Lemeer
- Department of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mareike Verbeek
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina S Götze
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kuster
- Department of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanesa Fernández-Sáiz
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Florian Bassermann
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
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Solute
carriers (SLCs) are transmembrane proteins that transport
various nutrients, metabolites, and drugs across cellular membranes.
Despite the relevance of SLCs to cell homeostasis, metabolism, and
disease states, for the majority of SLCs we lack experimental evidence
regarding the nature of the cognate ligands, whether endobiotic or
xenobiotic. Moreover, even for the roughly 20 SLCs for which inhibitors
have been characterized, engagement assays in cells are limited to
the accessibility of radiolabeled or fluorescent probes. The cellular
thermal shift assay (CETSA) has been introduced as a powerful method
to assess target engagement by monitoring ligand-induced changes in
the thermal stability of cellular proteins. We addressed the question
of whether CETSA could be modified to become routinely applicable
to membrane transporters such as SLCs. We used SLC16A1 (MCT1) and
SLC1A2 (EAAT2) as targets to establish robust conditions by which
chemical engagement of SLCs can be detected. Using immunoblotting,
we demonstrate that treatment with the SLC16A1 inhibitors AZD3965
and AR-C155858 stabilized endogenous SLC16A1 in HEK293 cell lysates
as well as intact cells. In addition, the high-affinity ligand of
SLC16A1, l-lactate, and the low-affinity ligand, formate,
resulted in strong and weak stabilization of SLC16A1, respectively.
Moreover, we observed stabilization of SLC1A2 upon treatment with
the selective inhibitor WAY-213613. We propose that the experimental
approach presented here should be generally and easily applicable
for monitoring the engagement of chemical ligands by SLCs in cellular
settings and thus assisting in their deorphanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hashimoto
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Eichner
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Sedlyarov V, Eichner R, Girardi E, Essletzbichler P, Goldmann U, Nunes-Hasler P, Srndic I, Moskovskich A, Heinz LX, Kartnig F, Bigenzahn JW, Rebsamen M, Kovarik P, Demaurex N, Superti-Furga G. The Bicarbonate Transporter SLC4A7 Plays a Key Role in Macrophage Phagosome Acidification. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:766-774.e5. [PMID: 29779931 PMCID: PMC6002608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent the first line of immune defense against pathogens, and phagosome acidification is a necessary step in pathogen clearance. Here, we identified the bicarbonate transporter SLC4A7, which is strongly induced upon macrophage differentiation, as critical for phagosome acidification. Loss of SLC4A7 reduced acidification of phagocytosed beads or bacteria and impaired the intracellular microbicidal capacity in human macrophage cell lines. The phenotype was rescued by wild-type SLC4A7, but not by SLC4A7 mutants, affecting transport capacity or cell surface localization. Loss of SLC4A7 resulted in increased cytoplasmic acidification during phagocytosis, suggesting that SLC4A7-mediated, bicarbonate-driven maintenance of cytoplasmic pH is necessary for phagosome acidification. Altogether, we identify SLC4A7 and bicarbonate-driven cytoplasmic pH homeostasis as an important element of phagocytosis and the associated microbicidal functions in macrophages. CRISPR screen identifies SLC4A7 to be required for phagosome acidification Intracellular bacterial killing by macrophages is impaired in absence of SLC4A7 Bicarbonate transport activity of SLC4A7 is required for phagosome acidification SLC4A7 regulates phagosome acidification via homeostatic control of cytoplasmic pH
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Sedlyarov
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ruth Eichner
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Patrick Essletzbichler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ulrich Goldmann
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Paula Nunes-Hasler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Ismet Srndic
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Anna Moskovskich
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Leonhard X Heinz
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Felix Kartnig
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Johannes W Bigenzahn
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Manuele Rebsamen
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Nicolas Demaurex
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria; Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Sun TT, Eichner R, Nelson WG, Vidrich A, Woodcock-Mitchell J. Keratin expression during normal epidermal differentiation. Curr Probl Dermatol 2015; 11:277-91. [PMID: 6197247 DOI: 10.1159/000408682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The four major epidermal keratins (65-67K, 58K, 56K, and 50K) have been localized in various cell layers of normal human epidermis. Guinea pig antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies were prepared against human epidermal keratins and were characterized with respect to their specificity to individual keratin polypeptides by the immunoblot technique. These antibodies were used to stain vertical frozen sections of skin, and to identify keratins extracted from serial, horizontal skin sections. The results indicate that: (1) a 65-67K keratin component is limited to the suprabasal layers, (2) a 58K keratin is present throughout the epidermis, (3) a 56K keratin appears to be made only in cells above the basal layer, possibly in the upper spinous or granular layer, and (4) a 50K keratin is present in all living layers but is largely eliminated during stratum corneum formation. The 65-67K and 56K keratins, which are characteristic of suprabasal, terminally differentiated keratinocytes, may be regarded as molecular markers of keratinization.
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Eichner R, Essler M, Specht K, Wörtler K, Peschel C, Bassermann F, Ringshausen I. PET-MRI hybrid imaging in a rare case of B cell lymphoblastic lymphoma with musculoskeletal manifestation. Ann Hematol 2013; 93:501-3. [PMID: 23775582 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Eichner
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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Bassermann F, Eichner R, Pagano M. The ubiquitin proteasome system - implications for cell cycle control and the targeted treatment of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1843:150-62. [PMID: 23466868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two families of E3 ubiquitin ligases are prominent in cell cycle regulation and mediate the timely and precise ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of key cell cycle proteins: the SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex and the APC/C (anaphase promoting complex or cyclosome). While certain SCF ligases drive cell cycle progression throughout the cell cycle, APC/C (in complex with either of two substrate recruiting proteins: Cdc20 and Cdh1) orchestrates exit from mitosis (APC/C(Cdc20)) and establishes a stable G1 phase (APC/C(Cdh1)). Upon DNA damage or perturbation of the normal cell cycle, both ligases are involved in checkpoint activation. Mechanistic insight into these processes has significantly improved over the last ten years, largely due to a better understanding of APC/C and the functional characterization of multiple F-box proteins, the variable substrate recruiting components of SCF ligases. Here, we review the role of SCF- and APC/C-mediated ubiquitylation in the normal and perturbed cell cycle and discuss potential clinical implications of SCF and APC/C functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Guest Editors: Thomas Sommer and Dieter H. Wolf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bassermann
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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8
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Fernández-Sáiz V, Targosz BS, Lemeer S, Eichner R, Langer C, Bullinger L, Reiter C, Slotta-Huspenina J, Schroeder S, Knorn AM, Kurutz J, Peschel C, Pagano M, Kuster B, Bassermann F. SCFFbxo9 and CK2 direct the cellular response to growth factor withdrawal via Tel2/Tti1 degradation and promote survival in multiple myeloma. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:72-81. [PMID: 23263282 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Tel2 (also known as Telo2) and Tti1 proteins control the cellular abundance of mammalian PIKKs and are integral components of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Here we report that Tel2 and Tti1 are targeted for degradation within mTORC1 by the SCFFbxo9 ubiquitin ligase to adjust mTOR signalling to growth factor availability. This process is primed by CK2, which translocates to the cytoplasm to mediate mTORC1-specific phosphorylation of Tel2/Tti1, subsequent to growth factor deprivation. As a consequence, mTORC1 is inactivated to restrain cell growth and protein translation whereas relief of feedback inhibition activates the PI(3)K/TORC2/Akt pathway to sustain survival. Significantly, primary human multiple myelomas exhibit high levels of Fbxo9. In this setting, PI(3)K/TORC2/Akt signalling and survival of multiple myeloma cells is dependent on Fbxo9 expression. Thus, mTORC1-specific degradation of the Tel2 and Tti1 proteins represents a central mTOR regulatory mechanism with implications in multiple myeloma, both in promoting survival and in providing targets for the specific treatment of multiple myeloma with high levels of Fbxo9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Fernández-Sáiz
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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9
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Reniers B, Landry G, Eichner R, Hallil A, Verhaegen F. In vivo dosimetry for gynaecological brachytherapy using a novel position sensitive radiation detector: feasibility study. Med Phys 2012; 39:1925-35. [PMID: 22482614 DOI: 10.1118/1.3693049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In gynecological radiotherapy with high dose rate (HDR)(192)Ir brachytherapy, the treatment complexity has increased due to improved optimization techniques and dose constraints. As a consequence, it has become more important to verify the dose delivery to the target and also to the organs at risk (e.g., the bladder). In vivo dosimetry, where dosimeters are placed in or on the patient, is one way of verifying the dose but until recently this was hampered by motion of the radiation detectors with respect to the source. The authors present a novel dosimetry method using a position sensitive radiation detector. METHODS The prototype RADPOS system (Best Medical Canada) consists of a metal oxide field effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeter coupled to a position-sensor, which deduces its 3D position in a magnetic field. To assess the feasibility of in vivo dosimetry based on the RADPOS system, different characteristics of the detector need to be investigated. Using a PMMA phantom, the positioning accuracy of the RADPOS system was quantified by comparing position readouts with the known position of the detector along the x and y-axes. RADPOS dose measurements were performed at various distances from a Nucletron(192)Ir source in a PMMA phantom to evaluate the energy dependence of the MOSFET. A sensitivity analysis was performed by calculating the dose after varying (1) the position of the RADPOS detector to simulate organ motion and (2) the position of the first dwell position to simulate errors in delivery. The authors also performed an uncertainty analysis to determine the action level (AL) that should be used during in vivo dosimetry. RESULTS Positioning accuracy is found to be within 1 mm in the 1-10 cm range from the origin along the x-axis (away from the transmitter), meeting the requirements for in vivo dosimetry. Similar results are obtained for the other axes. The ALs are chosen to take into account the total uncertainty on the measurements. As a consequence for in vivo dosimetry, it is determined that the RADPOS sensor, if placed, for example, in the bladder Foley balloon, would detect a 2 mm motion of the bladder, at a 5% chance of a false positive, with an AL limit of 9% of the dose delivered. The authors found that source position errors, caused by, e.g., a wrong first dwell position, are more difficult to detect; indeed, with our single RADPOS detector, positioned in the bladder, dwell position errors below 5 mm and resulting in a dose error within 10%, could be detected in the tandem but not in the colpostats. A possible solution to improve error detection is to use multiple MOSFETs to obtain multiple dose values. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the authors proposed a dosimetry procedure, based on the novel RADPOS system, to accurately determine the position of the radiation dosimeter with respect to the applicator. The authors found that it is possible to monitor the delivered dose in a point and compare it to the predetermined dose. This allows in principle the detection of problems such as bladder motion/filling or source mispositioning. Further clinical investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Reniers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Reniers B, Landry G, Eichner R, Abdelbasset H, Verhaegen F. 126 IN-VIVO DOSIMETRY FOR GYNAECOLOGICAL BRACHYTHERAPY USING A NOVEL DETECTOR SYSTEM. Radiother Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)70098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Reniers B, Landry G, Eichner R, Abdelbasset H, Verhaegen F. SU-E-T-374: Use of the Novel RadPos System for In-Vivo Dose Verification in Gynaecological Brachytherapy Treatment. Med Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3612328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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12
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Schneider B, Padovan A, De La Rue S, Eichner R, Davis R, Bernuetz A, Gibb K. Detection and differentiation of phytoplasmas in Australia: an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1071/a98106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas were found in 33 plant species that were not described as host
plants in an earlier Australian survey. Plants displayed characteristic
symptoms of little leaf, proliferation, and floral abnormalities. Restriction
fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed 13 different restriction
patterns. The majority of phytoplasmas showed a restriction pattern identical
to that of either the tomato big bud (TBB) or sweet potato little leaf V4
(SPLL-V4) phytoplasma. Phytoplasmas from 6 plant species showed a restriction
pattern similar to that of the pigeonpea little leaf (PLL) phytoplasma. One
phytoplasma from garden bean displayed a restriction pattern identical to that
found in papaya dieback and Australian grapevine yellows (AGY) phytoplasmas.
Seven new restriction fragment patterns have been detected and sequence
analysis of the 16S/23S spacer region revealed that 3 of these
phytoplasmas are related to the faba bean phyllody (FBP) group. The spacer
region of a graminaceous phytoplasma was most similar to phytoplasmas from the
sugarcane white leaf group. Another graminaceous phytoplasma was identical to
a phytoplasma from Indonesia. The spacer region of a phytoplasma from
poinsettia (PoiBI) was identical to the western X-disease phytoplasma from
North America and Europe. The spacer region of a phytoplasma in stylosanthes
contained no tRNAIle. Full-length 16S rRNA gene
sequences from selected new phytoplasmas were determined to corroborate
results obtained from the spacer region analyses. Three of these phytoplasmas
(galactia little leaf, vigna little leaf, and stylosanthes little leaf) are,
along with the PoiBI phytoplasma and the graminaceous phytoplasmas, members of
phytoplasma groups that have not been reported before in Australia.
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Eichner R, Gendimenico GJ, Kahn M, Mallon JP, Capetola RJ, Mezick JA. Effects of long-term retinoic acid treatment on epidermal differentiation in vivo: specific modifications in the programme of terminal differentiation. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135:687-95. [PMID: 8977666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of long-term all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) treatment on epidermal differentiation in vivo, rhino mice were treated topically with 0.005% RA, and their epidermis was analysed histologically and biochemically after 5, 13 and 26 weeks of treatment. Effects of RA were observed first in the living layers of the epidermis, and then in the non-viable stratum corneum. Five weeks of topical RA led to thickening of the spinous and granular compartments, induction of keratins K6, K16 and K17, and suppression of filaggrin expression. After 13 and 26 weeks of RA treatment, the number of anucleate cornified cell layers remained similar to controls, but additional changes in histology and protein expression were observed. The results showed that prolonged administration of topical RA induced epidermal hyperproliferation, but did not suppress differentiation, in contrast to results observed in keratinocyte cultures. However, the distinct histological and biochemical changes observed in the spinous, granular and cornified layers of RA-treated skin after 26 weeks of treatment, suggested that the progeny of RA-treated basal cells undergo a modified programme of terminal differentiation. Considering the present data together with results of previous in vivo studies, we propose that long-term topical RA treatment retards, or specifically modulates, the later stages in epidermal differentiation, or programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eichner
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Eichner R, Kahn M, Capetola RJ, Gendimenico GJ, Mezick JA. Effects of Topical Retinoids on Cytoskeletal Proteins: Implications for Retinoid Effects on Epidermal Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 98:154-61. [PMID: 1370674 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12555767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo effects of retinoids on epidermal differentiation were investigated by analyzing cytoskeletal proteins in rhino mice treated topically with all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and other retinoids (13-cis-retinoic acid, etretinate, TTNPB). Non-disulfide-linked cytoskeletal proteins, including keratins from the epidermal "living layers," were first selectively extracted using 9.5 M urea; subsequently, keratins of the stratum corneum were isolated using 9.5 M urea plus a reducing agent. Gel electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis showed that urea extracts of epidermis from vehicle-treated skin were composed predominantly of four major keratins (analogous to human epidermal keratins K1, K5, K10, and K14), and the keratin filament-associated protein filaggrin. In contrast, extracts of epidermis from retinoid-treated skin contained additional keratins (K6, K16, and K17) and almost no detectable filaggrin. Furthermore, similar analysis of stratum corneum keratins demonstrated that extracts from RA-treated skin did not contain the partially proteolyzed keratins typically observed in stratum corneum extracts of control animals. Hyperplasia-inducing agents (salicylic acid, croton oil) caused an increase in keratins K6, K16, and K17, but they did not effect filaggrin or alter proteolysis of stratum corneum keratins. The result that RA induced expression of keratins K6, K16, and K17, as commonly expressed in hyperproliferative epidermis, is consistent with the notion that retinoids increase epidermal cell proliferation in the basal and/or lower spinous layers. The findings that topical RA decreased filaggrin expression and reduced proteolysis of stratum corneum keratins, despite increased size and number of granular cells and the presence of an anucleate stratum corneum, suggest that topical RA may also modulate a later stage of epidermal differentiation involved in stratum corneum formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eichner
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Abstract
We have investigated keratin interactions in vivo by sequentially extracting water-insoluble proteins from normal human epidermis with increasing concentrations of urea (2, 4, 6, and 9.5 M) and examining each extract by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblot analysis using monoclonal anti-keratin antibodies, and EM. The viable layers of normal human epidermis contain keratins K1, K2, K5, K10/11, K14, and K15, which are sequentially expressed during the course of epidermal differentiation. Only keratins K5, K14, and K15, which are synthesized by epidermal basal cells, were solubilized in 2 M urea. Extraction of keratins K1, K2, and K10/11, which are expressed only in differentiating suprabasal cells, required 4-6 M urea. Negative staining of the 2-M urea extract revealed predominantly keratin filament subunits, whereas abundant intermediate-sized filaments were observed in the 4-urea and 6-M urea extracts. These results indicate that in normal human epidermis, keratins K5, K14, and K15 are more soluble than the differentiation-specific keratins K1, K2, and K10/11. This finding suggests that native keratin filaments of different polypeptide composition have differing properties, despite their similar morphology. Furthermore, the observation of stable filaments in 4 and 6 M urea suggests that epidermal keratins K1, K2, and K10/11, which ultimately form the bulk of the protective, nonviable stratum corneum, may comprise filaments that are unusually resistant to denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eichner
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Abstract
Cell culture provides controlled conditions in which to investigate the effects of retinoids on the molecular and cell biology of epidermal differentiation. In general, retinoids enhance proliferation and desquamation of cultured epidermal cells and suppress differentiation. In the presence of 10(-6) mol/L retinoic acid, cultured human epidermal cells stratify, but they do not form the granular layer and anucleate, stratum corneum-like superficial layer typical of normal epidermis. Retinoic acid in the growth medium alters keratin synthesis and inhibits the formation of cross-linked envelopes. Expression of other keratinocyte proteins, including filaggrin and components of desmosomes, may also be affected by retinoids. The molecular mechanisms of retinoid action on epidermal cells are still unclear. Cells cultured from normal and pathologic epidermis appear to differ significantly in their responsiveness to retinoids. Recent data suggest that retinoids may modulate gene transcription, stabilize cell membranes, and alter posttranslational processing of several keratinocyte proteins.
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Eichner R, Sun TT, Aebi U. The role of keratin subfamilies and keratin pairs in the formation of human epidermal intermediate filaments. J Cell Biol 1986; 102:1767-77. [PMID: 2422179 PMCID: PMC2114194 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.102.5.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The four major keratins of normal human epidermis (molecular mass 50, 56.5, 58, and 65-67 kD) can be subdivided on the basis of charge into two subfamilies (acidic 50-kD and 56.5-kD keratins vs. relatively basic 58-kD and 65-67-kD keratins) or subdivided on the basis of co-expression into two "pairs" (50-kD/58-kD keratin pair synthesized by basal cells vs. 56.5-kD/65-67-kD keratin pair expressed in suprabasal cells). Acidic and basic subfamilies were separated by ion exchange chromatography in 8.5 M urea and tested for their ability to reassemble into 10-nm filaments in vitro. The two keratins in either subfamily did not reassemble into 10-nm filaments unless combined with members of the other subfamily. While electron microscopy of acidic and basic keratins equilibrated in 4.5 M urea showed that keratins within each subfamily formed distinct oligomeric structures, possibly representing precursors in filament assembly, chemical cross-linking followed by gel analysis revealed dimers and larger oligomers only when subfamilies were combined. In addition, among the four major keratins, the acidic 50-kD and basic 58-kD keratins showed preferential association even in 8.5 M urea, enabling us to isolate a 50-kD/58-kD keratin complex by gel filtration. This isolated 50-kD/58-kD keratin pair readily formed 10-nm filaments in vitro. These results demonstrate that in tissues containing multiple keratins, two keratins are sufficient for filament assembly, but one keratin from each subfamily is required. More importantly, these data provide the first evidence for the structural significance of specific co-expressed acidic/basic keratin pairs in the formation of epithelial 10-nm filaments.
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Sun TT, Tseng SC, Huang AJ, Cooper D, Schermer A, Lynch MH, Weiss R, Eichner R. Monoclonal antibody studies of mammalian epithelial keratins: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1985; 455:307-29. [PMID: 2417518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb50419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jones ME, Jui J, Horenblas L, Albrich M, Herbst J, Eichner R, Hurley W, Hoppoch J, Lindberg J, Boyer S, Chipman C. Drug overdose patients requiring intensive care admission in the Greater Portland Metropolitan Area: An analysis. Ann Emerg Med 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0196-0644(85)80391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Engel A, Eichner R, Aebi U. Polymorphism of reconstituted human epidermal keratin filaments: determination of their mass-per-length and width by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). J Ultrastruct Res 1985; 90:323-35. [PMID: 2416949 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(85)80010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the mass-per-length (MPL) and the width of unstained freeze-dried reconstituted human epidermal keratin filaments by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Filaments were reassembled from keratins extracted from four different sources: cultured human epidermal cells (CHEC), human callus (CAL), and the living layers (LL) and stratum corneum (SC) of normal human epidermis. MPL histograms of all four keratin filament types could be fitted by a superposition of two or three Gaussians, with their respective major peaks located between 17 and 20 kDa/nm. We interpreted the multiple MPL peaks to represent different polymorphic forms of the reconstituted filaments. The number of subunits per filament cross section calculated from MPL peak positions, average subunit molecular weight, and an axial repeat of the subunits within the filament of 46.5 nm revealed an average difference between polymorphic variants of 7.5 +/- 0.9 subunits. These data suggest that reconstituted human epidermal keratin filaments are made of two to four 8-stranded "protofibrils" (i.e., made of two laterally aggregated 4-stranded protofilaments), in agreement with earlier observations. The average widths of unstained freeze-dried keratin filaments were larger than those of negatively stained filaments: 12.6 nm (9.6 nm) for CHEC, 12.3 nm (9.7 nm) for CAL, 11.6 nm (8.3 nm) for LL, and 11.3 nm (7.9 nm) for SC keratin filaments, with the values in brackets corresponding to negatively stained samples. Assuming the MPL to be proportional to the square of the filament width, there is a good correlation between the MPL and width measurements both for filaments within a given type as well as among those reconstituted from different types of keratin extracts.
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Eichner R, Bonitz P, Sun TT. Classification of epidermal keratins according to their immunoreactivity, isoelectric point, and mode of expression. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1984; 98:1388-96. [PMID: 6201491 PMCID: PMC2113226 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.98.4.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal keratinocytes express under various growth conditions a total of at least nine keratins that can be divided into two subfamilies. Subfamily A comprises 40-, 46-, 48-, 50-/50'-, and 56.5-kilodalton (kd) keratins which are relatively acidic (pI less than 5.5) and, with the exception of 46-kd keratin, are recognized by AE1 monoclonal antibody. Subfamily B comprises 52-, 56-, 58-, and 65-67-kd keratins which are relatively basic (pI greater than 6) and are recognized by AE3 monoclonal antibody. Within each keratin subfamily, there is a constant member (50-/50'- and 58-kd keratins of the subfamilies A and B, respectively) that is always expressed. The other seven keratins of both subfamilies are variable members whose expression depends upon the cellular differentiated state, which is in turn modulated by the growth environment. The 56.5-kd keratin (subfamily A) and the 65-67-kd keratins (subfamily B) are coordinately expressed during keratinization. In contrast, the 40-, 46-, and 48-kd keratins (subfamily A) and the 52- and 56-kd keratins (subfamily B) are characteristic of cultured epidermal cells forming nonkeratinized colonies. These results demonstrate that human epidermal keratins can be classified according to their reactivity with monoclonal antikeratin antibodies, isoelectric point, and mode of expression. The classification of keratins into various subgroups may have important implications for the mechanisms of epidermal differentiation, the evolution of keratin heterogeneity, and the use of keratin markers for tumor diagnosis.
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Weiss RA, Eichner R, Sun TT. Monoclonal antibody analysis of keratin expression in epidermal diseases: a 48- and 56-kdalton keratin as molecular markers for hyperproliferative keratinocytes. J Cell Biol 1984; 98:1397-406. [PMID: 6201492 PMCID: PMC2113245 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.98.4.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The polypeptide composition of epidermal keratin varies in disease. To better understand the biological meaning of these variations, we have analyzed keratins from a number of human epidermal diseases by the immunoblot technique using AE1 and AE3 monoclonal antikeratin antibodies. The results reveal a continuous spectrum of keratin expression ranging from one closely resembling the normal in vivo pattern to one almost identical to cultured epidermal keratinocytes. Specifically, a 50-kilodalton (kd) (AE1-positive) and a 58-kd (AE3-positive) keratin are present in all diseases, supporting the concept that they represent "permanent" markers for keratinocytes. A 56.5-kd (AE1) and a 65-67-kd (AE3) keratin, previously shown to be markers for keratinization, are expressed only by lesions retaining a keratinized morphology. A 48-kd (AE1) and a 56-kd (AE3) keratin are present in all hyperproliferative (para- or nonkeratinized) disorders, but not in normal abdominal epidermis or in ichthyosis vulgaris which is a nonhyperproliferative disease. These two keratins have previously been found in various nonepidermal keratinocytes undergoing hyperproliferation, suggesting that these keratins are not epidermis-specific and may represent markers for hyperproliferative keratinocytes in general. In various epidermal diseases, there is a reciprocal expression of the (keratin) markers for hyperproliferation and keratinization, supporting the mutual exclusiveness of the two cellular events. Moreover, our results indicate that, as far as keratin expression is concerned, cultured human epidermal cells resemble and thus may be regarded as a model for epidermal hyperplasia. Finally, the apparent lack of any major, disease-specific keratin changes in the epidermal disorders studied so far implies that keratin abnormalities probably represent the consequence, rather than the cause, of these diseases.
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Sun TT, Eichner R, Nelson WG, Tseng SC, Weiss RA, Jarvinen M, Woodcock-Mitchell J. Keratin classes: molecular markers for different types of epithelial differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 81:109s-15s. [PMID: 6190956 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12540831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Keratins are a group of water-insoluble proteins (molecular weight range 40-70 K) that form 10-nm tonofilaments in a wide variety of epithelial cells. The subunit composition of the keratin filaments varies with cell type, period of embryonic development, stage of histologic differentiation, cellular growth environment, and disease state. To better understand the functional significance of individual keratin species, we have generated three monoclonal antikeratin antibodies to different subsets of keratins and used these antibodies to localize specific keratins in normal human epidermis by a combination of immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. The results indicate that the 50 K and 58 K keratins are present in all cell layers including the relatively undifferentiated basal layer, whereas the 56.5 K and 65-67 K keratins are associated only with the more differentiated cells above the basal layer. In a separate series of experiments, we used the monoclonal antibodies to survey the keratins expressed by various nonepidermal epithelia. The data show that keratins can be divided into at least seven major classes according to their immunologic reactivity and size. Among the keratin classes, the 50 K and 58 K classes appear to be characteristic of all stratified squamous epithelia, whereas the 56.5 K and 65-67 K classes are unique to the keratinized epidermis. These findings suggest that specific keratin classes, as defined by monoclonal antibodies, may serve as useful markers for different types of epithelial differentiation (simple versus stratified, keratinized versus nonkeratinized).
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Woodcock-Mitchell J, Eichner R, Nelson WG, Sun TT. Immunolocalization of keratin polypeptides in human epidermis using monoclonal antibodies. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1982; 95:580-8. [PMID: 6183275 PMCID: PMC2112943 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.95.2.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Three monoclonal antibodies (AE1, AE2, and AE3) were prepared against human epidermal keratins and used to study keratin expression during normal epidermal differentiation. Immunofluorescence staining data suggested that the antibodies were specific for keratin-type intermediate filaments. The reactivity of these antibodies to individual human epidermal keratin polypeptides (65-67, 58, 56, and 50 kdaltons) was determined by the immunoblot technique. AE1 reacted with 56 and 50 kdalton keratins, AE2 with 65-67 and 56-kdalton keratins, and AE3 with 65-67 and 58 kdalton keratins. Thus all major epidermal keratins were recognized by at least one of the monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, common antigenic determinants were present in subsets of epidermal keratins. To correlate the expression of specific keratins with different stages of in vivo epidermal differentiation, the antibodies were used for immunohistochemical staining of frozen skin sections. AE1 reacted with epidermal basal cells, AE2 with cells above the basal layer, and AE3 with the entire epidermis. The observation that AE1 and AE2 antibodies (which recognized a common 56 kdalton keratin) stained mutually exclusive parts of the epidermis suggested that certain keratin antigens must be masked in situ. This was shown to be the case by direct analysis of keratins extracted from serial, horizontal skin sections using the immunoblot technique. The results from these immunohistochemical and biochemical approaches suggested that: (a) the 65- to 67-kdalton keratins were present only in cells above the basal layer, (b) the 58-kdalton keratin was detected throughout the entire epidermis including the basal layer, (c) the 56-kdalton keratin was absent in the basal layer and first appeared probably in the upper spinous layer, and (d) the 50-kdalton keratin was the only other major keratin detected in the basal layer and was normally eliminated during s. corneum formation. The 56 and 65-67-kdalton keratins, which are characteristic of epidermal cells undergoing terminal differentiation, may be regarded as molecular markers for keratinization.
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Eichner R, Börner W, Henschler D, Köhler W, Moll E. [Osteoporosis therapy and thyroid function. Influence of 6 months of sodium fluoride treatment on thyroid function and bone density]. Fortschr Med 1981; 99:342-8. [PMID: 7216100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
26 women were treated for osteoporosis with 40 mg of sodium fluoride twice a day (equivalent 36 mg of fluorine) for a longer period. Mostly by reason of incompatibility, a reduction to half of the dose was necessary in six of these patients. The control of plasma fluoride concentration indicated that only 10 patients took their medicine regularly. Before treatment as well as three and six months after beginning of treatment the patients were examined. In these examinations bone density was measured across the middle phalanx of the middle finger with a I-125-profile scanner. Size and function of the thyroid gland were evaluated by clinical aspects and with in vivo- and in vitro-methods for thyroid diagnostic. The program includes also a check up with a 12 canal-serum-autoanalyzer. In 10 patients with warranted regular intake of the drug the increase of bone density was significant after three months already. In all 26 patients a considerable increase of the alkaline phosphatase after three months was evident. Under the influence of sodium fluoride no change was seen in function and size of thyroid gland. This result verifies the efficiency of sodium fluoride in osteoporosis-therapy without any measurable influence on thyroid function.
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Hutchison WW, Eichner R, Martin P, Strohbehn R. 2: 15 p.m.: ANDROGEN LEVELS IN MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETES PARTICIPATING IN DIFFERENT SPORTS. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1981. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-198101320-00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Börner W, Eichner R, Henschler D, Moll E, Ruppert G. [Pharmacokinetics of fluorides in thyroid dysfunctions. The plasma fluoride concentration after oral administration of 40 mg of NaF in delayed and nondelayed form depending on the thyroid function]. Fortschr Med 1980; 98:1083-6. [PMID: 7419155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Burnett W, Eichner R, Rosenbloom J. Correlation of functional elastin messenger ribonucleic acid levels and rate of elastin synthesis in the developing chick aorta. Biochemistry 1980; 19:1106-11. [PMID: 7370226 DOI: 10.1021/bi00547a010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Eichner R, Milestone B, Graver H, Rosenbloom. Constancy of proline hydroxylation in collagen synthesized at different temperatures by poikilotherms. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 187:201-7. [PMID: 207225 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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