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Malina RM, Králík M, Kozieł SM, Cumming SP, Konarski JM, Sousa-e-Silva P, Martinho DV, Figueiredo AJ, Coelho-e-Silva MJ. Ages at peak height velocity in male soccer players 11-16 years: relationships with skeletal age and comparisons among longitudinal studies. Biol Sport 2024; 41:135-144. [PMID: 38188122 PMCID: PMC10765433 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.127385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Estimated ages at take-off (TO) and at peak height velocity (PHV) based on two models and maturity status based upon age at PHV and skeletal age (SA) were compared in a longitudinal sample of male soccer players. In addition, estimated ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players were compared. The longitudinal height records of 58 players of European ancestry, measured annually on four or five occasions between 11 and 16 years, were modeled with Superimposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) and Functional Principal Component Analysis (FPCA) to estimate ages at TO and PHV. SAs were assessed with the Fels method. Ages at PHV in 13 longitudinal samples of soccer players (Europe 7, Japan 6) were evaluated with meta-analysis. Estimated ages at TO, 11.2 ± 0.8 (SITAR) and 11.0 ± 0.8 (FCPA) years, and at PHV, 13.6 ± 0.9 (SITAR) and 13.7 ± 0.0 (FCPA) years, were similar. An earlier age at PHV was associated with advanced skeletal maturity status (rho = -0.77 at ~14 years). Ages at PHV among European players indicated a north (later) - south (earlier) gradient, and were later than ages at PHV among Japanese players. In summary, ages at TO and PHV were similar with SITAR and FPCA, and ages at PHV were most strongly correlated with SA at ~14 years. Mean ages at PHV showed a north-south gradient among European samples, and were later compared to Japanese samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Miroslav Králík
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Department of Anthropology, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Jan M. Konarski
- Poznań University of Physical Education, Theory of Sports Department, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulo Sousa-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
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Malina RM, Kozieł SM. In memoriam: Tadeusz Bielicki, PhD, DSc, March 28, 1928-June 20, 2022. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23986. [PMID: 37706541 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sławomir M Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Malina RM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Martinho DV, Sousa-e-Siva P, Figueiredo AJ, Cumming SP, Králík M, Kozieł SM. Observed and predicted ages at peak height velocity in soccer players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254659. [PMID: 34310636 PMCID: PMC8312932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate predicted maturity offset (time before age at PHV) and age at PHV (chronological age [CA] minus maturity offset) in a longitudinal sample of 58 under-13 club level soccer players in central Portugal for whom ages at PHV were estimated with the SITAR model. Two maturity offset prediction equations were applied: the original equation which requires CA sitting height, estimated leg length, height and weight, and a modified equation which requires CA and height. Predicted maturity offset increased, on average, with CA at prediction throughout the age range considered, while variation in predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV within CA groups was considerably reduced compared to variation in observed ages at offset and at PHV. Predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV were consistently later than observed maturity offset and age at PHV among early maturing players, and earlier than observed in late maturing players. Both predicted offset and ages at PHV with the two equations were, on average, later than observed among players maturing on time. Intra-individual variation in predicted ages at PHV with each equation was considerable. The results for soccer players were consistent with similar studies in the general population and two recent longitudinal studies of soccer players. The results question the utility of predicted maturity offset and age at PHV as valid indicators of maturity timing and status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- University of Louisville, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Sousa-e-Siva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sean P. Cumming
- Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslav Králík
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
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Malina RM, Martinho DV, Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Kozieł SM. Growth and Maturity Status of Female Soccer Players: A Narrative Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:1448. [PMID: 33557121 PMCID: PMC7913875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reported mean ages, heights and weights of female soccer players aged <19 years in 161 studies spanning the years 1992-2020 were extracted from the literature or calculated from data available to the authors; 35 studies spanning the years 1981-2020 also included an indicator of biological maturation. Heights and weights were plotted relative to U.S. reference data. Preece-Baines Model 1 was fitted to moving averages to estimate ages at peak velocity. Maturity indicators included skeletal age, pubertal status, age at menarche, percentage of predicted adult height and predicted maturity offset. Heights and weights showed negligible secular variation across the time interval. Heights were slightly above or approximated the reference medians through 14 years old and then varied between the medians and 75th percentiles through 18 years old. Weights were above the reference medians from 9 to 18 years old. Mean ages at menarche ranged from 12.7 to 13.0 years. The trend in heights and weights suggested the persistence and/or selection of taller and heavier players during adolescence, while estimated age at peak height velocity (PHV) and ages at menarche were within the range of mean ages in European and North American samples. Data for skeletal and sexual maturity status were limited; predicted maturity offset increased linearly with mean ages and heights at prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Diogo V. Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.V.M.); (M.J.C.-e.-S.)
| | - João Valente-dos-Santos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, CIDAF (uid/dtp/042143/2020), 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal; (D.V.M.); (M.J.C.-e.-S.)
| | - Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland;
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Malina RM, Kozieł SM, Králik M, Chrzanowska M, Suder A. Prediction of maturity offset and age at peak height velocity in a longitudinal series of boys and girls. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23551. [PMID: 33314450 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicted maturity offset, defined as time before peak height velocity (PHV) is increasingly used as an indicator of maturity status in studies of physical activity, fitness, and sport. OBJECTIVE To validate maturity offset prediction equations in longitudinal samples of boys and girls. METHODS The original and modified maturity offset prediction equations were applied to serial data for 266 boys (8-17 years) and 147 girls (8-16 years) from the Cracow Growth Study. Actual age at PHV for each youngster was estimated with the SITAR protocol. In addition to maturity offset, the difference between CA at prediction and maturity offset provided an estimate of predicted age at PHV. RESULTS Predicted maturity offset and age at PHV increased, on average, with CA at prediction. Variation in predictions was reduced compared to that in observed ages at offset and at PHV, and was more apparent with the modified equations. Relatively few predicted ages at PHV approximated observed age at PHV in early and late maturing youth of both sexes; predictions were later than observed among the former, and earlier than observed among the latter. CONCLUSION Predicted maturity offset and ages at PHV with the original and modified equations increase with CA at prediction, have reduced variation, and have major limitations with early and late maturing boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sławomir M Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miroslav Králik
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Chrzanowska
- Department of Anthropology, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Suder
- Department of Anatomy, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland
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Malina RM, Cumming SP, Rogol AD, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Figueiredo AJ, Konarski JM, Kozieł SM. Bio-Banding in Youth Sports: Background, Concept, and Application. Sports Med 2020; 49:1671-1685. [PMID: 31429034 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inter-individual differences in size, maturity status, function, and behavior among youth of the same chronological age (CA) have long been a concern in grouping for sport. Bio-banding is a recent attempt to accommodate maturity-associated variation among youth in sport. The historical basis of the concept of maturity-matching and its relevance to youth sport, and bio-banding as currently applied are reviewed. Maturity matching in sport has often been noted but has not been systematically applied. Bio-banding is a recent iteration of maturity matching for grouping youth athletes into 'bands' or groups based on characteristic(s) other than CA. The percentage of predicted young adult height at the time of observation is the estimate of maturity status of choice. Several applications of bio-banding in youth soccer have indicated positive responses from players and coaches. Bio-banding reduces, but does not eliminate, maturity-associated variation. The potential utility of bio-banding for appropriate training loads, injury prevention, and fitness assessment merits closer attention, specifically during the interval of pubertal growth. The currently used height prediction equation requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,, 10735 FM 2668, Bay City, TX, 77414, USA.
| | - Sean P Cumming
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science Research Group, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/0423), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antonio J Figueiredo
- CIDAF (uid/dtp/0423), Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jan M Konarski
- Theory of Sports Department, University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sławomir M Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicted maturity offset and age at peak height velocity are increasingly used with youth athletes, although validation studies of the equations indicated major limitations. The equations have since been modified and simplified. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to validate the new maturity offset prediction equations in independent longitudinal samples of boys and girls. METHODS Two new equations for boys with chronological age and sitting height and chronological age and stature as predictors, and one equation for girls with chronological age and stature as predictors were evaluated in serial data from the Wrocław Growth Study, 193 boys (aged 8-18 years) and 198 girls (aged 8-16 years). Observed age at peak height velocity for each youth was estimated with the Preece-Baines Model 1. The original prediction equations were included for comparison. Predicted age at peak height velocity was the difference between chronological age at prediction and maturity offset. RESULTS Predicted ages at peak height velocity with the new equations approximated observed ages at peak height velocity in average maturing boys near the time of peak height velocity; a corresponding window for average maturing girls was not apparent. Compared with observed age at peak height velocity, predicted ages at peak height velocity with the new and original equations were consistently later in early maturing youth and earlier in late maturing youth of both sexes. Predicted ages at peak height velocity with the new equations had reduced variation compared with the original equations and especially observed ages at peak height velocity. Intra-individual variation in predicted ages at peak height velocity with all equations was considerable. CONCLUSION The new equations are useful for average maturing boys close to the time of peak height velocity; there does not appear to be a clear window for average maturing girls. The new and original equations have major limitations with early and late maturing boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir M. Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, TX USA
- 10735 FM 2668, Bay City, TX 77414 USA
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Abstract
This study attempted to validate an anthropometric equation for predicting age at peak height velocity (PHV) in 198 Polish girls followed longitudinally from 8 to 18 years. Maturity offset (years before or after PHV) was predicted from chronological age, mass, stature, sitting height and estimated leg length at each observation; predicted age at PHV was the difference between age and maturity offset. Actual age at PHV for each girl was derived with Preece-Baines Model 1. Predicted ages at PHV increased from 8 to16 years and varied relative to time before and after actual age at PHV. Predicted and actual ages at PHV did not differ at 9 years, but predicted overestimated actual age at PHV from 10 to 16 years. Girls of contrasting maturity status differed in predicted age at PHV from 8 to 14 years. In conclusion, predicted age at PHV is dependent upon age at prediction and individual differences in actual age at PHV, which limits its utility as an indicator of maturity timing in general and in sport talent programmes. It may have limited applicability as a categorical variable (pre-, post-PHV) among average maturing girls during the interval of the growth spurt, ~11.0-13.0 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
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Abstract
Abstract This study attempted to validate an anthropometric equation for predicting age at peak height velocity (APHV) in 193 Polish boys followed longitudinally 8-18 years (1961-1972). Actual APHV was derived with Preece-Baines Model 1. Predicted APHV was estimated at each observation using chronological age (CA), stature, mass, sitting height and estimated leg length. Mean predicted APHV increased from 8 to 18 years. Actual APHV was underestimated at younger ages and overestimated at older ages. Mean differences between predicted and actual APHV were reasonably stable between 13 and 15 years. Predicted APHV underestimated actual APHV 3 years before, was almost identical with actual age 2 years before, and then overestimated actual age through 3 years after PHV. Predicted APHV did not differ among boys of contrasting maturity status 8-11 years, but diverged among groups 12-15 years. In conclusion, predicted APHV is influenced by CA and by early and late timing of actual PHV. Predicted APHV has applicability among average maturing boys 12-16 years in contrast to late and early maturing boys. Dependence upon age and individual differences in actual APHV limits utility of predicted APHV in research with male youth athletes and in talent programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Malina
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA
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Kozieł SM, Krzemień-Dabrowska A. Review of methods for transformation skinfolds data to normality for boys and girls from 7 to 19 years old. Coll Antropol 1997; 21:439-46. [PMID: 9439060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The most popular method to estimate fatness is anthropometry, especially measurement of skinfold thicknesses. However, such kind of data seriously departs from normal distribution. The present study reviews some methods not age or sex dependent for normalizing triceps and subscapular skinfolds data distribution. Material consists 1408 boys and 1390 girls aged 7-19 from Warsaw measured in 1987-88. The following methods were tested: log(x), log(x-c), -1/x, -1/square route of x. Approximation to the normality were judged by means of the Shapiro-Wilks W test. The results indicate that log(x-c) gave the best transformation of triceps skinfold for boys and girls. The best method for subscapular site appeared -1/x for boys and -1/square route of x for girls. The most popular log(x) is not sufficient for correct normalization. Nevertheless, none of methods have brought required distribution in each age class. It is suggested, depending on the character of material being transformed, to use all reviewed methods in order to achieve proper distribution in each age class.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kozieł
- Department of Anthropology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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