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Rabbani D, Dehghani R, Akbari H, Rahmani H, Ahmadi E, Bagheri A, Allahi S. Study on diazinon toxicity reduction by electro-Fenton process: A bioassay using daphnia magna. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25928. [PMID: 38380001 PMCID: PMC10877300 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The realm of diazinon reduction from polluted water has witnessed a surge in the significance of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in recent times. However, there is a dearth of research focusing on the mitigation of its toxicity through AOPs. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Electro-Fenton process (EFP) in the eradication and detoxification of diazinon in aqueous solutions. Synthetic wastewater samples with concentrations of 2, 2.5 and 3 mg/L were prepared. A total of 27 samples were determined using Box Behnken Design. Reaction time, pH and iron to hydrogen peroxide ratio (Fe2+/H2O2) were examined as operational parameters under a constant current of 5.4 amps. The quantification of diazinon concentration was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). To evaluate the detoxification of diazinon, the Daphnia magna bioassay was employed as a methodology in this study. According to the results, the EFP could reduce the diazinon to zero and the LC50 values are increased by applying the process. The LC50 values for diazinon were determined using the Daphnia magna bioassay, considering initial concentrations of 2, 2.5, and 3 mg/L at a pH of 5, a reaction time of 15 min, and an iron to hydrogen peroxide molar ratio of 2. The recorded LC50 values were 3.039, 3.076, and 3.106, respectively, indicating the lowest frequency of cumulative death in Daphnia magna. In this case, after 96 h, only 3 cases (30%) of Daphnia magna death were observed. However, for all the mentioned concentrations of diazinon, after 96 h of exposure to samples without applying the Daphnia Magna death process, it was observed between 60 and 100%. Reducing the diazinon concentration and increasing the 96-h LC50 showed that the EFP can reduce the toxicity of diazinon on Daphnia Magna at the same time. Therefore, EFP can be considered a superior method with low ecotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davarkhah Rabbani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rouhullah Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Akbari
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Public Health and Biostatics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hasan Rahmani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amin Bagheri
- Department of Health, Safety and Environmental Management, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Allahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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