Orthodontic tooth movement-activated sensory neurons contribute to enhancing osteoclast activity and tooth movement through sympathetic nervous signalling

OBJECTIVES

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) increases sympathetic and sensory neurological markers in periodontal tissue. However, the relationship between the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems during OTM remains unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems activated by OTM using pharmacological methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We compared the effects of sympathectomy and sensory nerve injury during OTM in C57BL6/J mice. Capsaicin (CAP) was used to induce sensory nerve injury. Sympathectomy was performed using 6-hydroxydopamine. To investigate the effects of a β-agonist on sensory nerve injury, isoproterenol (ISO) was administered to CAP-treated mice. Furthermore, to examine the role of the central nervous system in OTM, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) was ablated using gold thioglucose.

RESULTS

Sensory nerve injury and sympathectomy both suppressed OTM and decreased the percent of the alveolar socket covered with osteoclasts (Oc.S/AS) in periodontal tissue. Sensory nerve injury inhibited increases in OTM-induced calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity (IR), a marker of sensory neurons, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) IR, a marker of sympathetic neurons, in periodontal tissue. Although sympathectomy did not decrease the number of CGRP-IR neurons in periodontal tissue, OTM-induced increases in the number of TH-IR neurons were suppressed. The ISO treatment restored sensory nerve injury-inhibited tooth movement and Oc.S/AS. Furthermore, the ablation of VMH, the centre of the sympathetic nervous system, suppressed OTM-induced increases in tooth movement and Oc.S/AS.

CONCLUSIONS

The present results suggest that OTM-activated sensory neurons contribute to enhancements in osteoclast activity and tooth movement through sympathetic nervous signalling.

Stationary phase-specific expression of the fic gene in Escherichia coli K-12 is controlled by the rpoS gene product (sigma 38)

The fic gene, near pabA located at 75 min of the Escherichia coli chromosome, was previously identified as the regulatory factor of cell division. In this paper we have examined how fic gene expression is controlled during the growth cycle using a fic-lacZ protein fusion plasmid (pFL1). Its expression was induced at stationary phase while it was nearly abolished in rpoSmutants. Using a RNase protection assay, fic transcript at stationary phase was detected in rpoS+ strains, but not in the rpoS mutants. Furthermore, primer extension analysis indicated that the fic transcript controlled by RpoS initiates at a G located 185 bp upstream from ATG of the fic coding region. Compared with the sigma 70 recognition sequence, the -10 region of fic promoter resembled the Pribnow box, but no homologous sequence was observed at the -35 region. These results were consistent with the characteristic sequence profile of fic promoter recognized specifically by RpoS in vitro, which is the only example of the type III promoter so far detected in vitro and in vivo.