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Sabines-Chesterking J, Burenkov IA, Polyakov SV. Quantum measurement enables single biomarker sensitivity in flow cytometry. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3891. [PMID: 38365797 PMCID: PMC10873388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the first unambiguous experimental method enabling single-fluorophore sensitivity in a flow cytometer using quantum properties of single-photon emitters. We use a quantum measurement based on the second-order coherence function to prove that the optical signal is produced by individual biomarkers traversing the interrogation volume of the flow cytometer from the first principles. This observation enables the use of the quantum toolbox for rapid detection, enumeration, and sorting of single fluorophores in large cell populations as well as a 'photons-to-moles' calibration of this measurement modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sabines-Chesterking
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - I A Burenkov
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - S V Polyakov
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, USA.
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Fan HQ, Kagalwala KH, Polyakov SV, Migdall AL, Goldschmidt EA. Electromagnetically induced transparency in inhomogeneously broadened solid media. Phys Rev A (Coll Park) 2019; 99:053821. [PMID: 38510460 PMCID: PMC10953566 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.99.053821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
We study, theoretically and experimentally, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in two different solid-state systems. Unlike many implementations in homogeneously broadened media, these systems exhibit inhomogeneous broadening of their optical and spin transitions typical of solid-state materials. We observe EIT lineshapes typical of atomic gases, including a crossover into the regime of Autler-Townes splitting, but with the substitution of the inhomogeneous widths for the homogeneous values. We obtain quantitative agreement between experiment and theory for the width of the transparency feature over a range of optical powers and inhomogeneous linewidths. We discuss regimes over which analytical and numerical treatments capture the behavior. As solid-state systems become increasingly important for scalable and integratable quantum optical and photonic devices, it is vital to understand the effects of the inhomogeneous broadening that is ubiquitous in these systems. The treatment presented here can be applied to a variety of systems, as exemplified by the common scaling of experimental results from two different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Q. Fan
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K. H. Kagalwala
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S. V. Polyakov
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - A. L. Migdall
- Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - E. A. Goldschmidt
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, USA
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Leonova ES, Polyakov SV, Pozdnyakova МА, Yarygina ЕP, Semisynov SО. [An experience with neuroprotective therapy of primary open-angle glaucoma based on the use of different dosage forms of Mexidol]. Vestn Oftalmol 2015; 131:91-94. [PMID: 26977733 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2015131691-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aim - to develop an algorithm to guide neuroprotective therapy in railway workers undergoing long-term follow-up for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) judging from the efficacy of sequential administration of intravenous dosage form of Mexidol and oral tablets. MATERIAL AND METHODS All sorts of JSC Russian Railways employees with stage I-III POAG and well-controlled intraocular pressure were enrolled. Mexidol was first to be administered intravenously by a dropper in a day hospital (250 mg daily for 5 days) and then taken orally at home (125 mg t.i.d. for 3 months). A comprehensive ophthalmic examination with high-technology control was performed in all patients at their first, second, and third follow-up visits. RESULTS Data from 58 patients (96 eyes) were analyzed. Statistically significant improvements in perimetry and optical coherence tomography results were only obtained at a third visit, i.e. at the end of the course of Mexidol tablets. The treatment effect was most pronounced in stage I-II patients. CONCLUSION The results suggest that combination therapy with intravenous and oral Mexidol received sequentially as well as long-term (3-month) administration of Mexidol tablets can both be recommended in POAG patients. It has been also found that neuroprotective therapy with Mexidol performs best for early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Leonova
- Railway Clinical Hospital on the Station Gor'kiy, JSC Russian Railways, Inter Railway Center of Ophthalmology, 18 Lenina prospect, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603140; Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minina i Pozharskogo Sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603950
| | - S V Polyakov
- Railway Clinical Hospital on the Station Gor'kiy, JSC Russian Railways, Inter Railway Center of Ophthalmology, 18 Lenina prospect, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603140; Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minina i Pozharskogo Sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603950
| | - М А Pozdnyakova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minina i Pozharskogo Sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603950
| | - Е P Yarygina
- Nizhny Novgorod City Hospital No. 35, City Center of Glaucoma, 15 Osharskaya St., Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603005
| | - S О Semisynov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 10/1 Minina i Pozharskogo Sq., Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation, 603950
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Piacentini F, Levi MP, Avella A, López M, Kück S, Polyakov SV, Degiovanni IP, Brida G, Genovese M. Positive operator-valued measure reconstruction of a beam-splitter tree-based photon-number-resolving detector. Opt Lett 2015; 40:1548-1551. [PMID: 25831381 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a reconstruction of the positive operator-value measurement of a photon-number-resolving detector comprised of three 50∶50 beam-splitters in a tree configuration, terminated with four single-photon avalanche detectors. The four detectors' outputs are processed by an electronic board that discriminates detected photon number states from 0 to 4 and implements a "smart counting" routine to compensate for dead time issues at high count rates.
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Goldschmidt EA, Beavan SE, Polyakov SV, Migdall AL, Sellars MJ. Storage and retrieval of collective excitations on a long-lived spin transition in a rare-earth ion-doped crystal. Opt Express 2013; 21:10087-10094. [PMID: 23609713 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Robust, long-lived optical quantum memories are important components of many quantum information and communication protocols. We demonstrate coherent generation, storage, and retrieval of excitations on a long-lived spin transition via spontaneous Raman scattering in a rare-earth ion-doped crystal. We further study the time dynamics of the optical correlations in this system. This is the first demonstration of its kind in a solid and an enabling step toward realizing a solid-state quantum repeater.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Goldschmidt
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Brida G, Ciavarella L, Degiovanni IP, Genovese M, Migdall A, Mingolla MG, Paris MGA, Piacentini F, Polyakov SV. Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:253601. [PMID: 23004600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.253601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A quantum measurement can be described by a set of matrices, one for each possible outcome, which represents the positive operator-valued measure (POVM) of the sensor. Efficient protocols of POVM extraction for arbitrary sensors are required. We present the first experimental POVM reconstruction that takes explicit advantage of a quantum resource, i.e., nonclassical correlations with an ancillary state. A POVM of a photon-number-resolving detector is reconstructed by using strong quantum correlations of twin beams generated by parametric down-conversion. Our reconstruction method is more statistically robust than POVM reconstruction methods that use classical input states.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brida
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino 10135, Italy
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Abstract
We review the current status of single-photon-source and single-photon-detector technologies operating at wavelengths from the ultraviolet to the infrared. We discuss applications of these technologies to quantum communication, a field currently driving much of the development of single-photon sources and detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Eisaman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Brida G, Degiovanni IP, Genovese M, Migdall A, Piacentini F, Polyakov SV, Berchera IR. Experimental realization of a low-noise heralded single-photon source. Opt Express 2011; 19:1484-1492. [PMID: 21263690 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.001484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We present a heralded single-photon source with a much lower level of unwanted background photons in the output channel by using the herald photon to control a shutter in the heralded channel. The shutter is implemented using a simple field programable gate array controlled optical switch.
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Brida G, Degiovanni IP, Piacentini F, Schettini V, Polyakov SV, Migdall A. Scalable multiplexed detector system for high-rate telecom-band single-photon detection. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:116103. [PMID: 19947767 DOI: 10.1063/1.3247907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an actively multiplexed photon-counting detection system at telecom wavelengths that overcomes the difficulties of photon-counting at high rates. We find that for gated detectors, the heretofore unconsidered deadtime associated with the detector gate is a critical parameter, that limits the overall scalability of the scheme to just a few detectors. We propose and implement a new scheme that overcomes this problem and restores full scalability that allows an order of magnitude improvement with systems with as few as 4 detectors. When using just two multiplexed detectors, our experimental results show a 5x improvement over a single detector and a greater than 2x improvement over multiplexed schemes that do not consider gate deadtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brida
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, 91 Strada delle Cacce, 10135 Torino, Italy
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Papoular DJ, Cladé P, Polyakov SV, McCormick CF, Migdall AL, Lett PD. Measuring optical tunneling times using a Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer. Opt Express 2008; 16:16005-16012. [PMID: 18825239 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.016005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a prediction for the delay measured in an optical tunneling experiment using Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference, taking into account the Goos-Hänchen shift generalized to frustrated total internal reflection situations. We precisely state assumptions under which the tunneling delay measured by an HOM interferometer can be calculated. We show that, under these assumptions, the measured delay is the group delay, and that it is apparently 'superluminal' for sufficiently thick air gaps. We also show how an HOM signal with multiple minima can be obtained, and that the shape of such a signal is not appreciably affected by the presence of the optical tunneling zone, thus ruling out the explanation of the anomalously short tunneling delays in terms of a reshaping of the wavepacket as it goes through the tunneling zone. Finally, we compare the predicted tunneling delay to a relevant classical delay and conclude that our predictions involve no non-causal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Papoular
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Chou CW, de Riedmatten H, Felinto D, Polyakov SV, van Enk SJ, Kimble HJ. Measurement-induced entanglement for excitation stored in remote atomic ensembles. Nature 2005; 438:828-32. [PMID: 16341008 DOI: 10.1038/nature04353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A critical requirement for diverse applications in quantum information science is the capability to disseminate quantum resources over complex quantum networks. For example, the coherent distribution of entangled quantum states together with quantum memory (for storing the states) can enable scalable architectures for quantum computation, communication and metrology. Here we report observations of entanglement between two atomic ensembles located in distinct, spatially separated set-ups. Quantum interference in the detection of a photon emitted by one of the samples projects the otherwise independent ensembles into an entangled state with one joint excitation stored remotely in 10(5) atoms at each site. After a programmable delay, we confirm entanglement by mapping the state of the atoms to optical fields and measuring mutual coherences and photon statistics for these fields. We thereby determine a quantitative lower bound for the entanglement of the joint state of the ensembles. Our observations represent significant progress in the ability to distribute and store entangled quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Chou
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Polyakov SV, Chou CW, Felinto D, Kimble HJ. Temporal dynamics of photon pairs generated by an atomic ensemble. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:263601. [PMID: 15697978 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.263601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The time dependence of nonclassical correlations is investigated for two fields (1,2) generated by an ensemble of cold cesium atoms via the protocol of Duan et al. [Nature (London) 414, 413 (2001)]]. The correlation function R(t1,t2) for the ratio of cross to autocorrelations for the (1,2) fields at times (t1,t2) is found to have a maximum value R(max=292+/-57, which significantly violates the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality R< or =1 for classical fields. Decoherence of quantum correlations is observed over taud approximately 175 ns, and is described by our model, as is a new scheme to mitigate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Polyakov
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Chou CW, Polyakov SV, Kuzmich A, Kimble HJ. Single-photon generation from stored excitation in an atomic ensemble. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:213601. [PMID: 15245280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.213601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single photons are generated from an ensemble of cold Cs atoms via the protocol of Duan et al. [Nature (London), ()]]. Conditioned upon an initial detection from field 1 at 852 nm, a photon in field 2 at 894 nm is produced in a controlled fashion from excitation stored within the atomic ensemble. The single-quantum character of field 2 is demonstrated by the violation of a Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, namely w(1(2),1(2)|1(1))=0.24+/-0.05 not > or = 1, where w(1(2),1(2)|1(1)) describes the detection of two events (1(2),1(2)) conditioned upon an initial detection 1(1), with w-->0 for single photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Chou
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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