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Johnstone A, McCrorie P, Cordovil R, Fjørtoft I, Iivonen S, Jidovtseff B, Lopes F, Reilly JJ, Thomson H, Wells V, Martin A. Nature-Based Early Childhood Education and Children's Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Motor Competence, and Other Physical Health Outcomes: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. J Phys Act Health 2022; 19:456-472. [PMID: 35537707 PMCID: PMC7613039 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose was to synthesize evidence on the association between nature-based Early Childhood Education (ECE) and children's physical activity (PA) and motor competence (MC). METHODS A literature search of 9 databases was concluded in August 2020. Studies were eligible if (1) children were aged 2-7 years old and attending ECE, (2) ECE settings integrated nature, and (3) assessed physical outcomes. Two reviewers independently screened full-text articles and assessed study quality. Synthesis was conducted using effect direction (quantitative), thematic analysis (qualitative), and combined using a results-based convergent synthesis. RESULTS 1370 full-text articles were screened and 39 (31 quantitative and 8 qualitative) studies were eligible; 20 quantitative studies assessed PA and 6 assessed MC. Findings indicated inconsistent associations between nature-based ECE and increased moderate to vigorous PA, and improved speed/agility and object control skills. There were positive associations between nature-based ECE and reduced sedentary time and improved balance. From the qualitative analysis, nature-based ECE affords higher intensity PA and risky play, which could improve some MC domains. The quality of 28/31 studies was weak. CONCLUSIONS More controlled experimental designs that describe the dose and quality of nature are needed to better inform the effectiveness of nature-based ECE on PA and MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johnstone
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - P McCrorie
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - R Cordovil
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I Fjørtoft
- Faculty of Humanities, Sports and Education Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Lærerskoleveien 40, 3679 Notodden, Norway
| | - S Iivonen
- School of Applied Educational Science and Teacher Education, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, FI-80100 Joensuu, Finland
| | - B Jidovtseff
- Research Unit on Childhood, Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liege, 2 Allee des sports, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - F Lopes
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz-Quebrada, 1499-002 Portugal
| | - JJ Reilly
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, 50 George Street, Glasgow G1 1QE, UK
| | - H Thomson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - V Wells
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - A Martin
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
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Latvala S, Haapalainen M, Kivijärvi P, Suojala-Ahlfors T, Iivonen S, Hannukkala A. Sampling and PCR method for detecting pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains in onion harvest. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:210-220. [PMID: 31838746 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium basal rot is a worldwide disease problem in onions, and causes substantial losses in onion production, both during the growing season and in the storage. To minimize the post-harvest losses, a protocol for screening of latent infections with pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains from harvested onions was developed. This protocol is based on a dual PCR test with primers specific for the fungal species and new SIX3 primers specific for the onion-pathogenic F. oxysporum strains. A pooled sample containing pieces from 50 harvested symptomless onions was prepared for the dual PCR using microwave disruption of the filamentous Fusarium fungi and Whatman FTATM filter paper matrix technology, or as a reference protocol, by extracting DNA with a commercial kit. The two sample preparation protocols gave consistent results with the tested onion samples. Detection limit of the dual PCR protocol was 100 pg of F. oxysporum DNA, in a mixture with onion DNA, when the FTA card was applied. The new protocol reported here is simple and sensitive enough for routine testing, enabling the detection of latent infections in harvest lots even at the infection levels under 10%. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Fusarium basal rot causes serious problems in onion production. To minimize post-harvest losses, a simple protocol based on FTATM technology and a dual PCR test with Fusarium oxysporum species-specific and pathogenicity-specific primers was developed. By testing pooled onion samples using this method, latent infections with F. oxysporum can be screened from a representative sample of the harvest. This screening method could be a useful tool to manage the post-harvest losses caused by latent infections with F. oxysporum and, with modification of the PCR protocol, with other Fusarium species pathogenic to onion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Latvala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - M Haapalainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Kivijärvi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - T Suojala-Ahlfors
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Production Systems, Turku, Finland
| | - S Iivonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Finnish Organic Research Institute, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - A Hannukkala
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Natural Resources, Jokioinen, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hiltunen M, Iivonen S, Soininen H. Aromatase enzyme and Alzheimer's disease. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2006; 31:61-73. [PMID: 16498364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase enzyme encoded by CYP19 gene is responsible for the formation of estrone and estradiol from C19 androgens, androstenedione and testosterone. Several lines of evidence suggest an important role for the estrogens as well as androgens in the key pathogenic processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as amyloid beta (Abeta) production, hyperphosporylation of tau protein, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Moreover, epidemiological studies suggest a neuroprotective role for estrogen in AD for which reason estrogen replacement therapies have been extensively studied as a way to improve the cognition and to lower the risk of AD. Aromatase enzyme is a key player in this context as it controls estrogen biosynthesis and, therefore, it may exert neuroprotective effects via increasing the local estrogen levels in injured neurons. Consistent with this idea, brain injury in mice and rats rapidly up-regulates aromatase enzyme expression in glial cells at the injury site suggesting that aromatase may be involved in protection of injured neurons through increased estrogen levels. Additional support for the role of aromatase in AD originates from the recent genetic studies, which have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms in CYP19 gene are independently or in synergy with other AD risk genes increasing the susceptibility for AD. These genetic findings suggest that CYP19 gene encompasses functional alterations, which may affect stability, expression or activity of the aromatase enzyme. Characterization of these novel alternations may ultimately reveal new avenues to understand and design new therapeutic approaches to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hiltunen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Centre/Mediteknia, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Helisalmi S, Vepsäläinen S, Koivisto AM, Mannermaa A, Iivonen S, Hiltunen M, Kiviniemi V, Soininen H. Association of CYP46 intron 2 polymorphism in Finnish Alzheimer's disease samples and a global scale summary. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77:421-2. [PMID: 16484661 PMCID: PMC2077714 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.071928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Iivonen S, Heikkinen T, Puoliväli J, Helisalmi S, Hiltunen M, Soininen H, Tanila H. Effects of estradiol on spatial learning, hippocampal cytochrome P450 19, and estrogen alpha and beta mRNA levels in ovariectomized female mice. Neuroscience 2005; 137:1143-52. [PMID: 16326017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The brain is an important target organ for peripherally synthesized estrogen but it also has its own steroid biosynthesis producing estrogen from testosterone catalyzed by the aromatase enzyme. This study examined the effects of estrogen treatment in two spatial memory tasks, one-arm-baited radial arm maze and a position discrimination task in the T-maze in ovariectomized female mice. Hippocampal cytochrome P450 19 (encoding aromatase), and estrogen receptor alpha and beta gene expressions were also measured using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Estrogen (17beta-estradiol) was administered either tonically via s.c. minipellets or phasically via daily i.p. injections. In ovariectomized mice, the tonic estrogen decreased the number of reference memory errors in radial arm maze. Tonic estrogen treatment also up-regulated the expression of cytochrome P450 19 and estrogen receptors. In contrast, estrogen injections decreased the expression of cytochrome P450 19 and estrogen receptor alpha genes. The number of reference memory errors correlated negatively with estrogen receptor alpha expression. These findings indicate that peripheral estrogen levels affect neuronal estrogen synthesis by regulating the cytochrome P450 19 gene expression and also influence estrogen receptor alpha expression. The results also suggest that tonic rather than cyclic estrogen treatment might be more beneficial for cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iivonen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University Hospital and University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Helisalmi S, Hiltunen M, Vepsäläinen S, Iivonen S, Mannermaa A, Lehtovirta M, Koivisto AM, Alafuzoff I, Soininen H. Polymorphisms in neprilysin gene affect the risk of Alzheimer's disease in Finnish patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1746-8. [PMID: 15548496 PMCID: PMC1738829 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.036574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neprilysin (NEP) is an amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) degrading enzyme expressed in the brain, and accumulation of Abeta is the neuropathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study we investigated whether polymorphisms in the NEP gene have an effect on the risk for AD. METHODS The frequencies of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) were assessed in 390 AD patients and 468 cognitively healthy controls. Genotypes of the study groups were compared using binary logistic regression analysis. Haplotype frequencies of the SNPs were estimated from genotype data. RESULTS Two SNPs, rs989692 and rs3736187, had significantly different allelic and genotypic frequencies (uncorrected p = 0.01) between the AD and the control subjects and haplotype analysis showed significant association between AD and NEP polymorphisms. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that polymorphisms in the NEP gene increase risk for AD and support a potential role for NEP in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Helisalmi
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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Iivonen S, Corder E, Lehtovirta M, Helisalmi S, Mannermaa A, Vepsäläinen S, Hänninen T, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Polymorphisms in the CYP19 gene confer increased risk for Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2004; 62:1170-6. [PMID: 15079018 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000118208.16939.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain aromatase may be neuroprotective by increasing the local estrogen levels in injured neurons. Aromatase is encoded by the CYP19 gene located at 15q21.1, a chromosomal region in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with Alzheimer disease (AD) in this sample. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) spanning the CYP19 gene were associated with AD. METHODS Three hundred ninety-four patients were compared with 469 nondemented control subjects using single-locus and haplotype approaches. Haplotypes were identified using the expectation/maximization algorithm and latent class analysis, which included additional information on age, sex, and APOE polymorphism. RESULTS Allelic and genotypic frequencies for three adjacent SNP differed between AD and control groups. Both haplotype approaches identified an approximately 60% increase (p = 0.02) in the risk of AD for one haplotype and similar levels of excess risk irrespective of APOE polymorphism and gender. CONCLUSION Genetic variation in the brain aromatase gene may modify the risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iivonen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Finland
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Helisalmi S, Dermaut B, Hiltunen M, Mannermaa A, Van den Broeck M, Lehtovirta M, Koivisto AM, Iivonen S, Cruts M, Soininen H, Van Broeckhoven C. Possible association of nicastrin polymorphisms and Alzheimer disease in the Finnish population. Neurology 2004; 63:173-5. [PMID: 15249634 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000133153.98139.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors previously reported that genetic variation in the gene coding for nicastrin (NCSTN) modified risk for familial early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) in a Dutch population-based sample. Risk was highest in patients without an APOE epsilon4 allele. Here, they evaluated if NCSTN polymorphisms increased risk of AD in the eastern Finnish population. A significant difference in one haplotype was observed in AD patients without the APOE epsilon4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Helisalmi
- Department of Neuroscience, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Finland
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Heikkinen T, Kalesnykas G, Rissanen A, Tapiola T, Iivonen S, Wang J, Chaudhuri J, Tanila H, Miettinen R, Puoliväli J. Estrogen treatment improves spatial learning in APP + PS1 mice but does not affect beta amyloid accumulation and plaque formation. Exp Neurol 2004; 187:105-17. [PMID: 15081593 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Revised: 12/30/2003] [Accepted: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) and 17 beta-estradiol (0.18 mg per pellet) treatment on spatial learning and memory, hippocampal beta amyloid (A beta) levels, and amyloid plaque counts in double transgenic mice (A/P) carrying mutated amyloid precursor protein (APPswe) and presenilin-1 (PS1-A246E). After OVX at 3 months of age, the mice received estrogen treatment for the last 3 months of their lifetime before they were killed at 6, 9, or 12 months of age. Estrogen treatment in A/P OVX mice increased the number of correct choices in a position discrimination task in the T-maze, and slightly improved their performance in a win-stay task (1/8 arms baited) in the radial arm maze (RAM). However, estrogen treatment did not reverse the A beta-dependent cognitive deficits of A/P mice in the water maze (WM) spatial navigation task. Furthermore, ovariectomy or estrogen treatment in OVX and sham-operated A/P mice had no effect on hippocampal amyloid accumulation. These results show that the estrogen treatment in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) improves performance in the same learning and memory tasks as in the normal C57BL/6J mice. However, the estrogen effects in these mice appeared to be unrelated to A beta-induced cognitive deficits. Our results do not support the idea that estrogen treatment decreases the risk or alleviates the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting the accumulation of A beta or formation of amyloid plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heikkinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Iivonen S. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease and correlation with neuropathology. Neurosci Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)01034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iivonen S, Hiltunen M, Alafuzoff I, Mannermaa A, Kerokoski P, Puoliväli J, Salminen A, Helisalmi S, Soininen H. Seladin-1 transcription is linked to neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2002; 113:301-10. [PMID: 12127087 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seladin-1 is a gene recently shown to be down-regulated in brain regions selectively degenerated in Alzheimer's disease. The sequence of seladin-1 shares similarities with flavin-adenine-dinucleotide-dependent oxidoreductases and it has been found to protect cells from apoptotic cell death. In this work, we show that the transcription of seladin-1 is selectively down-regulated in the brain areas affected in Alzheimer's disease. The down-regulation in seladin-1 transcription was associated with hyperphosphorylated tau seen as linkage to immunohistochemically detected paired helical filament tau, neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In contrast, no association was found between seladin-1 transcription and beta-amyloid deposition when analyzing human samples or tissue from transgenic animals. Furthermore, the relative transcription of seladin-1 was found to fluctuate during aging in the transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The fluctuation was enhanced by Alzheimer's disease causing mutations in presenilin-1 and amyloid precursor protein genes. Finally, seladin-1 transcription was found to be up-regulated in mouse N2a cells induced to undergo apoptosis with okadaic acid. The results presented here indicate that seladin-1 transcription is selectively down-regulated in brain regions vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease and this down-regulation is associated with the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iivonen
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University Hospital and University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Iivonen S, Rikala R, Ryyppö A, Vapaavuori E. Responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings grown in different nutrient regimes to changing root zone temperature in spring. Tree Physiol 1999; 19:951-958. [PMID: 12651307 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/19.14.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We examined effects of nutrient availability and changing root zone temperature (RZT) on growth, gas exchange and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (PM-ATPase) activity of roots of 1-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings during spring flushing. The 6-week growth-chamber experiment was carried out in hydroponic cultures that supplied the seedlings with low (0.5 mM N) or high (3 mM N) nutrient concentration and two rates of increase in RZT were simulated: slow warming (SW-treatment) and fast warming (FW-treatment). Air temperature, humidity, and light conditions were similar in all treatments. Growth of roots and shoots was retarded at low RZT, and fresh mass increment of roots was closely correlated with RZT sum. High nutrient availability increased nitrogen concentrations of needles and stems, but only at RZTs >13 degrees C. Low RZT and low availability of nutrients suppressed gas exchange of the seedlings. Real PM-ATPase activity was highly dependent on RZT. At high RZTs, real PM-ATPase activity was affected by nutrient availability but this effect was related to root growth. We conclude that, under conditions of high nutrient availability, Scots pine seedlings can compensate for the suppressive effects of long-term exposure to low RZT by rapidly accelerating growth, gas exchange and root metabolism, but only when RZT has increased above a threshold value, which was 13 degrees C in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Iivonen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research Station, Juntintie 40, FIN-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
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