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van der Velden FJS, de Vries G, Martin A, Lim E, von Both U, Kolberg L, Carrol ED, Khanijau A, Herberg JA, De T, Galassini R, Kuijpers TW, Martinón-Torres F, Rivero-Calle I, Vermont CL, Hagedoorn NN, Pokorn M, Pollard AJ, Schlapbach LJ, Tsolia M, Elefhteriou I, Yeung S, Zavadska D, Fink C, Voice M, Zenz W, Kohlmaier B, Agyeman PKA, Usuf E, Secka F, de Groot R, Levin M, van der Flier M, Emonts M, Cunnington A, De T, Herberg J, Kaforou M, Wright V, Baumard L, Bellos E, D’Souza G, Galassini R, Habgood-Coote D, Hamilton S, Hoggart C, Hourmat S, Jackson H, Maconochie I, Menikou S, Lin N, Nichols S, Nijman R, Powell O, Pena Paz I, Shah P, Shen CF, Vito O, Wilson C, Abdulla A, Ali L, Darnell S, Jorgensen R, Mustafa S, Persand S, Stevens MM, Kim N, Kim E, Fidler K, Dudley J, Richmond V, Tavliavini E, Shen CF, Liu CC, Wang SM, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A, González FÁ, Farto CB, Barral-Arca R, Castro MB, Bello X, García MB, Carnota S, Cebey-López M, Curras-Tuala MJ, Suárez CD, Vicente LG, Gómez-Carballa A, Rial JG, Iglesias PL, Martinón-Torres F, Martinón-Torres N, Sánchez JMM, Pérez BM, Pardo-Seco J, Rodríguez LP, Pischedda S, Vázquez SR, Calle IR, Rodríguez-Tenreiro C, Redondo-Collazo L, Ora MS, Salas A, Fernández SS, Trasorras CS, Iglesias MV, Zavadska D, Balode A, Bārzdiņa A, Deksne D, Gardovska D, Grāvele D, Grope I, Meiere A, Nokalna I, Pavāre J, Pučuka Z, Selecka K, Rudzāte A, Svile D, Urbāne UN, Usuf E, Bojang K, Zaman SMA, Secka F, Anderson S, Sarr AR, Saidykhan M, Darboe S, Ceesay S, D’alessandro U, Moll HA, Vermont CL, Borensztajn DM, Hagedoorn NN, Tan C, Zachariasse J, Dik W, Agyeman PKA, Berger C, Giannoni E, Stocker M, Posfay-Barbe KM, Heininger U, Bernhard-Stirnemann S, Niederer-Loher A, Kahlert CR, Natalucci G, Relly C, Riedel T, Aebi C, Schlapbach LJ, Carrol ED, Cocklin E, Jennings R, Johnston J, Khanijau A, Leigh S, Lewis-Burke N, Newall K, Romaine S, Tsolia M, Eleftheriou I, Tambouratzi M, Marmarinos A, Xagorari M, Syggelou K, Fink C, Voice M, Calvo-Bado L, Zenz W, Kohlmaier B, Schweintzger NA, Sagmeister MG, Kohlfürst DS, Zurl C, Binder A, Hösele S, Leitner M, Pölz L, Rajic G, Bauchinger S, Baumgart H, Benesch M, Ceolotto A, Eber E, Gallistl S, Gores G, Haidl H, Hauer A, Hude C, Keldorfer M, Krenn L, Pilch H, Pfleger A, Pfurtscheller K, Nordberg G, Niedrist T, Rödl S, Skrabl-Baumgartner A, Sperl M, Stampfer L, Strenger V, Till H, Trobisch A, Löffler S, Yeung S, Dewez JE, Hibberd M, Bath D, Miners A, Nijman R, Fitchett E, de Groot R, van der Flier M, de Jonge MI, van Aerde K, Alkema W, van den Broek B, Gloerich J, van Gool AJ, Henriet S, Huijnen M, Philipsen R, Willems E, Gerrits G, van Leur M, Heidema J, de Haan L, Miedema C, Neeleman C, Obihara C, Tramper-Stranders G, Pollard AJ, Kandasamy R, Paulus S, Carter MJ, O’Connor D, Bibi S, Kelly DF, Gurung M, Thorson S, Ansari I, Murdoch DR, Shrestha S, Oliver Z, Emonts M, Lim E, Valentine L, Allen K, Bell K, Chan A, Crulley S, Devine K, Fabian D, King S, McAlinden P, McDonald S, McDonnell A, Pickering A, Thomson E, Wood A, Wallia D, Woodsford P, Baxter F, Bell A, Rhodes M, Agbeko R, Mackerness C, Baas B, Kloosterhuis L, Oosthoek W, Arif T, Bennet J, Collings K, van der Giessen I, Martin A, Rashid A, Rowlands E, de Vries G, van der Velden F, Soon J, Valentine L, Martin M, Mistry R, von Both U, Kolberg L, Zwerenz M, Buschbeck J, Bidlingmaier C, Binder V, Danhauser K, Haas N, Griese M, Feuchtinger T, Keil J, Kappler M, Lurz E, Muench G, Reiter K, Schoen C, Mallet F, Brengel-Pesce K, Pachot A, Mommert M, Pokorn M, Kolnik M, Vincek K, Srovin TP, Bahovec N, Prunk P, Osterman V, Avramoska T, Kuijpers T, Jongerius I, van den Berg JM, Schonenberg D, Barendregt AM, Pajkrt D, van der Kuip M, van Furth AM, Sprenkeler E, Zandstra J, van Mierlo G, Geissler J. Correction to: Febrile illness in high-risk children: a prospective, international observational study. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:555-556. [PMID: 36689005 PMCID: PMC9899168 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian J. S. van der Velden
- grid.459561.a0000 0004 4904 7256Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gabriella de Vries
- grid.459561.a0000 0004 4904 7256Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.416135.40000 0004 0649 0805Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Martin
- grid.459561.a0000 0004 4904 7256Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Lim
- grid.459561.a0000 0004 4904 7256Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ,grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ulrich von Both
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDivision Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. Von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Kolberg
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDivision Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. Von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Enitan D. Carrol
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK ,grid.417858.70000 0004 0421 1374Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Aakash Khanijau
- grid.10025.360000 0004 1936 8470Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK ,grid.417858.70000 0004 0421 1374Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jethro A. Herberg
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tisham De
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Galassini
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- grid.411048.80000 0000 8816 6945Pediatrics Department, Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain ,grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Grupo de Genetica, Vacunas, Infecciones y Pediatria, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain ,grid.512891.6Consorcio Centro de Investigacion Biomedicaen Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- grid.411048.80000 0000 8816 6945Pediatrics Department, Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clementien L. Vermont
- grid.416135.40000 0004 0649 0805Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke N. Hagedoorn
- grid.416135.40000 0004 0649 0805Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Pokorn
- grid.29524.380000 0004 0571 7705University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luregn J. Schlapbach
- grid.412341.10000 0001 0726 4330Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Tsolia
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 08002nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Children’s Hospital ‘P, and A. Kyriakou’, Athens, Greece
| | - Irini Elefhteriou
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 08002nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Children’s Hospital ‘P, and A. Kyriakou’, Athens, Greece
| | - Shunmay Yeung
- grid.8991.90000 0004 0425 469XClinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dace Zavadska
- grid.17330.360000 0001 2173 9398Department of Pediatrics, Rīgas Stradina Universitāte, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Colin Fink
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Marie Voice
- grid.7372.10000 0000 8809 1613Micropathology Ltd, University of Warwick, Warwick, UK
| | - Werner Zenz
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Benno Kohlmaier
- grid.11598.340000 0000 8988 2476Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp K. A. Agyeman
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Effua Usuf
- grid.415063.50000 0004 0606 294XMedical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Fatou Secka
- grid.415063.50000 0004 0606 294XMedical Research Council Unit, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Ronald de Groot
- grid.461578.9Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Levin
- grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- grid.461578.9Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Emonts
- Paediatric Immunology, Infectious Diseases & Allergy, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Vogel JK, Pivovaroff MJ, Kozioziemski B, Walton CC, Ayers J, Bell P, Bradley D, Descalle MA, Hau-Riege S, Pickworth LA, Ampleford DJ, Ball CR, Bourdon CJ, Fein JR, Gard PD, Maurer A, Wu M, Ames A, Bruni R, Romaine S, Kilaru K, Roberts OJ, Ramsey B. Design and raytrace simulations of a multilayer-coated Wolter x-ray optic for the Z machine at Sandia National Laboratories. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10G113. [PMID: 30399826 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in the fabrication of small-radii Wolter optics for astrophysics allow high energy density facilities to consider such optics as novel x-ray diagnostics at photon energies of 15-50 keV. Recently, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center jointly developed and fabricated the first custom Wolter microscope for implementation in SNL's Z machine with optimized sensitivity at 17.5 keV. To achieve spatial resolution of order 100-200 microns over a field of view of 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 with high throughput and narrow energy bandpass, the geometry of the optic and its multilayer required careful design and optimization. While the geometry mainly influences resolution and the field of view of the diagnostic, the mirror coating determines the spectral response and throughput. Here we outline the details of the design and fabrication process for the first multilayer-coated Wolter I optic for SNL's Z machine (Z Wolter), including its W/Si multilayer, and present results of raytrace simulations completed to predict and verify the performance of the optic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M J Pivovaroff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - C C Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - M-A Descalle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Hau-Riege
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L A Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C R Ball
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C J Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - P D Gard
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Maurer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Ames
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Bruni
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Romaine
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K Kilaru
- Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - O J Roberts
- Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - B Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
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3
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Kozioziemski BJ, Ayers J, Bell P, Bradley DK, Descalle MA, Hau-Riege S, McCarville TJ, Pardini T, Pickworth LA, Vogel JK, Stone J, Robinson J, Ampleford DJ, Ball CR, Bourdon CJ, Fein JR, Wu M, Ames A, Bruni R, Romaine S. An x-ray optic calibration facility for high energy density diagnostics. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10G112. [PMID: 30399878 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A facility to calibrate x-ray imaging optics was built at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to support high energy density (HED) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) diagnostics such as those at the National Ignition Facility and the Sandia Z-Machine. Calibration of the spectral reflectivity and resolution of these x-ray diagnostics enable absolute determination of the x-ray flux and wavelengths generated in the HED and ICF experiments. Measurement of the optic point spread function is used to determine spatial resolution of the optic. This facility was constructed to measure (1) the x-ray reflectivity to ±5% over a spectral range from 5 to 60 keV; (2) point spread functions with a resolution of 50 μm (currently) and 13 μm (future) in the image plane; and (3) optic distance relative to the x-ray source and detector to within ±100 μm in each dimension. This article describes the capabilities of the calibration facility, concept of operations, and initial data from selected x-ray optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D K Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M-A Descalle
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - S Hau-Riege
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T J McCarville
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - T Pardini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - L A Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Stone
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - J Robinson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C R Ball
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C J Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - A Ames
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Bruni
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Romaine
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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4
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Wu M, Kozioziemski B, Vogel JK, Lake P, Fein JR, Ampleford DJ, Bourdon CJ, Ayers J, Bell P, Bradley D, Walton CC, Pickworth LA, Pivovaroff M, Ames A, Bruni R, Romaine S, Kilaru K, Ramsey B. Characterization and calibration of a multilayer coated Wolter optic for an imager on the Z-machine at Sandia National Laboratories. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10G114. [PMID: 30399807 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The need for a time-resolved monochromatic x-ray imaging diagnostic at photon energies >15 keV has motivated the development of a Wolter optic to study x-ray sources on the Z-machine at Sandia National Laboratories. The work is performed in both the LLNL's x-ray calibration facility and SNL's micro-focus x-ray lab. Characterizations and calibrations include alignment, measurement of throughput within the field of view (FOV), the point-spread function within the FOV both in and out of focus, and bandpass in the FOV. These results are compared with ray tracing models, showing reasonable agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wu
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - B Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - J K Vogel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Lake
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - D J Ampleford
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - C J Bourdon
- Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
| | - J Ayers
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - P Bell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - D Bradley
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - C C Walton
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - L A Pickworth
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - M Pivovaroff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, California 94551-0808, USA
| | - A Ames
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Bruni
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - S Romaine
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K Kilaru
- Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA
| | - B Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, USA
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5
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Fein JR, Ampleford DJ, Vogel JK, Kozioziemski B, Walton CC, Wu M, Ball CR, Ames A, Ayers J, Bell P, Bourdon CJ, Bradley D, Bruni R, Dunham GS, Gard PD, Johnson D, Kilaru K, Kirtley C, Lake PW, Maurer A, Nielsen-Weber L, Pickworth LA, Pivovaroff MJ, Ramsey B, Roberts OJ, Rochau GA, Romaine S, Sullivan M. A Wolter imager on the Z machine to diagnose warm x-ray sources. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:10G115. [PMID: 30399891 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A new Wolter x-ray imager has been developed for the Z machine to study the emission of warm (>15 keV) x-ray sources. A Wolter optic has been adapted from observational astronomy and medical imaging, which uses curved x-ray mirrors to form a 2D image of a source with 5 × 5 × 5 mm3 field-of-view and measured 60-300-μm resolution on-axis. The mirrors consist of a multilayer that create a narrow bandpass around the Mo Kα lines at 17.5 keV. We provide an overview of the instrument design and measured imaging performance. In addition, we present the first data from the instrument of a Mo wire array z-pinch on the Z machine, demonstrating improvements in spatial resolution and a 350-4100× increase in the signal over previous pinhole imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Fein
- Sandia National Laboratories, 1515 Eubank Blvd SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, USA
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Romaine S, Bruni R, Gorenstein P, Zhong Z. Measurements of the hard-x-ray reflectivity of iridium. Appl Opt 2007; 46:185-9. [PMID: 17268563 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In connection with the design of a hard-x-ray telescope for the Constellation X-Ray Observatory we measured the reflectivity of an iridium-coated zerodur substrate as a function of angle at 55, 60, 70, and 80 keV at the National Synchrotron Light Source of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The optical constants were derived from the reflectivity data. The real component of the index of refraction is in excellent agreement with theoretical values at all four energies. However, the imaginary component, which is related to the mass attenuation coefficient, is 50% to 70% larger at 55, 60, and 70 keV than theoretical values.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Romaine
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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