Author Correction: Forearc carbon sink reduces long-term volatile recycling into the mantle

An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Ureterocolic fistula diagnosed on the basis of diuretic renogram and direct radionuclide cystography

Ureterocolic fistulae are a rare phenomenon and are most commonly seen secondary to obstructive ureteric calculi. These are usually diagnosed on barium enema or intravenous urography. Most of the times, more than one investigation is needed to confirm the findings. We present a case of iatrogenically-induced ureterocolic fistula, diagnosed on renogram and direct radionuclide cystography. This case showcases the possibility of using a renogram study as a diagnostic tool for a suspected ureterocolic fistula. A renogram study also enables to asess the renal function, which is essential in deciding the management.

Adult presentation of congenital muscular torticollis

Adult presentation of neglected congenital muscular torticollis is rare. We report 12 patients with this condition who underwent a modified Ferkel’s release comprising a bipolar release of sternocleidomastoid with Z-lengthening. They had a mean age of 24 years (17 to 31) and were followed up for a minimum of two years. Post-operatively a cervical collar was applied for three weeks with intermittent supervised active assisted exercises for six weeks. Outcome was assessed using a modified Lee score and a Cheng and Tang score. The mean pre-operative rotational deficit was 8.25° (0° to 15°) and mean lateral flexion deficit was 20.42° (15° to 30°), which improved after treatment to a mean of 1.67° (0° to 5°) and 7.0° (4° to 14°) after treatment, respectively. According to the modified Lee scoring system, six patients had excellent results, two had good results and four had fair results, and using the Cheng and Tang score, eight patients had excellent results and four had good results.

Surgical management of adult patients with neglected congenital muscular torticollis using a modified Ferkel’s bipolar release gives excellent results. The range of neck movement and head tilt improved in all 12 patients and cosmesis improved in 11, despite the long-standing nature of the deformity.

Urogynaecology: an ambulatory approach

An ambulatory approach in urogynaecology offers advantages to both patients and providers, offering significant savings on service delivery. This review provides an analysis of and information on procedures available for the ambulatory setup.

EGR3, a novel member of the Egr family of genes encoding immediate-early transcription factors

We have previously described two cellular immediate-early genes, Egr-1 (mouse) and EGR2 (human) that encode zinc finger proteins. Here we report the characterization of a new member of the Egr family referred to as EGR3 (human). This cDNA clone was isolated using low stringency hybridization with the zinc finger domain of Egr-1. The EGR3 cDNA sequence predicts a 387 amino acid (a.a.) protein containing three Cys2-His2 zinc fingers nearly identical to those of Egr-1 and EGR2. This similarity has a functional consequence: EGR3 can activate transcription of a CAT gene linked to the sequence CGCCCCCGC, a cis element which is a target for Egr-1 and EGR2. We show that EGR3 is an immediate-early growth response gene induced by mitogenic stimulation of rodent and human fibroblasts and a monkey kidney epithelial cell line. The EGR3 gene has a single intron and maps to chromosome 8 at bands p21-23.

ACG, the initiator codon for a Sendai virus protein

Deletion and site-directed point mutants of the polycistronic P/C mRNA of Sendai virus revealed that one of the nonstructural proteins of this virus, the C' protein, initiates from an ACG codon. This ACG codon occurs in an optimum sequence context and precedes the first AUG of the P/C mRNA. The results presented in this communication are consistent with the concept that the ribosomes scan the P/C mRNA to initiate several proteins from its different initiator codons. The arrangement of several weak initiator codons in tandem in an mRNA, i.e. non-AUG in optimum sequence context and AUG in suboptimum sequence context, may represent an alternate means to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes and their viruses.

Translation initiation potential of the 5' proximal AUGs of the polycistronic P/C mRNA of Sendai virus. A multipurpose vector for site-specific mutagenesis

To determine the translation initiation potential of the 5' proximal four AUGs of the polycistronic P/C mRNA of Sendai virus, we have developed an efficient system for oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis utilizing a plasmid vector which contains the replication origin of the single-stranded DNA phage f1 and the phage SP6 promoter. Utilizing uridine containing single-stranded DNA templates of the plasmid vector carrying the P/C gene we introduced point mutations in all four of the putative initiator codons (AUGs) of the P/C gene. Based on the analysis of in vitro translation products from the SP6 polymerase-directed transcripts of the mutants, the first and second AUG codons were assigned to the P and C proteins, respectively. Proteins detected in vitro, Y1 and Y2, initiated from the third and fourth AUG codons, respectively, and originated within the C reading frame. Since the C' protein is encoded in the same reading frame as the C protein but did not initiate from any of the 5' proximal AUGs, the synthesis of the C' protein may start from a non-AUG initiator codon in the P/C gene.

5-Methyl-2-thiouridine in the tRNA of Candida tropicalis and its localization in lysine tRNA

35S incorporation studies showed that Candida tropicalis tRNA contained two thionucleosides, one of which was identified as 5-methyl-2-thiouridine. The other thionucleoside was alkali labile, and it appeared to be an ester. Pulse-chase experiments suggested that the two thionucleosides were structurally related. 5-Methyl-2-thiouridine was present in one of the lysine tRNAs. This is the first report of the presence of this nucleoside in a yeast tRNA.