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Wu H, Cao R, Wei S, Pathan-Chhatbar S, Wen M, Wu B, Schamel WW, Wang S, OuYang B. Cholesterol Binds in a Reversed Orientation to TCRβ-TM in Which Its OH Group is Localized to the Center of the Lipid Bilayer. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167328. [PMID: 34688686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in response to antigen recognition is essential for the adaptive immune response. Cholesterol keeps TCRs in the resting conformation and mediates TCR clustering by directly binding to the transmembrane domain of the TCRβ subunit (TCRβ-TM), while cholesterol sulfate (CS) displaces cholesterol from TCRβ. However, the atomic interaction of cholesterol or CS with TCRβ remains elusive. Here, we determined the cholesterol and CS binding site of TCRβ-TM in phospholipid bilayers using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Cholesterol binds to the transmembrane residues within a CARC-like cholesterol recognition motif. Surprisingly, the polar OH group of cholesterol is placed in the hydrophobic center of the lipid bilayer stabilized by its polar interaction with K154 of TCRβ-TM. An aromatic interaction with Y158 and hydrophobic interactions with V160 and L161 stabilize this reverse orientation. CS binds to the same site, explaining how it competes with cholesterol. Site-directed mutagenesis of the CARC-like motif disrupted the cholesterol/CS binding to TCRβ-TM, validating the NMR and MD results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shukun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Salma Pathan-Chhatbar
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maorong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bin Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, ZhangJiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Clinics and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Shuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Bo OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Pathan-Chhatbar S, Drechsler C, Richter K, Morath A, Wu W, OuYang B, Xu C, Schamel WW. Direct Regulation of the T Cell Antigen Receptor's Activity by Cholesterol. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:615996. [PMID: 33490080 PMCID: PMC7820176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes consist of hundreds of different lipids that together with the embedded transmembrane (TM) proteins organize themselves into small nanodomains. In addition to this function of lipids, TM regions of proteins bind to lipids in a very specific manner, but the function of these TM region-lipid interactions is mostly unknown. In this review, we focus on the role of plasma membrane cholesterol, which directly binds to the αβ T cell antigen receptor (TCR), and has at least two opposing functions in αβ TCR activation. On the one hand, cholesterol binding to the TM domain of the TCRβ subunit keeps the TCR in an inactive, non-signaling conformation by stabilizing this conformation. This assures that the αβ T cell remains quiescent in the absence of antigenic peptide-MHC (the TCR's ligand) and decreases the sensitivity of the T cell toward stimulation. On the other hand, cholesterol binding to TCRβ leads to an increased formation of TCR nanoclusters, increasing the avidity of the TCRs toward the antigen, thus increasing the sensitivity of the αβ T cell. In mouse models, pharmacological increase of the cholesterol concentration in T cells caused an increase in TCR clustering, and thereby enhanced anti-tumor responses. In contrast, the γδ TCR does not bind to cholesterol and might be regulated in a different manner. The goal of this review is to put these seemingly controversial findings on the impact of cholesterol on the αβ TCR into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Pathan-Chhatbar
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carina Drechsler
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Richter
- Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology Disease Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Morath
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo OuYang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Pathan-Chhatbar S, Taft MH, Reindl T, Hundt N, Latham SL, Manstein DJ. Three mammalian tropomyosin isoforms have different regulatory effects on nonmuscle myosin-2B and filamentous β-actin in vitro. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:863-875. [PMID: 29191834 PMCID: PMC5777259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.806521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metazoan actin cytoskeleton supports a wide range of contractile and transport processes. Recent studies have shown how the dynamic association with specific tropomyosin isoforms generates actin filament populations with distinct functional properties. However, critical details of the associated molecular interactions remain unclear. Here, we report the properties of actomyosin–tropomyosin complexes containing filamentous β-actin, nonmuscle myosin-2B (NM-2B) constructs, and either tropomyosin isoform Tpm1.8cy (b.–.b.d), Tpm1.12br (b.–.b.c), or Tpm3.1cy (b.–.a.d). Our results show the extent to which the association of filamentous β-actin with these different tropomyosin cofilaments affects the actin-mediated activation of NM-2B and the release of the ATP hydrolysis products ADP and phosphate from the active site. Phosphate release gates a transition from weak to strong F-actin–binding states. The release of ADP has the opposite effect. These changes in dominant rate-limiting steps have a direct effect on the duty ratio, the fraction of time that NM-2B spends in strongly F-actin–bound states during ATP turnover. The duty ratio is increased ∼3-fold in the presence of Tpm1.12 and 5-fold for both Tpm1.8 and Tpm3.1. The presence of Tpm1.12 extends the time required per ATP hydrolysis cycle 3.7-fold, whereas it is shortened by 27 and 63% in the presence of Tpm1.8 and Tpm3.1, respectively. The resulting Tpm isoform–specific changes in the frequency, duration, and efficiency of actomyosin interactions establish a molecular basis for the ability of these complexes to support cellular processes with widely divergent demands in regard to force production, capacity to move processively, and speed of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Dietmar J Manstein
- From the Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and .,the Division for Structural Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Hundt N, Steffen W, Pathan-Chhatbar S, Taft MH, Manstein DJ. Load-dependent modulation of non-muscle myosin-2A function by tropomyosin 4.2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20554. [PMID: 26847712 PMCID: PMC4742800 DOI: 10.1038/srep20554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin isoforms play an important role in the organisation of cytoplasmic actomyosin complexes in regard to function and cellular localisation. In particular, Tpm4.2 is upregulated in rapidly migrating cells and responsible for the specific recruitment of the cytoplasmic class-2 myosin NM-2A to actin filaments during the formation of stress fibres. Here, we investigate how the decoration of F-actin with Tpm4.2 affects the motor properties of NM-2A under conditions of low and high load. In the absence of external forces, decoration of actin filaments with Tpm4.2 does not affect the gated release of ADP from NM-2A and the transition from strong to weak actin-binding states. In the presence of resisting loads, our results reveal a marked increase in the mechanosensitive gating between the leading and trailing myosin head. Thereby, the processive behaviour of NM-2A is enhanced in the presence of resisting loads. The load- and Tpm4.2-induced changes in the functional behaviour of NM-2A are in good agreement with the role of this myosin in the context of stress fibres and the maintenance of cellular tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Hundt
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Walter Steffen
- Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Salma Pathan-Chhatbar
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manuel H Taft
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dietmar J Manstein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Division for Structural Analysis, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Münnich S, Pathan-Chhatbar S, Manstein DJ. Crystal structure of the rigor-like human non-muscle myosin-2 motor domain. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4754-60. [PMID: 25451231 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We determined the crystal structure of the motor domain of human non-muscle myosin 2B (NM-2B) in a nucleotide-free state and at a resolution of 2.8 Å. The structure shows the motor domain with an open active site and the large cleft that divides the 50 kDa domain in a closed state. Compared to other rigor-like myosin motor domain structures, our structure shows subtle but significant conformational changes in regions important for actin binding and mechanochemical coupling. Moreover, our crystal structure helps to rationalize the impact of myosin, heavy chain 9 (MYH9)-related disease mutations Arg709Cys and Arg709His on the kinetic and functional properties of NM-2B and of the closely related non-muscle myosin 2A (NM-2A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Münnich
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar J Manstein
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Pathan-Chhatbar S, Münnich S, Hundt N, Taft M, Manstein D. Structural and Functional Characterization of Nonmuscle Myosin-2B in the Presence of Regulated Actin Filaments. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Munnich S, Taft MH, Pathan-Chhatbar S, Manstein DJ. Structural Basis of Myosin 1C Ca2+ Regulation. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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