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Bixler SL, Stefan CP, Jay AN, Rossi FD, Ricks KM, Shoemaker CJ, Moreau AM, Zeng X, Hooper JW, Dyer DN, Frick OM, Koehler JW, Kearney BJ, DiPinto N, Liu J, Tostenson SD, Clements TL, Smith JM, Johnson JA, Berrier KL, Esham HL, Delp KL, Coyne SR, Bloomfield HA, Kuehnert PA, Akers K, Gibson KM, Minogue TD, Nalca A, Pitt MLM. Exposure Route Influences Disease Severity in the COVID-19 Cynomolgus Macaque Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051013. [PMID: 35632755 PMCID: PMC9145782 DOI: 10.3390/v14051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent pandemic has highlighted the need for animal models that faithfully replicate the salient features of COVID-19 disease in humans. These models are necessary for the rapid selection, testing, and evaluation of potential medical countermeasures. Here, we performed a direct comparison of two distinct routes of SARS-CoV-2 exposure—combined intratracheal/intranasal and small particle aerosol—in two nonhuman primate species, rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. While all four experimental groups displayed very few outward clinical signs, evidence of mild to moderate respiratory disease was present on radiographs and at necropsy. Cynomolgus macaques exposed via the aerosol route also developed the most consistent fever responses and had the most severe respiratory disease and pathology. This study demonstrates that while all four models produced suitable representations of mild COVID-like illness, aerosol exposure of cynomolgus macaques to SARS-CoV-2 produced the most severe disease, which may provide additional clinical endpoints for evaluating therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Bixler
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.B.); (M.L.M.P.); Tel.: +1-301-619-3014 (S.L.B.); +1-301-619-4230 (M.L.M.P.)
| | - Christopher P. Stefan
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Alexandra N. Jay
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Franco D. Rossi
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Keersten M. Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Charles J. Shoemaker
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Alicia M. Moreau
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
| | - David N. Dyer
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Ondraya M. Frick
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Brian J. Kearney
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Nina DiPinto
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Jun Liu
- Pathology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.M.M.); (X.Z.); (N.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Samantha D. Tostenson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Tamara L. Clements
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Smith
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.H.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Joshua A. Johnson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Kerry L. Berrier
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Heather L. Esham
- Veterinary Medicine Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (A.N.J.); (F.D.R.); (D.N.D.); (O.M.F.); (K.L.B.); (H.L.E.)
| | - Korey L. Delp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Susan R. Coyne
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Holly A. Bloomfield
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Paul A. Kuehnert
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Kristen Akers
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Kathleen M. Gibson
- Core Laboratory Services, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (B.J.K.); (S.D.T.); (J.A.J.); (H.A.B.); (K.A.); (K.M.G.)
| | - Timothy D. Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.P.S.); (K.M.R.); (C.J.S.); (J.W.K.); (T.L.C.); (K.L.D.); (S.R.C.); (P.A.K.); (T.D.M.)
| | - Aysegul Nalca
- Core Support Directorate, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Margaret L. M. Pitt
- Office of the Science Advisor, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Correspondence: (S.L.B.); (M.L.M.P.); Tel.: +1-301-619-3014 (S.L.B.); +1-301-619-4230 (M.L.M.P.)
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Stidham RA, Freeman DB, von Tersch RL, Sullivan PJ, Tostenson SD. Epidemiological Review of Francisella Tularensis: A Case Study in the Complications of Dual Diagnoses. PLoS Curr 2018; 10:ecurrents.outbreaks.8eb0b55f377abc2d250314bbb8fc9d6d. [PMID: 29399382 PMCID: PMC5774973 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.8eb0b55f377abc2d250314bbb8fc9d6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tularemia is a rare but potentially fatal disease that develops in numerous wild and domestic animals, including lagomorphs, rodents, cats, and humans. Francisella tularensis bacterium, the causative agent of tularemia, was identified by veterinary personnel at Fort Riley, Kansas during a routine post-mortum evaluation of a domestic feline. However, before formal diagnosis was confirmed, the sample was sent and prepared for rabies testing at the Department of Defense (DoD) U.S. Army Public Health Command Central (PHC-C), Food Analysis and Diagnostic Laboratory (FADL). This case report provides insight on how veterinarian staff and laboratory personnel can clinically manage esoteric, unexplained, or post-mortum examinations. The epidemiologic characteristics of tularemia, F. tularensis as an organism of military interest, potential laboratory management of F. tularensis, and clinical findings on a case of feline tularemia are discussed. It further raises questions as to whether or not dead animals should be treated as sentinels and be pre-screened for select agents, especially in instances of dual diagnoses. METHODS A necropsy was performed on the cat by the Fort Riley veterinarian, DNA extraction and PCR analyses were conducted by FADL microbiologists, histology and immunohistology analyses were conducted by the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, and feline tissue and blood were sent to the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) for confirmatory testing and strain identification of tularemia. RESULTS Tularemia was identified in the spleen of the cat by the Fort Riley veterinarian and during the histological sampling of the spleen by the Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. A specific subsequent real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in vitro diagnostic detection of target DNA sequences of F. tularensis was conducted by the FADL microbiologists using a Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS) Tularemia Detection Kit to detect a presumptive qualitative result to detect tularemia in feline and blood samples. USAMRIID also performed RT-PCR and identified genomic DNA from F. tularensis Type A, (SPL15.013.02), thus confirming the FADL's initial presumptive result of F. tularensis. USAMRIID attempted to culture F. tularensis from three samples (swab, feline tissue, and transfer pipette tip), but no growth consistent with F. tularensis was observed on the cysteine heart agar with sheep blood and antibiotics (CHAB) and chocolate (CHOC) plates. DISCUSSIONS Our case study of a dual diagnosis of presumptive F. tularensis and possible rabies exposure transmission from a pet cat to its owner provides insight on how veterinarian staff and laboratory personnel can clinically manage esoteric, unexplained, or post-mortum examinations. Our case study also demonstrates the obligation for cooperation between animal health, human health, and public health professionals in the management of zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Anthony Stidham
- Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance, US Army Public Health Command-Central, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David B Freeman
- † Laboratory, Diagnostics Section, US Army Public Health Command-Central, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L von Tersch
- † Office of the Commander (Commander), US Army Public Health Command-Central, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J Sullivan
- Veterinarian Services, Fort Riley Veterinary Treatment Facility, Fort Riley, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Samantha D Tostenson
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
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Barnes KG, Kindrachuk J, Lin AE, Wohl S, Qu J, Tostenson SD, Dorman WR, Busby M, Siddle KJ, Luo CY, Matranga CB, Davey RT, Sabeti PC, Chertow DS. Evidence of Ebola Virus Replication and High Concentration in Semen of a Patient During Recovery. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:1400-1403. [PMID: 28582513 PMCID: PMC5850519 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In one patient over time, we found that concentration of Ebola virus RNA in semen during recovery is remarkably higher than blood at peak illness. Virus in semen is replication-competent with no change in viral genome over time. Presence of sense RNA suggests replication in cells present in semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla G Barnes
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, and
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Aaron E Lin
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, and
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Shirlee Wohl
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, and
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - James Qu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha D Tostenson
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, and
| | - William R Dorman
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, and
| | - Michele Busby
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, and
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Cynthia Y Luo
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, and
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christian B Matranga
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, and
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Richard T Davey
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, and
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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