Serotonin level as a potent diabetes biomarker based on electrochemical sensing: a new approach in a zebra fish model

Serotonin (5-HT) levels have been associated with several exclusively metabolic disorders. Herein, a new approach for 5-HT level as a novel biomarker of diabetes mellitus is considered using a simple nanocomposite and HPLC method. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) comprising gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was decorated with 18-crown-6 (18.Cr.6) to fabricate a simple nanocomposite (rGO-AuNPs-18.Cr.6). The nanocomposite was positioned on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to form an electrochemical sensor for the biomarker 5-HT in the presence of L-tryptophan (L-Trp), dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), urea, and glucose. The nanocomposite exhibited efficient catalytic activity for 5-HT detection by square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The proposed sensor displayed high selectivity, excellent reproducibility, notable anti-interference ability, and long-term stability even after 2 months. SWV defined a linear range of 5-HT concentration from 0.4 to 10 μg L^-1. A diabetic animal model (diabetic zebrafish model) was then applied to investigate 5-HT as a novel biomarker of diabetes. A limit of detection (LOD) of about 0.33 μg L^-1 was found for the diabetic group and 0.15 μg L^-1 for the control group. The average levels of 5-HT obtained were 9 and 2 μg L^-1 for control and diabetic groups, respectively. The recovery, relative standard deviation (RSD), and relative error (RE) were found to be about 97%, less than 2%, and around 3%, respectively. The significant reduction in 5-HT level in the diabetic group compared to the control group proved that the biomarker 5-HT can be applied for the early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.