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Fernández-Canto N, García-Gómez MB, Vázquez-Odériz ML, Lombardero-Fernández M, Pereira-Lorenzo S, Cobos Á, Díaz O, Romero-Rodríguez MÁ. Autochthonous Wheat Grown in Organic and Conventional Systems: Nutritional Quality of Flour and Bread. Foods 2024; 13:1120. [PMID: 38611424 PMCID: PMC11012170 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A growing interest in the recovery and enhancement of crops, particularly local varieties such as 'Caaveiro' wheat, has been observed. This study aims to investigate the impact of cultivation systems (organic versus conventional) on the nutritional quality of 'Caaveiro' flour and breads protected by the PGI "Pan Galego," employing two fermentation methods (sourdough versus sourdough and biological yeast). Organic flour exhibited significantly higher levels of moisture, fat, sucrose, phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), and copper (Cu) while also exhibiting a lower total starch and zinc (Zn) content. Organic bread, produced using both fermentation methods, demonstrated significantly higher protein, carbohydrate, total, resistant, and rapidly digestible starch, ash, Na, P, iron (Fe), and Cu content. Additionally, they contained less moisture compared to conventional bread. Despite variations in nutritional characteristics based on the cultivation system, the organic approach proved effective at producing high-quality products with a positive environmental impact, which is highly appreciated by consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Fernández-Canto
- Areas of Nutrition and Food Science and Food Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.F.-C.); (M.B.G.-G.); (M.L.V.-O.); (Á.C.); (M.Á.R.-R.)
| | - María Belén García-Gómez
- Areas of Nutrition and Food Science and Food Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.F.-C.); (M.B.G.-G.); (M.L.V.-O.); (Á.C.); (M.Á.R.-R.)
| | - María Lourdes Vázquez-Odériz
- Areas of Nutrition and Food Science and Food Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.F.-C.); (M.B.G.-G.); (M.L.V.-O.); (Á.C.); (M.Á.R.-R.)
| | - Matilde Lombardero-Fernández
- Agronomy and Animal Science Group, Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
| | - Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo
- Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- Department of Plant Production and Engineering Projects, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Ángel Cobos
- Areas of Nutrition and Food Science and Food Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.F.-C.); (M.B.G.-G.); (M.L.V.-O.); (Á.C.); (M.Á.R.-R.)
| | - Olga Díaz
- Areas of Nutrition and Food Science and Food Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.F.-C.); (M.B.G.-G.); (M.L.V.-O.); (Á.C.); (M.Á.R.-R.)
| | - María Ángeles Romero-Rodríguez
- Areas of Nutrition and Food Science and Food Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (N.F.-C.); (M.B.G.-G.); (M.L.V.-O.); (Á.C.); (M.Á.R.-R.)
- Instituto de Biodiversidade Agraria e Desenvolvemento Rural (IBADER), Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
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Díaz-Fernández Á, Loureiro MD, Pereira-Lorenzo S, Ibáñez J, Díaz-Losada E. Screening of Galician grapevine varieties by SNPs, phenotypic traits, and phytopathology. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1359506. [PMID: 38434439 PMCID: PMC10904527 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1359506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The genetic erosion of the European grapevine diversity in the last century has promoted the conservation of varieties in germplasm banks to prevent their disappearance. The study of these varieties is necessary as it would allow the diversification of the wine market, as well as provide a source of genes to face new pathogens or climate constraints. In this work, the grapevine varieties preserved in the "Estación de Viticultura e Enoloxía de Galicia" (EVEGA) Germplasm Bank (Ourense, Spain) were widely characterized, combining ampelography, ampelometry, agronomy, and phytopathology. Moreover, genetic characterization was carried out through the analysis of 48 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A Bayesian analysis based on the SNP data was carried out to define the genetic structure of the EVEGA Germplasm Bank, which allowed the differentiation of two main reconstructed panmictic populations (RPPs), confirming previous results obtained based on microsatellite markers (SSRs). A great diversity between varieties was found for almost every parameter evaluated for ampelography, ampelometry, phytopatology, phenology, and berry quality. A principal component analysis (PCA) performed with these phenotypical data allowed discrimination among some groups of varieties included in different genetic populations. This study allowed us to evaluate the grapevine diversity maintained in the EVEGA Germplasm Bank and characterize varieties of potential value for breeding programs of interest for the Galician viticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Díaz-Fernández
- Department of Viticulture, Estación de Viticultura e Enoloxía de Galicia (EVEGA)‐Axencia Galega da Calidade Alimentaria (AGACAL), Leiro, Ourense, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Loureiro
- Department of Viticulture, Estación de Viticultura e Enoloxía de Galicia (EVEGA)‐Axencia Galega da Calidade Alimentaria (AGACAL), Leiro, Ourense, Spain
| | - Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo
- Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Javier Ibáñez
- Department of Viticulture, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de la Rioja (UR), Gobierno de la Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Emilia Díaz-Losada
- Department of Viticulture, Estación de Viticultura e Enoloxía de Galicia (EVEGA)‐Axencia Galega da Calidade Alimentaria (AGACAL), Leiro, Ourense, Spain
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Rebolledo-Leiva R, Almeida-García F, Pereira-Lorenzo S, Ruíz-Nogueira B, Moreira MT, González-García S. Determining the environmental and economic implications of lupin cultivation in wheat-based organic rotation systems in Galicia, Spain. Sci Total Environ 2022; 845:157342. [PMID: 35842156 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crop rotation represents a potentially sustainable strategy to address environmental problems of intensive agricultural practices, such as soil degradation, biodiversity reduction, and greenhouse gas emissions. This manuscript assesses the environmental and economic implications of introducing lupin cultivation into winter wheat-based rotation systems under an organic regime in Galicia, Spain. Life Cycle Assessment methodology was used to determine the environmental impacts of three rotation systems over a six-year period: lupin → wheat → rapeseed (OA1), lupin → potato → wheat (OA2), and lupin → wheat → rapeseed ‖ maize (OA3). For a robust assessment, three functional units were applied: land management (ha), economic indicator (gross margin in euros) and protein content (1 kg of protein-corrected grain). Moreover, the environmental profiles were compared with rotation systems without lupin crop in a conventional regime. In terms of Global Warming, impacts of about 2214, 3119 and 766 kg CO2eq·ha-1 were obtained for OA1, OA2 and OA3, respectively. Moreover, OA1 is the best rotation in terms of land and protein. Meanwhile, OA2 rotation is the best choice in the economic function, as it obtained the highest level of gross margin (5708 €·ha-1). Furthermore, with the exception of acidification, organic systems are less impactful than conventional systems. Ammonia emissions from the use of manure are the reason for these higher impacts. Organic rotations OA1 and OA2 have about 6 % or 15 % less gross margin than their conventional counterparts, respectively, however, an increase of 28 % was obtained for rotation OA3. This study helps decision-makers to implement environmentally and economically viable strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rebolledo-Leiva
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Fernando Almeida-García
- Grupo Da Cunha, 15175 Carral, Spain; Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnic School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo
- Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnic School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Benigno Ruíz-Nogueira
- Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnic School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Teresa Moreira
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Rebolledo-Leiva R, Almeida-García F, Pereira-Lorenzo S, Ruíz-Nogueira B, Moreira MT, González-García S. Introducing lupin in autochthonous wheat rotation systems in Galicia (NW Spain): An environmental and economic assessment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 838:156016. [PMID: 35588818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crop diversification, as a sustainable land management practice, is a potential strategy to face soil degradation, climate change and food security, being the incorporation of legumes in cereal rotation systems, a strategy that improves soil nutrient levels. In a context of sustainable agriculture, this manuscript aims to evaluate the effect of lupin cultivation from an environmental and economic perspective in Galician winter wheat-based rotation systems. The life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology was applied for three rotation systems over a six-year period: lupin + wheat + oilseed rape (RA1), lupin + potato + wheat (RA2), and lupin + wheat + oilseed rape + maize (RA3). The general approach of this study was to collect primary data associated with the rotation crops to quantify their environmental impacts and economic benefits and to identify their advantages or disadvantages. Comparing and contrasting the environmental profiles based on three functional units: hectare land (ha), financial indicator (gross margin, €) and yield production (kg of wheat grain) allows a robust evaluation of each crop rotation system. Relating to rotations without lupin, the results indicate that for the impact categories evaluated, the introduction of lupin proved to be favourable with notable reductions of 64% and 30% in the environmental categories of Global Warming and Marine Eutrophication, respectively. Moreover, favourable economic consequences were evident in rotations RA1 and RA2 with a 19% and 51% increase in financial indicators, respectively, but with a marginal reduction of 2% in gross margin in RA3. This study motivates stakeholders to understand the environmental impacts of diversification strategies in agricultural systems and serves as a baseline to address the assessment of the social aspects of these systems for a complete sustainability perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rebolledo-Leiva
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Fernando Almeida-García
- Grupo Da Cunha, 15175 Carral, Spain; Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnic School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo
- Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnic School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Benigno Ruíz-Nogueira
- Department of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnic School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Moreira
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Câmara-Salim I, Almeida-García F, González-García S, Romero-Rodríguez A, Ruíz-Nogueiras B, Pereira-Lorenzo S, Feijoo G, Moreira MT. Life cycle assessment of autochthonous varieties of wheat and artisanal bread production in Galicia, Spain. Sci Total Environ 2020; 713:136720. [PMID: 32019049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For millennia, bread and wheat have been one of the most important sources of nutrients in many civilizations. Today, mechanization and evolution in agriculture and food processing have intensified yields and modified the biological and nutritional aspects of multiple crops and foods. The Galician bread is a reference value of food heritage in Spain, which is made from common wheat grain and is a mixture of indigenous Galician wheat and conventional Spanish wheat. In the pursuit of product excellence, it is interesting to identify the environmental profile as support criteria in decision-making, not only to analyse product environmental sustainability, but also as a marketing element to improve consumer awareness. The paper has a twofold perspective to analyse the environmental burdens of wheat cultivation and the bread sector, using life cycle assessment approach: 1) the comparison of the different types of agricultural systems, i.e. the cultivation of Galician wheat following a strategy of monoculture and crop rotation, certified Galician seed production and its comparison with conventional wheat cultivation and 2) the environmental profile of Galician bread. The functional units chosen were 1 kg of wheat grain transported to the milling facility and 1 kg of Galician bread. The results show that wheat cultivation presents the main environmental impacts of bread production, mainly due to the use of agrochemicals and field emissions. The best cultivation scenario corresponds to a crop rotation system, since chemical fertilisation is not applied. In comparative terms with many staple foods produced in Europe, Galician bread has a low environmental impact. The overall environmental results of bread production draw attention to the dependence of bread and flour manufacturers on the agricultural sector, highlighting the need to share responsibilities across the supply chain. In addition, this study contributes to the stakeholder debate on environmental impacts related to food heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana Câmara-Salim
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Fernando Almeida-García
- Grupo Da Cunha, 15175 Carral, Spain; Dept. of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnich School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angeles Romero-Rodríguez
- Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Benigno Ruíz-Nogueiras
- Dept. of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnich School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo
- Dept. of Crop Production and Engineering Projects, High Polytechnich School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Gumersindo Feijoo
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Moreira
- CRETUS Institute, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Pereira-Lorenzo S, Costa RML, Ramos-Cabrer AM, Ciordia-Ara M, Ribeiro CAM, Borges O, Barreneche T. Chestnut cultivar diversification process in the Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands, and Azores. Genome 2011; 54:301-15. [DOI: 10.1139/g10-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This is a large-scale molecular study based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of the diversification process in chestnut cultivars from Portugal and Spain, from the northern Iberian Peninsula to the Canary Islands and the Azores. A total of 593 grafted chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) were analysed with 10 SSRs: 292 from Portugal and 301 from Spain. Some of the trees studied were more than 300 years old. Accessions were analysed using a model-based Bayesian procedure to assess the geographical structure and to assign individuals to reconstructed populations based on the SSR genotypes. We found 356 different genotypes with a mean value of clonality of 33% owing to grafting. Mutations accounted for 6%, with hybridization being the main diversification process that can explain the great diversity found. Ten main cultivar groups were detected: four in northern Spain, five in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and one in southern Spain related to the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. This work demonstrated that cultivar origin and the diversification process was a combination of clonal propagation of selected seedlings, hybridization, and mutations, which allowed high levels of diversity to be maintained with respect to selected clones for fruit production. Furthermore, seedlings and graft sticks facilitated the transport to new destinations in the colonization process, transporting sometimes more than 3000 km if we consider the Azores and the Canary Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo
- Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Rita Maria Lourenço Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, I.P. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária, Quinta do Marquês, Av. da República 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana María Ramos-Cabrer
- Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta Ciordia-Ara
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario, Consejería de Medio Rural y Pesca, Principado de Asturias. Apt. 13. 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Carla Alexandra Marques Ribeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, I.P. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária, Quinta do Marquês, Av. da República 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Olga Borges
- Direcção Regional de Agricultura e Pescas do Norte, Quinta do Valongo Mirandela 5110-062 Carvalhal, Portugal
| | - Teresa Barreneche
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique , UR419 Unité de Recherches sur les Espèces Fruitières, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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