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Aydogan E, Martinez E, March K, El-Atwani O, Krumwiede DL, Hosemann P, Saleh T, Maloy SA. α' formation kinetics and radiation induced segregation in neutron irradiated 14YWT nanostructured ferritic alloys. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8345. [PMID: 31171811 PMCID: PMC6554406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured ferritic alloys are considered as candidates for structural components in advanced nuclear reactors due to a high density of nano-oxides (NOs) and ultrafine grain sizes. However, bimodal grain size distribution results in inhomogeneous NO distribution, or vice versa. Here, we report that density of NOs in small grains (<0.5 µm) is high while there are almost no NOs inside the large grains (>2 µm) before and after irradiation. After 6 dpa neutron irradiation at 385-430 °C, α' precipitation has been observed in these alloys; however, their size and number densities vary considerably in small and large grains. In this study, we have investigated the precipitation kinetics of α' particles based on the sink density, using both transmission electron microscopy and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. It has been found that in the presence of a low sink density, α' particles form and grow faster due to the existence of a larger defect density in the matrix. On the other hand, while α' particles form far away from the sink interface when the sink size is small, Cr starts to segregate at the sink interface with the increase in the sink size. Additionally, grain boundary characteristics are found to determine the radiation-induced segregation of Cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Aydogan
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA. .,Integrated Manufacturing Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34906, Turkey.
| | - E Martinez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - K March
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - O El-Atwani
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - D L Krumwiede
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P Hosemann
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - T Saleh
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - S A Maloy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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El-Atwani O, Li N, Li M, Devaraj A, Baldwin JKS, Schneider MM, Sobieraj D, Wróbel JS, Nguyen-Manh D, Maloy SA, Martinez E. Outstanding radiation resistance of tungsten-based high-entropy alloys. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaav2002. [PMID: 30838329 PMCID: PMC6397024 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A body-centered cubic W-based refractory high entropy alloy with outstanding radiation resistance has been developed. The alloy was grown as thin films showing a bimodal grain size distribution in the nanocrystalline and ultrafine regimes and a unique 4-nm lamella-like structure revealed by atom probe tomography (APT). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction show certain black spots appearing after thermal annealing at elevated temperatures. TEM and APT analysis correlated the black spots with second-phase particles rich in Cr and V. No sign of irradiation-created dislocation loops, even after 8 dpa, was observed. Furthermore, nanomechanical testing shows a large hardness of 14 GPa in the as-deposited samples, with near negligible irradiation hardening. Theoretical modeling combining ab initio and Monte Carlo techniques predicts the formation of Cr- and V-rich second-phase particles and points at equal mobilities of point defects as the origin of the exceptional radiation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. El-Atwani
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Corresponding author. (O.E.); (E.M.)
| | - N. Li
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, MPA-CINT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - M. Li
- Division of Nuclear Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - A. Devaraj
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - J. K. S. Baldwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, MPA-CINT, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - M. M. Schneider
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - D. Sobieraj
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Ulica Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. S. Wróbel
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Ulica Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - D. Nguyen-Manh
- Department of Materials Science and Scientific Computing, CCFE, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, UK
| | - S. A. Maloy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - E. Martinez
- Theoretical Division, T-1, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Corresponding author. (O.E.); (E.M.)
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Pitcher EJ, IV CTK, Maloy SA. The Suitability of the Materials Test Station for Fusion Materials Irradiations. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst62-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Pitcher
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - S. A. Maloy
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
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Sun C, Zheng S, Wei CC, Wu Y, Shao L, Yang Y, Hartwig KT, Maloy SA, Zinkle SJ, Allen TR, Wang H, Zhang X. Superior radiation-resistant nanoengineered austenitic 304L stainless steel for applications in extreme radiation environments. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7801. [PMID: 25588326 PMCID: PMC4295098 DOI: 10.1038/srep07801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear energy provides more than 10% of electrical power internationally, and the increasing engagement of nuclear energy is essential to meet the rapid worldwide increase in energy demand. A paramount challenge in the development of advanced nuclear reactors is the discovery of advanced structural materials that can endure extreme environments, such as severe neutron irradiation damage at high temperatures. It has been known for decades that high dose radiation can introduce significant void swelling accompanied by precipitation in austenitic stainless steel (SS). Here we report, however, that through nanoengineering, ultra-fine grained (UFG) 304L SS with an average grain size of ~100 nm, can withstand Fe ion irradiation at 500°C to 80 displacements-per-atom (dpa) with moderate grain coarsening. Compared to coarse grained (CG) counterparts, swelling resistance of UFG SS is improved by nearly an order of magnitude and swelling rate is reduced by a factor of 5. M23C6 precipitates, abundant in irradiated CG SS, are largely absent in UFG SS. This study provides a nanoengineering approach to design and discover radiation tolerant metallic materials for applications in extreme radiation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sun
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [2] Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - S Zheng
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - C C Wei
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nuclear Engineering Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - L Shao
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nuclear Engineering Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - K T Hartwig
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - S A Maloy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - S J Zinkle
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - T R Allen
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - X Zhang
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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Sun C, Bufford D, Chen Y, Kirk MA, Wang YQ, Li M, Wang H, Maloy SA, Zhang X. In situ study of defect migration kinetics in nanoporous Ag with enhanced radiation tolerance. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3737. [PMID: 24435181 PMCID: PMC3894537 DOI: 10.1038/srep03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Defect sinks, such as grain boundaries and phase boundaries, have been widely accepted to improve the irradiation resistance of metallic materials. However, free surface, an ideal defect sink, has received little attention in bulk materials as surface-to-volume ratio is typically low. Here by using in situ Kr ion irradiation technique in a transmission electron microscope, we show that nanoporous (NP) Ag has enhanced radiation tolerance. Besides direct evidence of free surface induced frequent removal of various types of defect clusters, we determined, for the first time, the global and instantaneous diffusivity of defect clusters in both coarse-grained (CG) and NP Ag. Opposite to conventional wisdom, both types of diffusivities are lower in NP Ag. Such a surprise is largely related to the reduced interaction energy between isolated defect clusters in NP Ag. Determination of kinetics of defect clusters is essential to understand and model their migration and clustering in irradiated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545
| | - D. Bufford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Y. Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - M. A. Kirk
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Y. Q. Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545
| | - M. Li
- Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - S. A. Maloy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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Kiener D, Hosemann P, Maloy SA, Minor AM. In situ nanocompression testing of irradiated copper. Nat Mater 2011; 10:608-613. [PMID: 21706011 PMCID: PMC3145148 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand for energy and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions has revived interest in nuclear energy. Designing materials for radiation environments necessitates a fundamental understanding of how radiation-induced defects alter mechanical properties. Ion beams create radiation damage efficiently without material activation, but their limited penetration depth requires small-scale testing. However, strength measurements of nanoscale irradiated specimens have not been previously performed. Here we show that yield strengths approaching macroscopic values are measured from irradiated ~400 nm-diameter copper specimens. Quantitative in situ nanocompression testing in a transmission electron microscope reveals that the strength of larger samples is controlled by dislocation-irradiation defect interactions, yielding size-independent strengths. Below ~400 nm, size-dependent strength results from dislocation source limitation. This transition length-scale should be universal, but depends on material and irradiation conditions. We conclude that for irradiated copper, and presumably related materials, nanoscale in situ testing can determine bulk-like yield strengths and simultaneously identify deformation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kiener
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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