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Konijnenberg E, Tomassen J, den Braber A, Ten Kate M, Yaqub M, Mulder SD, Nivard MG, Vanderstichele H, Lammertsma AA, Teunissen CE, van Berckel BNM, Boomsma DI, Scheltens P, Tijms BM, Visser PJ. Onset of Preclinical Alzheimer Disease in Monozygotic Twins. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:987-1000. [PMID: 33583080 PMCID: PMC8251701 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective The present work was undertaken to study the genetic contribution to the start of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with amyloid and tau biomarkers in cognitively intact older identical twins. Methods We studied in 96 monozygotic twin‐pairs relationships between amyloid‐beta (Aβ) aggregation as measured by the Aβ1–42/1–40 ratio in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; n = 126) and positron emission tomography (PET, n = 194), and CSF markers for Aβ production (beta‐secretase 1, Aβ1–40, and Aβ1–38) and CSF tau. Associations among markers were tested with generalized estimating equations including a random effect for twin status, adjusted for age, gender, and apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype. We used twin analyses to determine relative contributions of genetic and/or environmental factors to AD pathophysiological processes. Results Twenty‐seven individuals (14%) had an abnormal amyloid PET, and 14 twin‐pairs (15%) showed discordant amyloid PET scans. Within twin‐pairs, Aβ production markers and total‐tau (t‐tau) levels strongly correlated (r range = 0.73–0.86, all p < 0.0001), and Aβ aggregation markers and 181‐phosphorylated‐tau (p‐tau) levels correlated moderately strongly (r range = 0.50–0.64, all p < 0.0001). Cross‐twin cross‐trait analysis showed that Aβ1–38 in one twin correlated with Aβ1–42/1–40 ratios, and t‐tau and p‐tau levels in their cotwins (r range = −0.28 to 0.58, all p < .007). Within‐pair differences in Aβ production markers related to differences in tau levels (r range = 0.49–0.61, all p < 0.0001). Twin discordance analyses suggest that Aβ production and tau levels show coordinated increases in very early AD. Interpretation Our results suggest a substantial genetic/shared environmental background contributes to both Aβ and tau increases, suggesting that modulation of environmental risk factors may aid in delaying the onset of AD pathophysiological processes. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:987–1000
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Affiliation(s)
- Elles Konijnenberg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jori Tomassen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra D Mulder
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo Vanderstichele
- Biomarkable bv, working for this study on behalf of ADx NeuroSciences, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Instutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tomassen J, den Braber A, Yaqub M, Mulder SD, Teunissen CE, Van Berckel BN, Boomsma DI, Scheltens P, Tijms BM, Visser PJ. Amyloid aggregation and subsequent memory decline over time in cognitively intact older identical twins. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.045112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jori Tomassen
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Department of Biological Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Sandra D. Mulder
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Bart N.M. Van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Betty M. Tijms
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam Netherlands
- Alzheimer Center Limburg, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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Konijnenberg E, den Braber A, ten Kate M, Tomassen J, Mulder SD, Yaqub M, Teunissen CE, Lammertsma AA, van Berckel BN, Scheltens P, Boomsma DI, Visser PJ. Association of amyloid pathology with memory performance and cognitive complaints in cognitively normal older adults: a monozygotic twin study. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 77:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Konijnenberg E, Carter SF, Ten Kate M, den Braber A, Tomassen J, Amadi C, Wesselman L, Nguyen HT, van de Kreeke JA, Yaqub M, Demuru M, Mulder SD, Hillebrand A, Bouwman FH, Teunissen CE, Serné EH, Moll AC, Verbraak FD, Hinz R, Pendleton N, Lammertsma AA, van Berckel BNM, Barkhof F, Boomsma DI, Scheltens P, Herholz K, Visser PJ. The EMIF-AD PreclinAD study: study design and baseline cohort overview. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:75. [PMID: 30075734 PMCID: PMC6091034 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Amyloid pathology is the pathological hallmark in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and can precede clinical dementia by decades. So far it remains unclear how amyloid pathology leads to cognitive impairment and dementia. To design AD prevention trials it is key to include cognitively normal subjects at high risk for amyloid pathology and to find predictors of cognitive decline in these subjects. These goals can be accomplished by targeting twins, with additional benefits to identify genetic and environmental pathways for amyloid pathology, other AD biomarkers, and cognitive decline. Methods From December 2014 to October 2017 we enrolled cognitively normal participants aged 60 years and older from the ongoing Manchester and Newcastle Age and Cognitive Performance Research Cohort and the Netherlands Twins Register. In Manchester we included single individuals, and in Amsterdam monozygotic twin pairs. At baseline, participants completed neuropsychological tests and questionnaires, and underwent physical examination, blood sampling, ultrasound of the carotid arteries, structural and resting state functional brain magnetic resonance imaging, and dynamic amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scanning with [18F]flutemetamol. In addition, the twin cohort underwent lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid collection, buccal cell collection, magnetoencephalography, optical coherence tomography, and retinal imaging. Results We included 285 participants, who were on average 74.8 ± 9.7 years old, 64% female. Fifty-eight participants (22%) had an abnormal amyloid PET scan. Conclusions A rich baseline dataset of cognitively normal elderly individuals has been established to estimate risk factors and biomarkers for amyloid pathology and future cognitive decline. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0406-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elles Konijnenberg
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen F Carter
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk den Braber
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jori Tomassen
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chinenye Amadi
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Linda Wesselman
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hoang-Ton Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoba A van de Kreeke
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maqsood Yaqub
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Demuru
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra D Mulder
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hillebrand
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke H Bouwman
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Serné
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annette C Moll
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank D Verbraak
- Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institutes of Neurology & Healthcare Engineering, UCL, London, UK
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Herholz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center, Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Montoliu-Gaya L, Mulder SD, Herrebout MA, Baayen JC, Villegas S, Veerhuis R. Aβ-oligomer uptake and the resulting inflammatory response in adult human astrocytes are precluded by an anti-Aβ single chain variable fragment in combination with an apoE mimetic peptide. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 89:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Schindler SE, Sutphen CL, Teunissen C, McCue LM, Morris JC, Holtzman DM, Mulder SD, Scheltens P, Xiong C, Fagan AM. Upward drift in cerebrospinal fluid amyloid β 42 assay values for more than 10 years. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:62-70. [PMID: 28710906 PMCID: PMC5750131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The best-established cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease are levels of amyloid β 42 (Aβ42), total tau (tau), and phosphorylated tau 181 (ptau). We examined whether a widely used commercial immunoassay for CSF Aβ42, tau, and ptau provided stable measurements for more than ∼10 years. METHODS INNOTEST assay values for CSF Aβ42, tau, and ptau from Washington University in St. Louis and VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, were evaluated. RESULTS Aβ42 values as measured by the INNOTEST assay drifted upward by approximately 3% per year over the past decade. Tau values remained relatively stable, whereas results for ptau were mixed. DISCUSSION Assay drift may reduce statistical power or even confound analyses. The drift in INNOTEST Aβ42 values may reduce diagnostic accuracy for Alzheimer's disease in the clinic. We recommend methods to account for assay drift in existing data sets and to reduce assay drift in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney L Sutphen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charlotte Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lena M McCue
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandra D Mulder
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Tijms BM, Willemse EAJ, Zwan MD, Mulder SD, Visser PJ, van Berckel BNM, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE. Unbiased Approach to Counteract Upward Drift in Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-β 1-42 Analysis Results. Clin Chem 2017; 64:576-585. [PMID: 29208658 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.281055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ 1-42) concentrations indicate amyloid plaque accumulation in the brain, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD). Innotest assay values of Aβ 1-42 have gradually increased over the past 2 decades, which might lead to misclassification of AD when a single cutpoint for abnormality is used. We propose an unbiased approach to statistically correct for drift. METHODS We determined year-specific cutpoints with Gaussian mixture modeling, based on the cross-section of bimodal distributions of Aβ 1-42 concentrations in 4397 memory clinic patients. This allowed us to realign year-specific cutpoints as an unbiased method to remove drift from the data. Sensitivity and specificity to detect AD dementia were compared between corrected and uncorrected values. RESULTS Aβ 1-42 values increased 22 pg/mL annually, and this could not be explained by changes in cohort composition. Our approach removed time dependencies [β (SE) = 0.07 (0.59); P = 0.91]. Statistically correcting for drift improved the sensitivity to detect AD dementia to 0.90 (95% CI, 0.89-0.92) from at least 0.66 (95% CI, 0.64-0.69) based on uncorrected data. Specificity became lower (0.69; 95% CI, 0.67-0.70) vs at most 0.80 (95% CI, 0.79-0.82) for uncorrected data. CONCLUSIONS This approach may also be useful to standardize Aβ 1-42 CSF concentrations across different centers and/or platforms, and to optimize use of CSF biomarker data collected over a long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty M Tijms
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
| | - Eline A J Willemse
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marissa D Zwan
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra D Mulder
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart N M van Berckel
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, VUmc, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Montoliu-Gaya L, Mulder SD, Veerhuis R, Villegas S. Effects of an Aβ-antibody fragment on Aβ aggregation and astrocytic uptake are modulated by apolipoprotein E and J mimetic peptides. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188191. [PMID: 29155887 PMCID: PMC5695774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aβ-Immunotherapy has long been studied in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but not how other molecules involved in the disease can affect antibody performance. We previously designed an antibody fragment, scFv-h3D6, and showed that it precludes Aβ-induced cytotoxicity by withdrawing Aβ oligomers from the amyloid pathway towards a non-toxic, worm-like pathway. ScFv-h3D6 was effective at the behavioral, cellular, and molecular levels in the 3xTg-AD mouse model. Because scFv-h3D6 treatment restored apolipoprotein E (apoE) and J (apoJ) concentrations to non-pathological values, and Aβ internalization by glial cells was found to be decreased in the presence of these apolipoproteins, we now aimed to test the influence of scFv-h3D6 on Aβ aggregation and cellular uptake by primary human astrocytes in the presence of therapeutic apoE and apoJ mimetic peptides (MPs). Firstly, we demonstrated by CD and FTIR that the molecules used in this work were well folded. Next, interactions between apoE or apoJ-MP, scFv-h3D6 and Aβ were studied by CD. The conformational change induced by the interaction of Aβ with apoE-MP was much bigger than the induced with apoJ-MP, in line with the observed formation of protective worm-like fibrils by the scFv-h3D6/Aβ complex in the presence of apoJ-MP, but not of apoE-MP. ScFv-h3D6, apoJ-MP, and apoE-MP to a different extent reduced Aβ uptake by astrocytes, and apoE-MP partially interfered with the dramatic reduction by scFv-h3D6 while apoJ-MP had no effect on scFv-h3D6 action. As sustained Aβ uptake by astrocytes may impair their normal functions, and ultimately neuronal viability, this work shows another beneficence of scFv-h3D6 treatment, which is not further improved by the use of apoE or apoJ mimetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Montoliu-Gaya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra D. Mulder
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Psychiatry Department, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (RV); (SV)
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (RV); (SV)
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Tijms BM, Mulder SD, Visser PJ, Flier WM, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE. [O1–05–03]: CSF AMYLOID BETA 1–42 LEVELS OBTAINED OVER 15 YEARS SHOW A DIAGNOSIS‐DEPENDENT UPWARD DRIFT. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Betty M. Tijms
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Sandra D. Mulder
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
- Alzheimer Center and Department of NeurologyVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Wiesje M. Flier
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
- Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtNetherlands
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Mulder SD, Stam AM, Rentenaar R, Flier WM, Scheltens P, Veerhuis R, Teunissen CE. [P3–161]: GRANULOCYTES: KEY PLAYERS IN PERIPHERAL Aβ CLEARANCE? Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D. Mulder
- Clinical Chemistry and Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Annemarie M. Stam
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Rosa Rentenaar
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Wiesje M. Flier
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer CenterVU University Medical Center, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Charlotte E. Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam NeuroscienceVU University Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
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Jongbloed W, van Dijk KD, Mulder SD, van de Berg WD, Blankenstein MA, van der Flier W, Veerhuis R. Clusterin Levels in Plasma Predict Cognitive Decline and Progression to Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:1103-10. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Jongbloed
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin D. van Dijk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Functional Neuroanatomy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra D. Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VUmc Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma D.J. van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Section Functional Neuroanatomy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus A. Blankenstein
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje van der Flier
- VUmc Alzheimer Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van der Hel WS, Hessel EVS, Bos IWM, Mulder SD, Verlinde SAMW, van Eijsden P, de Graan PNE. Persistent reduction of hippocampal glutamine synthetase expression after status epilepticus in immature rats. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3711-9. [PMID: 25350774 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesiotemporal sclerosis (MTS), the most frequent form of drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy, often develops after an initial precipitating injury affecting the immature brain. To analyse early processes in epileptogenesis we used the juvenile pilocarpine model to study status epilepticus (SE)-induced changes in expression of key components in the glutamate-glutamine cycle, known to be affected in MTS patients. SE was induced by Li(+) /pilocarpine injection in 21-day-old rats. At 2-19 weeks after SE hippocampal protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry and neuron damage by FluoroJade staining. Spontaneous seizures occurred in at least 44% of animals 15-18 weeks after SE. As expected in this model, we did not observe loss of principal hippocampal neurons. Neuron damage was most pronounced in the hilus, where we also detected progressive loss of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons. Hilar neuron loss (or end-folium sclerosis), a common feature in patients with MTS, was accompanied by a progressively decreased glutamine synthetase (GS)-immunoreactivity from 2 (-15%) to 19 weeks (-33.5%) after SE. Immunoreactivity for excitatory amino-acid transporters, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein was unaffected. Our data show that SE elicited in 21-day-old rats induces a progressive reduction in hilar GS expression without affecting other key components of the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Reduced expression of glial enzyme GS was first detected 2 weeks after SE, and thus clearly before spontaneous recurrent seizures occurred. These results support the hypothesis that reduced GS expression is an early event in the development of hippocampal sclerosis in MTS patients and emphasize the importance of astrocytes in early epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Saskia van der Hel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Division of Surgical Specialties, Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mulder SD, Vandermeulen L, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA, Veerhuis R. P3‐031: AMYLOID‐BETA DEGRADATION BY HUMAN ASTROCYTES IS IMPAIRED BY APOJ AND APOE. Alzheimers Dement 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.05.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mulder SD, Nielsen HM, Blankenstein MA, Eikelenboom P, Veerhuis R. Apolipoproteins E and J interfere with amyloid-beta uptake by primary human astrocytes and microglia in vitro. Glia 2014; 62:493-503. [PMID: 24446231 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Defective clearance of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) from the brain is considered a strong promoter in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Astrocytes and microglia are important mediators of Aβ clearance and Aβ aggregation state and the presence of amyloid associated proteins (AAPs), such as Apolipoproteins E and J (ApoE and ApoJ), may influence Aβ clearance by these cells. Here we set out to investigate whether astrocytes and microglia differ in uptake efficiency of Aβ oligomers (Aβoligo ) and Aβ fibrils (Aβfib ), and whether the Aβ aggregation state and/or presence of AAPs affect Aβ uptake in these cells in vitro. Adult human primary microglia and astrocytes, isolated from short delay post-mortem brain tissue, were exposed to either Aβoligo or Aβfib alone or combined with a panel of certain AAPs whereafter Aβ-positive cells were quantified using flow cytometry. Upon exposure to Aβ combined with ApoE, ApoJ, α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and a combination of serum amyloid P and complement C1q (SAP-C1q), a clear reduction in astrocytic but not microglial Aβoligo uptake, was observed. In contrast, Aβfib uptake was strongly reduced in the presence of AAPs in microglia, but not in astrocytes. These data provide the first evidence of distinct roles of microglia and astrocytes in Aβ clearance. More importantly we show that Aβ clearance by glial cells is negatively affected by AAPs like ApoE and ApoJ. Thus, targeting the association of Aβ with AAPs, such as ApoE and ApoJ, could serve as a therapeutic strategy to increase Aβ clearance by glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mulder SD, Veerhuis R, Blankenstein MA, Nielsen HM. The effect of amyloid associated proteins on the expression of genes involved in amyloid-β clearance by adult human astrocytes. Exp Neurol 2012; 233:373-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Heijboer AC, Martens F, Mulder SD, Schats R, Blankenstein MA. Interference in human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) analysis by macro-hCG. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:2349-50. [PMID: 21851812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mulder SD, Hack CE, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA, Veerhuis R. Evaluation of intrathecal serum amyloid P (SAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) synthesis in Alzheimer's disease with the use of index values. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 22:1073-9. [PMID: 20930309 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Serum amyloid P (SAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are proteins involved in innate immunity. The expression of SAP and CRP is increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissue, compared to healthy controls. Although both proteins are found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), their origin is unclear. We investigated if increased local production of SAP and CRP in AD brain results in higher levels in CSF with the use of index values. To study this, SAP, CRP, and albumin levels were determined in CSF and serum samples of 30 control (65 ± 11 years; 57% female) and 140 AD subjects (65 ± 9 years; 53% female). To correct for inter-individual differences in protein diffusion from blood to CSF, quotients (Q =CSF/serum) of SAP, CRP, and albumin and index values (Qprotein/Qalb) were calculated. The results showed no significant differences in SAP and CRP index values between control and AD subjects, although eight percent of individual AD patients showed evidence of intrathecal SAP or CRP production using the Reiber hyperbolic model. Interestingly, the SAP index value was much lower than expected, based on its molecular size. In conclusion, these data suggest that local production of SAP and CRP in the AD brain does not substantially contribute to the CSF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Nielsen HM, Mulder SD, Beliën JAM, Musters RJP, Eikelenboom P, Veerhuis R. Astrocytic A beta 1-42 uptake is determined by A beta-aggregation state and the presence of amyloid-associated proteins. Glia 2010; 58:1235-46. [PMID: 20544859 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracerebral accumulation of amyloid-beta (A beta) leading to A beta plaque formation, is the main hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and might be caused by defective A beta-clearance. We previously found primary human astrocytes and microglia able to bind and ingest A beta 1-42 in vitro, which appeared to be limited by A beta 1-42 fibril formation. We now confirm that astrocytic A beta-uptake depends on size and/or composition of A beta-aggregates as astrocytes preferably take up oligomeric A beta over fibrillar A beta. Upon exposure to either fluorescence-labelled A beta 1-42 oligomers (A beta(oligo)) or fibrils (A beta(fib)), a larger (3.7 times more) proportion of astrocytes ingested oligomers compared to fibrils, as determined by flow cytometry. A beta-internalization was verified using confocal microscopy and live-cell imaging. Neither uptake of A beta(oligo) nor A beta(fib), triggered proinflammatory activation of the astrocytes, as judged by quantification of interleukin-6 and monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 release. Amyloid-associated proteins, including alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), serum amyloid P component (SAP), C1q and apolipoproteins E (ApoE) and J (ApoJ) were earlier found to influence A beta-aggregation. Here, astrocytic uptake of A beta(fib) increased when added to the cells in combination with SAP and C1q (SAP/C1q), but was unchanged in the presence of ApoE, ApoJ and ACT. Interestingly, ApoJ and ApoE dramatically reduced the number of A beta(oligo)-positive astrocytes, whereas SAP/C1q slightly reduced A beta(oligo) uptake. Thus, amyloid-associated proteins, especially ApoJ and ApoE, can alter A beta-uptake in vitro and hence may influence A beta clearance and plaque formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mulder SD, van der Flier WM, Verheijen JH, Mulder C, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA, Hack CE, Veerhuis R. BACE1 activity in cerebrospinal fluid and its relation to markers of AD pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 20:253-60. [PMID: 20164582 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that reduced amyloid-beta 1-42 (Abeta(42)) and increased tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reflect increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in the brain. beta-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) is thought to be the major beta-secretase involved in Abeta production in the brain, and therefore we investigated the relation between BACE1 activity and CSF markers Abeta(40), Abeta(42), total tau (t-tau), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau) in CSF of control (n=12), mild cognitive impairment (n=18), and AD (n=17) subjects. Patients were classified according to their Abeta(42), t-tau, and p-tau CSF biomarker levels, with either an AD-like biomarker profile (two or three biomarkers abnormal: Abeta(42) < 495 pg/ml in combination with t-tau > 356 pg/ml, and/or p-tau > 54 pg/ml) or a normal biomarker profile (<or= one biomarker abnormal). This resulted in 19 subjects with an AD-like biomarker profile (66 +/- 6 years, 53% female, and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score: 23 +/- 5) and 28 subjects with a normal biomarker profile (62 +/- 11 years, 43% female, and MMSE score: 27 +/- 4). Subjects with an AD-like biomarker profile had higher CSF BACE1 activity levels, compared to patients with a normal biomarker profile (20 pg/ml and 16 pg/ml respectively; p=0.01), when controlled for age and gender. In the whole sample, BACE1 activity correlated with CSF levels of Abeta(40), t-tau, and p-tau (r=0.38, r=0.63, and r=0.65; all p< 0.05), but not with Abeta(42). These data suggest that increased BACE1 activity in CSF relates to AD pathology in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mulder SD, Nielsen HM, Eikelenboom P, Veerhuis R. P2‐250: Amyloid‐associated proteins differentially modulate Aβ1‐42 uptake in primary human microglia and astrocytes. Alzheimers Dement 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Mulder SD, Heijst JA, Mulder C, Martens F, Hack CE, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA, Veerhuis R. CSF levels of PSA and PSA-ACT complexes in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Clin Biochem 2009; 46:477-83. [PMID: 19729499 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2009.009130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that in serum, is predominantly found complexed to the serine protease inhibitor alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT). ACT co-localizes with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and both PSA and ACT are detectable in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Therefore, we aimed to determine whether PSA is produced in the brain and whether PSA and PSA-ACT complex levels in CSF can be used as a biomarker for AD. METHODS Levels of ACT and PSA-ACT were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in CSF and serum samples of AD (n = 16), frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD) (n = 19), mild cognitively impaired (MCI) patients (n = 19) and controls (n = 12). Total PSA was determined in a non-competitive immunoassay. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for PSA was performed on postmortem hippocampus and temporal cortex specimens from control and AD cases. RESULTS PSA is expressed in the brain, as detected by RT-PCR. PSA and PSA-ACT complexes were detectable in CSF of almost all male and only very few female subjects. The levels of PSA and PSA-ACT complexes in CSF did not differ between AD, FTLD, MCI and control groups. PSA CSF/serum quotients highly correlated with albumin CSF/serum quotients. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic radius of PSA was found to be 3 nm and the theoretical PSA quotient, derived from the Felgenhauer plot, corresponded well with the measured PSA quotient. CONCLUSIONS PSA is locally produced in the human brain; however, brain PSA hardly contributes to the CSF levels of PSA. PSA and PSA-ACT levels in CSF are not suitable as a biomarker for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Mulder
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mulder SD, Mulder C, Verheijen JH, Scheltens P, Hack CE, Blankenstein MA, Veerhuis R. P3‐010: Increased BACE1 activity in CSF of patients with an Alzheimer biomarker profile. Alzheimers Dement 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.04.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Verwey NA, Schuitemaker A, van der Flier WM, Mulder SD, Mulder C, Hack CE, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA, Veerhuis R. Serum amyloid p component as a biomarker in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009; 26:522-7. [PMID: 19052452 DOI: 10.1159/000178756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum amyloid P component (SAP), present in amyloid-beta (Abeta) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), may protect Abeta deposits against proteolysis, thereby promoting plaque formation. The aim was to investigate if SAP levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum can be used to discriminate controls, AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients, and to identify incipient AD among MCI patients. METHODS SAP levels in CSF and serum were determined in 30 controls, 67 MCI and 144 AD patients. At follow-up, 39 MCI patients had progressed to dementia, while 25 had remained stable (mean follow-up time: 2.6 +/- 1.0 and 2.1 +/- 0.8 years). RESULTS Cross-sectionally no differences were found in SAP levels in CSF and serum between the groups. MCI patients that had progressed to dementia at follow-up had lower CSF SAP levels (13 microgram/l, range 3.3-199.3 microgram/l) than MCI nonprogressors (20.2 microgram/l, range 7.0-127.7 microgram/l; p < 0.05) [corrected]. A low CSF SAP level was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of progression to AD (hazard ratio = 2.2; 95% confidence interval = 0.9-5.4). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that measurement of CSF SAP levels can aid in the identification of incipient AD among MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas A Verwey
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mulder SD, Heijst HA, Mulder C, Dijstelbloem HM, Hack CE, Blankenstein MA, Veerhuis R. P3-086: CSF levels of PSA and PSA-ACT complexes in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2008.05.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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