Oral health-related quality of life in patients with cleft lip and/or palate or Robin sequence

PURPOSE

To compare the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with cleft lip and/or palate or Robin sequence versus a healthy control group using the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP-G19). Factors such as age, gender, and cleft type were considered.

METHODS

Over an 8-month period, the OHRQoL was surveyed by using the COHIP-G19 questionnaire. Included were patients with a craniofacial disorder (n = 61; average age 11.24 years) and a healthy control group (n = 70, average age 12.63 years) for a total of 131 patients (average age 11.99 years) from the Department of Orthodontics University Hospital Tübingen, Germany. These were divided into two age groups (6-11 years; 12-18 years).

RESULTS

Statistically, patients with a craniofacial disorder presented a significantly lower OHRQoL than the control group (p = 0.0055). In the craniofacial disorder group, older patients revealed a significantly (p = 0.005) lower OHRQoL than the younger patients. Female patients showed in nearly all groups a better OHRQoL than male patients, but this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Males with a craniofacial disorder scored significantly lower than males without (p = 0.016); females showed no differences between the groups. Visibility, location, and severity of the craniofacial malformation did not have a significant influence on the OHRQoL.

CONCLUSION

The occurrence of a craniofacial malformation impacted the OHRQoL especially in older and male affected patients, unrelated to the expression level or localization. An early instruction about oral health, rehabilitation and functional training should be considered in therapy.

Single-dose versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis for alveolar bone grafting in cleft patients

The increase in antimicrobial resistance requires a critical discussion of antibiotic applications. Postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis is still common for intraoral bone transplantation. However, no guidelines exist for alveolar bone grafting (ABG) in cleft patients. This study compared the infection rate between prolonged and single-dose prophylaxis for this procedure, with the null hypothesis of no difference between the two groups. In total, 109 ABG procedures in 94 cleft patients performed by two surgeons were included. Patients received either prolonged or single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis. The complication rate was compared between the groups. Fifty-nine patients (34 male, 25 female) received prolonged prophylaxis (group 1), while 35 (23 male, 12 female) had just a single dose (group 2). Median age at surgery differed between the two groups, but not significantly (P = 0.72). One relevant surgical site infection was observed among patients with postoperative antibiotic application, while no infections occurred in the single-dose prophylaxis group (1.7% vs. 0%); this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.84). The duration of hospitalization was longer in group 1. The reduction of antibiotic prophylaxis to a single dose did not increase the infection rate. The results strongly encourage reducing antibiotic prophylaxis for ABG procedures in cleft patients.

Tooth agenesis in German orthodontic patients with non-syndromic craniofacial disorder: a retrospective evaluation of panoramic radiographs

Objectives

The study objective was to evaluate the tooth agenesis in German orthodontic patients with non-syndromic cleft lip and/or palate and Robin sequence compared to a control group without craniofacial disorder.

Materials/methods

A total of 108 panoramic radiographs were examined using the binary system of Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC) (excluding the third molar). Patients were divided into the craniofacial disorder group 1 (n = 43) and the healthy control group 2 (n = 65). Parameters such as skeletal class malformation, sex, localization of the cleft, craniofacial disorder, and interobserver reliability were assessed.

Results

Permanent tooth agenesis was observed in 44% of group 1 and 14% in group 2 with a statistically significant higher prevalence (p = 0.00162 (χ²)). Fourteen different TAC patterns were observed in group 1, ten of these occurring only once in separate patients. The distribution of the TAC codes in group 2 showed nine different possibilities of TAC code patterns; seven TACs were unique. In group 1, the most frequently absent teeth were the maxillary lateral incisor of the left side (30%); in group 2, the second premolar of the lower jaw on the right side (9%). Male patients with craniofacial disorder showed a higher percentage of tooth agenesis than female.

Conclusion

The data presented here shows a statistically significant higher prevalence of tooth agenesis in German patients with non-syndromic craniofacial disorder.

Clinical relevance

Radiographic evaluation enables the diagnosis of tooth agenesis. Recognizing early on the higher prevalence of tooth agenesis in patients exhibiting a craniofacial disorder is an important issue when developing long-term and comprehensive interdisciplinary treatment.

[Accreditation and certification of skull base centres in Germany by the German Society for Skull Base Surgery (Gesellschaft für Schädelbasischirurgie, GSB). German version]

The German Society for Skull Base Surgery (Gesellschaft für Schädelbasischirurgie, GSB) has developed a protocol for the certification of GSB skull base centres. The development of such a protocol has led to numerous open and sometimes controversial discussions among the GSB members. The various critical discussion points will be reviewed and the ensuing results, which will then be included in the accreditation protocol, presented. The current GSB accreditation protocol will be presented and explained in an international comparison.

AB1179 EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT LENGTH OF STAY FOR PATIENTS WITH ACUTE GOUT

Background:

Emergency department (ED) visits for acute gout increased by approximately 20% between 2006 and 2014 in the United States. (1) Reducing ED length of stay (LOS) can help improve health outcomes, and reduce ED crowding and cost of care for patients with gout.

Objectives:

The aim of our study was to assess ED LOS and to identify factors associated with prolonged ED LOS in patients with acute gout.

Methods:

In this retrospective analysis, we included the first ED visit of adult patients (>18

years) with acute gout who presented to the 3 EDs affiliated with Lifespan Health Systems, the largest healthcare provider in Rhode Island. Our study period was 3/30/2015 to 9/30/2017.

We calculated ED LOS as the time spent by patients in the ED until they were discharged. Patients presenting to the ED and subsequently admitted to the hospital were excluded given the differential effect of systems factors in these patients. We assessed the following factors’ association with being in the upper quartile of ED LOS: (a) Patient factors – demographics, comorbidities and clinical presentation of gout (number of joints involved, severity as gauged by an ED triage nurse on a scale of 1 to 5; 1 being the worst) and (b) systems factors – time of day, day of the week, and time of year at presentation to the ED, teaching versus non-teaching hospital setting, and performing an arthrocentesis. We performed univariate and multivariable analyses to identify factors associated with prolonged ED LOS in patients with acute gout.

Results:

A total of 355 patients (mean age 56.6 ± 16.03 years, 81.3% males) were included. The median ED LOS was 2.65 hours (1.75, 4.3 hours). A quarter of the patients spent more than 4.3 hours in the ED; the national average across all medical illnesses being 3.7 hours (2). In the univariate analysis, older age (> 65 years), comorbidities (hypertension, congestive heart failure), worse ED severity score, procedural delays, and teaching hospital setting were associated with being in the upper quartile of ED LOS. In a multivariable analysis, age >65 years, procedural delays, and worse ED acuity score continued to be associated with longer ED LOS.

Conclusion:

In our study settings, patients with acute gout spent a longer time in the ED than the national median of 120-150 minutes. (2) We noted that older age and higher acuity score in addition to procedural delays led to longer length of stay in the ED. The results of our study should guide future interventions to reduce ED LOS for patients with acute gout.

References:

[1] Mithal, A., & Singh, G. (2018). OP0185 Emergency department visits for gout: a dramatic increase in the past decade

[2]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). QuickStats: median emergency department (ED) wait and treatment times, by triage level–National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, United States, 2010-2011. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 63,439. (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6319a8.htm)

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Severe odontogenic infections with septic progress - a constant and increasing challenge: a retrospective analysis

Background

More than 90% of all infections in the head and neck region can be traced back to an odontogenic origin. In rare cases they can lead to sepsis, which may pose a vital threat to the patient. The purpose of this study was to analyse characteristics concerning etiology and progress of severe odontogenic infections with a fulminant development.

Methods

All patients with odontogenic infections requiring hospital admission were included in a retrospective analysis conducted from 02/2012 to 09/2017. Of 483 patients 16 patients (13 male, 3 female) showed severe exacerbation with septic progress. The average age was 52.8 years. All patients underwent at least one surgical procedure that involved an extraoral incision and drainage as well as high volume irrigation intraoperatively. At least one revision was required for four of the patients. Three patients showed an exceedingly severe disease progression with multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and circulatory arrest. Antibiotic treatment was adjusted according to the results of an antibiogram and resistogram. Irrigation with saline was done several times a day.

Results

Sixteen patients showed odontogenic infections that spread over multiple maxillo-facial and cervical regions accompanied by septic laboratory signs. All these patients needed intensive care and a tracheostomy. The hospitalization period was 27.8 days on average. In 16 cases risk factors for the development of odontogenic abscesses like diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic alcohol and nicotine abuse, rheumatism and poor oral hygiene were present. Intraoperative swabs showed a typical polymicrobial aerobic and anaerobic spectrum of oral bacteria, especially anaerobes and streptococci, mainly Streptocococcus viridans.

Conclusion

Odontogenic infections with fulminant progression should be treated based on clinical and imaging data with immediate surgical incision and drainage including elimination of odontogenic foci as well as intensified intra- and postoperative irrigation. If needed, repeat imaging followed by further incisions should be performed. Immediate antibiotic treatment adapted to the antibiogram is of utmost importance. A combination of tazobactam and piperacillin has proven to be a good first choice and can be recommended for abscesses that spread over multiple levels with initial signs of severe infections.

Estrogen and Progesterone hormone receptor expression in oral cavity cancer

Background

Recent studies have shown an increase in the incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in younger patients. The hypothesis that tumors could be hormonally induced during pregnancy or in young female patients without the well-known risk factors alcohol or tobacco abuse seems to be plausible.

Material and Methods

Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα) and Progesterone Receptor (PR) expression were analyzed in normal oral mucosa (n=5), oral precursor lesions (simple hyperplasia, n=11; squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, SIN I-III, n=35), and OSCC specimen. OSCCs were stratified in a young female (n=7) study cohort and older patients (n=46). In the young female study cohort three patients (n=3/7) developed OSCC during or shortly after pregnancy. Breast cancer tissues were used as positive control for ERα and PR expression.

Results

ERα expression was found in four oral precursor lesions (squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, SIN I-III, n=4/35, 11%) and in five OSCC specimen (n=5/46, 11%). The five ERα positive OSCC samples were older male patients. All patients within the young female study cohort were negatively stained for both ERα and PR.

Conclusions

ER expression could be regarded as a seldom risk factor for OSCC. PR expression seems to be not relevant for the development of OSCC.

Key words:Oral squamous cell carcinoma, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, hormone receptor.

Surface biofunctionalization of β-TCP blocks using aptamer 74 for bone tissue engineering

Successful bone regeneration following oral and maxillofacial surgeries depends on efficient functionalization strategies that allow the recruitment of osteogenic progenitor cells at the tissue/implant interface. We have previously identified aptamer 74, which exhibited a binding affinity for osteogenically induced jaw periosteal cells (JPCs). In the present study, this aptamer was used for the surface biofunctionalization of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) blocks. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements showed increased binding activity of aptamer 74 towards osteogenically induced JPCs compared to untreated controls. The immobilization efficiency of aptamer 74 was analyzed using the QuantiFluor ssDNA assay for 2D surfaces and by amino acid analysis for 3D β-TCP constructs. Following the successful immobilization of aptamer 74 in 2D culture wells and on 3D constructs, in vitro assays showed no significant differences in cell proliferation compared to unmodified surfaces. Interestingly, JPC mineralization was significantly higher on the 2D surfaces and higher cell adhesion was detected on the 3D constructs with immobilized aptamer. Herein, we report an established, biocompatible β-TCP matrix with surface immobilization of aptamer 74, which enhances properties such as cell adhesion on 3D constructs and mineralization on 2D surfaces. Further studies need to be performed to improve the immobilization efficiency and to develop a suitable approach for JPC mineralization growing within 3D β-TCP constructs.

Positional cranial deformity--the parents' point of view

The parents' point of view regarding positional cranial deformities and helmet therapy has not been the subject of scientific interest yet. However, carer acceptance is a key factor for therapeutic success. We therefore investigated parental perception. The parents of 218 infants were included in a telephone survey; 122 children had undergone helmet therapy and 96 had not. Satisfaction with the outcome, treatment-associated problems, and parental stress were investigated using a structured questionnaire. The great majority (90.8%) of caregivers were satisfied with the outcome, regardless of whether or not helmet therapy was used. Retrospectively, 76% of the parents of infants who had not undergone helmet therapy would decide against helmet therapy again. Therapy was either temporarily stopped (27.0%) or terminated (4.9%) in 31.9% of infants treated with a helmet. Major problems were sweating (51.1%) and skin lacerations (30.9%). The parents indicated minor (54.9%) or even great (25.4%) personal strain. Conflict with others (38.5%), stress for the child (30.3%), and a financial burden (36.9%) were mentioned most frequently. There appear to be more parental problems than expected associated with helmet therapy. Medical experts should take this into consideration. The indication for a helmet should be evaluated critically and the potential parental burdens should be addressed during counselling.

Value of high-resolution ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of scaphocephaly and occipital plagiocephaly

Secondary to the increase in deformational plagiocephaly a growing number of infants with cranial deformity present to craniofacial teams. Computed tomography (CT) is diagnostic, but uses ionizing radiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ultrasound as a screening test for the patency of cranial sutures in scaphocephaly and occipital plagiocephaly. The cranial sutures of 54 infants with this cranial deformity were assessed by ultrasound. Sutures were read as patent or fused if a hypoechoic gap could or could not be demonstrated between the hyperechoic clavarial bones, respectively. Seven children suffered from true craniosynostosis of either the sagittal or the lambdoid suture. In five cases the ultrasound findings were diagnostic for a fused suture, in two cases the results were inconclusive. Forty-seven infants presented with deformational plagiocephaly. Ultrasound examination demonstrated patent sutures in 45 cases and was inconclusive in two cases. Sonography of the cranial sutures is a good screening tool to distinguish fused from patent cranial sutures in scaphocephaly and occipital plagiocephaly and avoids the radiation exposure associated with CT examinations.

Extraocular surgery for implantation of an active subretinal visual prosthesis with external connections: feasibility and outcome in seven patients

BACKGROUND

Due to low energy levels in microphotodiode-based subretinal visual prostheses, an external power supply is mandatory. We report on the surgical feasibility and the functional outcome of the extraocular part of an approach to connect a subretinal prosthesis to an extracorporeal connector in the retro-auricular space via a trans-scleral, transchoroidal cable.

METHODS

Seven volunteers with retinitis pigmentosa received an active subretinal implant; energy was supplied by gold wires on a trans-sclerally, transchoroidally implanted polyimide foil leading to the lateral orbital rim where it was fixated and connected to a silicone cable. The cable was implanted subperiostally beneath the temporal muscle using a trocar to the retro-auricular space where it penetrated the skin for connection to a stimulator. To avoid subretinal movement of the implant, three tension relief points have been introduced.

RESULTS

All implantations were performed as planned without complications, and no serious adverse events occurred in the postoperative period. Fixation of the implants was stable throughout the entire study duration of 4 weeks; permanent skin penetration proved to be uncomplicated. Motility was minimally restricted in downgaze and ab-/adduction. Explantation was uneventful.

CONCLUSION

The above-described procedure provides a method for stable fixation of a subretinal device with a trans-scleral, transchoroidal cable connection to an extracorporeal connector.

Influence of the rotation centre in panoramic radiography

The aim is to present the curve of the rotation centre in dental panoramic radiography and to examine its influence on organ doses. A screenless film was fixed between the layers of an Alderson Rando phantom in the centre of the mandible. The phantom was positioned in two different X-ray units [Scanora (Soredex, Helsinki, Finland) and Orthophos (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany)] and exposed. Organ doses and effective doses were determined. The curves of the rotation centre showed clear differences especially in the area of the parotid gland. These differences corresponded to the differences in organ doses and in effective doses (Scanora: 29.9 microGy; Orthophos Plus: 14 microGy). Artefacts might be shown (Orthophos, result of a plate osteosynthesis) or not (Scanora) due to the different rotation centres. Differences in organ doses and in image quality, e.g. artefacts, were explained with the curve of the rotation centre and beam geometry.

Hochkontrastauflösung von Film-Folien-Systemen in der Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde

PURPOSE

The aim was to determine differences in high-contrast resolution of film-screen systems used in dental panoramic and cephalometric radiography by calculating the modulation transfer function (MTF). The radiographs used to determine the MTF should be taken by the same x-ray units as those used for patient radiographs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The MTF was determined using a lead grid and according to DIN 6867-2 for 11 film-screen systems (speed 250, speed class 200 and 400) used in dental radiographic diagnostics. The optical density was measured using a microdensitometer developed by PTB.

RESULTS

With 10% of the modulation transfer factor, newly developed film-screen systems (speed class 200 and 400) demonstrated a resolution of 4.9 to 6 line pairs per mm (panoramic radiography). In cephalometric radiography a film-screen system (speed class 400 and green-sensitive film) had a resolution of 4.2 line pairs per mm and surpassed two film-screen systems (speed class 400, resolution of 3 line pairs per mm, blue-sensitive films).

CONCLUSION

The relevance of this study is underlined by the diagnostic reference doses defined in the German X-ray Ordinance (RöV) which are also intended for dentistry. Film-screen systems (speed 250, speed class 200) previously used in dental panoramic and cephalometric radiography can be replaced by newly developed film-screen systems (speed class 400). In dental radiography dose reductions are possible with film-screen systems (speed class 400) without impairing diagnostic accuracy. The introduction of newly developed film-screen systems (speed class 400) requires lower milliampere-seconds and therefore an adjustment of the x-ray units to lower milliampere settings.

[The influence of the Tübingen soft palate plate and early cleft closure on swallowing and Eustachian tube function in children with Pierre Robin sequence]

CURRENT KNOWLEDGE

Children with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) typically have difficulty with bolus transport and swallowing. Due to velopharyngeal insufficiency caused by the cleft palate, a high percentage of the children affected also have impaired Eustachian tube function.

AIMS OF THE STUDY

In the literature, substantial information may be obtained on conductive hearing loss in PRS patients; however, no study has yet been performed to investigate whether wearing a soft palate plate and relatively early surgical cleft palate closure positively influence Eustachian tube function. In the present study this question was investigated.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 41 PRS children, 27 girls and 14 boys, were included in the study and were examined for hearing ability prior to and after surgical cleft palate closure. All of the children had been wearing a Tübingen soft palate plate until surgical cleft palate closure, which occurred at an age of 3-13 months (mean age 7.3 months). Based on data obtained prior to surgery by BERA, otoacoustic emissions and tympanometry, a hearing loss of more than 30 dB was diagnosed in 68.4% of the children. After 3-6 months, normal hearing ability was found in 70%.

CONCLUSIONS

Wearing the Tübingen soft palate plate, and the improved swallowing function resulting from this, as well as early surgical cleft palate closure had a very positive impact on the hearing ability of the children included in the study.

Diagnostic accuracy ofin vitropanoramic radiographs depending on the exposure

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to evaluate the effect of dose reduction on diagnostic accuracy in panoramic radiographs with increased tube potential and reduced milliampere settings.

METHODS

Panoramic radiographs of 12 dried human skulls prepared with lesions in the bone, teeth and peri-implant bone in ascending size were taken. Medium and regular film--screen combinations and a storage phosphor system were used for imaging. All systems were exposed at a low and a high tube potential level. To compare the dose at different tube potential settings, dose length product was measured at the secondary collimator. Five observers assessed the presence (response: 1) or absence (response: 0) of lesions. Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy were evaluated and 36 000 ratings were made in all. All settings were repeated once. Intrarater agreement was expressed by Cohen's kappa coefficient.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between a medium and a regular film--screen combination at a low tube potential level (70 kV; 0.935 and 0.930) and the medium film--screen system at a high tube potential level (85 kV; 0.926). Compared with this group, the regular film-screen combinations at high tube potential level (85 kV, 0.906) and all digital radiographs were significantly different (0.886 and 0.866), irrespective of the tube potential level. The digital panoramic radiograph was only comparable with the best film--screen combinations with an exposure for a medium film-screen system and at a low tube potential level. Sensitivity was 89.9% and specificity 93.7%. The kappa coefficient for intrarater agreement was high (0.81).

CONCLUSIONS

The medium intensifying screen can be used at high tube potential settings instead of low tube potential settings, or the regular intensifying screen can be used at low tube potential settings with the same diagnostic value. A dose reduction of about 40% is possible. The storage phosphor plates should be exposed at least like a regular film-screen system and at a low tube potential level.

Influence of tube potential setting and dose on the visibility of lesions in intraoral radiography

OBJECTIVES

The objectives were to determine the diagnostic accuracy of different image receptors when first, the tube potential setting was increased from 60 kV to 90 kV and second, when the milliampere setting was reduced at unchanged tube potential for storage phosphor plates.

METHODS

Intraoral radiographs (films of speed class F, storage phosphor plates) were taken of 12 dried human skulls prepared with lesions in both teeth and peri-implant bone, in ascending size. Five observers assessed the presence (response=1) or absence (response=0) of lesions. The digital intraoral radiograph was exposed at 60 kV and 90 kV with half and a quarter of the film exposure. Some of the radiographs were assessed a second time. In total, 6000 assessments were made. Intrarater agreement was expressed by Cohen's kappa coefficient.

RESULTS

The digital combinations showed the lowest diagnostic accuracy in all combinations, but the results demonstrated an equivalence of all combinations of films and storage phosphor plates. The differences in diagnostic accuracy were low (94-96.5%). The kappa coefficient for intrarater agreement was high (0.85).

CONCLUSIONS

Regarding peri-implant and decayed lesions, intraoral films and storage phosphor plates demonstrated equal quality in this in vitro study regardless of exposure at 60 kV or 90 kV.

Possibilities of dose reduction in lateral cephalometric radiographs and its effects on clinical diagnostics

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the present study was to determine (1) the absorbed and the exit radiation doses for cephalometric exposures on a phantom head with various exposure settings and image receivers, and (2) the diagnostic image quality for various modalities assessed on cephalometric radiographs of patients.

METHODS

The dose measurements for lateral cephalometric radiographs were performed with a semiconductor detector, and also with thermoluminescent detectors and an Alderson phantom. Both the integral and the effective doses were determined. Two radiographs of each patient (n=119) were taken at two different times, one at a low tube potential setting, 75+/-5 kV, and one with a decreased dose. Film-screen systems with speed class 400 and one storage phosphor plate were used. Five observers assessed the radiographs for the visualization of six cephalometric reference points on a three-point scale with -1, 0 and 1. Twenty-seven image pairs were rescored to determine inter- and intrarater reliability. The statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance and Tukey's HSD (honestly significant difference) post hoc test.

RESULTS

Increasing the tube potential setting led to an average dose reduction to 83% (integral dose) or to 87% (effective dose). Instead of taking the radiograph at a low tube potential setting (75 kV), a dose reduction of about 15% was feasible at a high tube potential setting (90 kV). A significant difference in reference point visibility existed between film radiographs at low tube potential settings (mean score 0.984) and at high tube potential settings (90 kV, mean score 0.958). For the storage phosphor plates, there was no significant difference to the film-screen combinations at low tube potential and halved milliampere seconds settings. In the second assessment, there was a high degree of agreement (96.6%) compared with the first assessment (unadjusted for random agreement).

CONCLUSIONS

As there is only minimal dose reduction at increased tube potential settings, for a dose reduction, it seems to be more useful to use storage phosphor plates at unchanged tube potential and halved milliampere seconds settings compared with the film-screen combination.

Opportunistic infections and HIV clinical disease stage among patients presenting for care in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

This prospective, cross-sectional study sought to assess the spectrum of HIV-associated complications and disease stage among individuals presenting for first-time care in Phnom Penh, Cambodia between November 2001 and September 2002. One hundred patients participated in this study. All study participants presented with advanced stages of HIV disease. Seventy-four percent of the subjects had CD4 cell counts <50 cells/mm3. Tuberculosis was the most common AIDS-defining illness among participants, with a prevalence of 43%. A spectrum of other opportunistic infections, including cryptosporidiosis (13%), severe bacterial infections (12%), cryptococcosis (12%), and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (10%), was identified. These findings underscore the need for widespread HIV treatment and prevention in this setting. Increased screening for HIV and routine health maintenance for those infected are urgently needed in order to facilitate management of both opportunistic infections and the secondary prevention of HIV infection.