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Bittencourt LO, Dionizio A, Ferreira MKM, Aragão WAB, de Carvalho Cartágenes S, Puty B, do Socorro Ferraz Maia C, Zohoori FV, Buzalaf MAR, Lima RR. Prolonged exposure to high fluoride levels during adolescence to adulthood elicits molecular, morphological, and functional impairments in the hippocampus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11083. [PMID: 37422569 PMCID: PMC10329641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoride is added to water due to its anticariogenic activity. However, due to its natural presence in soils and reservoirs at high levels, it could be a potential environmental toxicant. This study investigated whether prolonged exposure to fluoride from adolescence to adulthood-at concentrations commonly found in artificially fluoridated water and in fluorosis endemic areas-is associated with memory and learning impairments in mice, and assessed the molecular and morphological aspects involved. For this endeavor, 21-days-old mice received 10 or 50 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water for 60 days and the results indicated that the increased plasma fluoride bioavailability was associated with the triggering of short- and long-term memory impairments after high F concentration levels. These changes were associated with modulation of the hippocampal proteomic profile, especially of proteins related to synaptic communication, and a neurodegenerative pattern in the CA3 and DG. From a translational perspective, our data provide evidence of potential molecular targets of fluoride neurotoxicity in the hippocampus at levels much higher than that in artificially fluoridated water and reinforce the safety of exposure to low concentrations of fluoride. In conclusion, prolonged exposure to the optimum fluoride level of artificially fluoridated water was not associated with cognitive impairments, while a higher concentration associated with fluorosis triggered memory and learning deficits, associated with a neuronal density reduction in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n. 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Aline Dionizio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n. 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n. 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de Carvalho Cartágenes
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Behavior Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Bruna Puty
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n. 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Behavior Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fatemeh Vida Zohoori
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa street n. 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil.
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da Silveira CCM, Cartágenes SDC, Kobayashi NHC, Farias SV, de Souza-Junior FJC, Fernandes LMP, do Prado AF, Aragão WAB, Lima RR, Ferreira WAS, de Oliveira EHC, Mello Júnior FAR, Burbano RMR, Fontes-Júnior EA, Maia CDSF. One binge-type cycle of alcohol plus ketamine exposure induces emotional-like disorders associated with oxidative damage in adolescent female rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114641. [PMID: 37023622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a global public health problem among adolescents, with alcohol often used in association with other psychotropic drugs, such as ketamine. Considering the scarcity of evidence, this study aimed to investigate emotional behavioral effects induced by ethanol plus ketamine co-abuse, as well as oxidative biochemistry, and neurotrophic mediator in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the early withdrawal of adolescent female rats. Animals were divided into control, ethanol, ketamine, and ethanol plus ketamine groups. The protocol administration was performed for 3 consecutive days (binge-like pattern). Behavioral assays of open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swim test were performed. After that, the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were collected to evaluate oxidative biochemistry (reactive oxygen species-ROS; Antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals-ACAP; and lipid peroxidation). We found that isolated or combined ethanol and ketamine exposure displayed anxiety- and depressive-like profile, in a non-synergistically manner during early withdrawal. However, oxidative damage was aggravated in the co-administered animals than in isolated exposed subjects. We concluded that ethanol plus ketamine co-abuse may intensify oxidative damage in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in the early withdrawal of adolescent female rats, which was not reflected in the emotional behavioral phenotype. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current investigation are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Cristina Menezes da Silveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de Carvalho Cartágenes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Natália Harumi Corrêa Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Sarah Viana Farias
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio José Coelho de Souza-Junior
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | | | - Alejandro Ferraz do Prado
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua, Pará 67030-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Enéas Andrade Fontes-Júnior
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará 66075-900, Brazil.
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Cartágenes SDC, da Silveira CCSDM, Pinheiro BG, Fernandes LMP, Farias SV, Kobayashi NHC, de Souza PHFS, do Prado AF, Ferreira MKM, Lima RR, de Oliveira EHC, de Luna FCF, Burbano RMR, Fontes-Júnior EA, Maia CDSF. “K-Powder” Exposure during Adolescence Elicits Psychiatric Disturbances Associated with Oxidative Stress in Female Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111373. [PMID: 36355545 PMCID: PMC9698848 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, also called ‘K-powder’ by abusers, an analog of phencyclidine, primarily acts as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, therapeutically used as an anesthetic agent. Ketamine also stimulates the limbic system, inducing hallucinations and dissociative effects. At sub-anesthetic doses, ketamine also displays hallucinatory and dissociative properties, but not loss of consciousness. These behavioral consequences have elicited its recreational use worldwide, mainly at rave parties. Ketamine is generally a drug of choice among teenagers and young adults; however, the harmful consequences of its recreational use on adolescent central nervous systems are poorly explored. Thus, the aim of the present study was to characterize the behavioral and biochemical consequences induced by one binge-like cycle of ketamine during the early withdrawal period in adolescent female rats. Adolescent female Wistar rats (n = 20) received intraperitoneally administered ketamine (10 mg/kg/day) for 3 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration of ketamine, animals were submitted to behavioral tests in an open field, elevated plus-maze, and forced swimming test. Then, animals were intranasally anesthetized with 2% isoflurane and euthanized to collect prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to assess lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals, reactive oxygen species, reduced glutathione, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Our results found that 24 h after recreational ketamine use, emotional behavior disabilities, such as anxiety- and depression-like profiles, were detected. In addition, spontaneous ambulation was reduced. These negative behavioral phenotypes were associated with evidence of oxidative stress on the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina de Carvalho Cartágenes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gonçalves Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
- Physiological and Morphological Sciences Department, Biological and Health Science Centre, State University of Pará, Belém 66087-662, PA, Brazil
| | - Sarah Viana Farias
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Natália Harumi Correa Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Pablo Henrique Franco Santos de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ferraz do Prado
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | - Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SAMAM), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Enéas Andrade Fontes-Júnior
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Health Sciences Institute, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-900, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Kobayashi NHC, Farias SV, Luz DA, Machado-Ferraro KM, da Conceição BC, da Silveira CCM, Fernandes LMP, Cartágenes SDC, Ferreira VMM, Fontes-Júnior EA, Maia CDSF. Ketamine plus Alcohol: What We Know and What We Can Expect about This. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147800. [PMID: 35887148 PMCID: PMC9323326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse has become a public health concern. The misuse of ketamine, a psychedelic substance, has increased worldwide. In addition, the co-abuse with alcohol is frequently identified among misusers. Considering that ketamine and alcohol share several pharmacological targets, we hypothesize that the consumption of both psychoactive substances may synergically intensify the toxicological consequences, both under the effect of drugs available in body systems and during withdrawal. The aim of this review is to examine the toxicological mechanisms related to ketamine plus ethanol co-abuse, as well the consequences on cardiorespiratory, digestive, urinary, and central nervous systems. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive discussion about the probable sites of shared molecular mechanisms that may elicit additional hazardous effects. Finally, we highlight the gaps of knowledge in this area, which deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Harumi Correa Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Sarah Viana Farias
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Diandra Araújo Luz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Kissila Márvia Machado-Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Brenda Costa da Conceição
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Cinthia Cristina Menezes da Silveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Sabrina de Carvalho Cartágenes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Vânia Maria Moraes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Psychology Institute, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro—Asa Norte, Brasília 70910900, DF, Brazil;
| | - Enéas Andrade Fontes-Júnior
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-91-3201-7201
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Luz DA, Cartágenes SDC, da Silveira CCSDM, Pinheiro BG, Ferraro KMMM, Fernandes LDMP, Fontes-Júnior EA, Maia CDSF. Methylmercury plus Ethanol Exposure: How Much Does This Combination Affect Emotionality? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313131. [PMID: 34884935 PMCID: PMC8658096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a heavy metal found in organic and inorganic forms that represents an important toxicant with impact on human health. Mercury can be released in the environment by natural phenoms (i.e., volcanic eruptions), industrial products, waste, or anthropogenic actions (i.e., mining activity). Evidence has pointed to mercury exposure inducing neurological damages related to emotional disturbance, such as anxiety, depression, and insomnia. The mechanisms that underlie these emotional disorders remain poorly understood, although an important role of glutamatergic pathways, alterations in HPA axis, and disturbance in activity of monoamines have been suggested. Ethanol (EtOH) is a psychoactive substance consumed worldwide that induces emotional alterations that have been strongly investigated, and shares common pathophysiological mechanisms with mercury. Concomitant mercury and EtOH intoxication occur in several regions of the world, specially by communities that consume seafood and fish as the principal product of nutrition (i.e., Amazon region). Such affront appears to be more deleterious in critical periods of life, such as the prenatal and adolescence period. Thus, this review aimed to discuss the cellular and behavioral changes displayed by the mercury plus EtOH exposure during adolescence, focused on emotional disorders, to answer the question of whether mercury plus EtOH exposure intensifies depression, anxiety, and insomnia observed by the toxicants in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra Araújo Luz
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (D.A.L.); (S.d.C.C.); (C.C.S.d.M.d.S.); (B.G.P.); (K.M.M.M.F.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Sabrina de Carvalho Cartágenes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (D.A.L.); (S.d.C.C.); (C.C.S.d.M.d.S.); (B.G.P.); (K.M.M.M.F.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Cinthia Cristina Sousa de Menezes da Silveira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (D.A.L.); (S.d.C.C.); (C.C.S.d.M.d.S.); (B.G.P.); (K.M.M.M.F.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Bruno Gonçalves Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (D.A.L.); (S.d.C.C.); (C.C.S.d.M.d.S.); (B.G.P.); (K.M.M.M.F.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Kissila Márvia Matias Machado Ferraro
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (D.A.L.); (S.d.C.C.); (C.C.S.d.M.d.S.); (B.G.P.); (K.M.M.M.F.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Luanna de Melo Pereira Fernandes
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas e Fisiológicas, Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Estadual do Pará, Belém 66095-100, PA, Brazil;
| | - Enéas Andrade Fontes-Júnior
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (D.A.L.); (S.d.C.C.); (C.C.S.d.M.d.S.); (B.G.P.); (K.M.M.M.F.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Comportamento, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (D.A.L.); (S.d.C.C.); (C.C.S.d.M.d.S.); (B.G.P.); (K.M.M.M.F.); (E.A.F.-J.)
- Correspondence:
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