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Salzer S, Kresse S, Hirai Y, Koglin S, Reinholz M, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. Cathelicidin peptide LL-37 increases UVB-triggered inflammasome activation: possible implications for rosacea. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 76:173-9. [PMID: 25306296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with rosacea, environmental stressors, especially UVB radiation, trigger disease flares that are characterized by inflammation and vascular hyperactivity. An altered innate immune detection and response system, modulated to a large extent by the aberrant production and processing of human cathelicidin LL-37, is thought to play a central role in disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the proinflammatory and proangiogenic effects of UV radiation are enhanced in the presence of cathelicidin LL-37. METHODS Human skin ex vivo and epidermal keratinocytes in vitro were exposed to UVB irradiation. The proinflammatory effects of UVB exposure in the presence and absence of LL-37 were characterized using immunoblot, transfection, qPCR, and a cell-based second messenger assay. ELISA was used to assess cytokine release and the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells was evaluated using an in vitro angiogenesis assay. RESULTS UVB irradiation triggered the inflammasome-mediated processing and release of IL-1β. LL-37 augmented this UV-induced IL-1β secretion by acting on the P2X7 receptor on keratinocytes. P2X7 receptor activation by UVB and LL-37 resulted in an increase in intracellular calcium concentrations, which enhances inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β release. Furthermore, IL-1β and LL-37 worked synergistically to increase the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Cathelicidin LL-37 modulates the proinflammatory and proangiogenic effects of UV radiation and thereby contributes to enhanced sensitivity to sun exposure in rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Salzer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Sonja Kresse
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Yoji Hirai
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Sarah Koglin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Markus Reinholz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, Munich 80337, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schauber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, Munich 80337, Germany.
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Tillack C, Ehmann LM, Friedrich M, Laubender RP, Papay P, Vogelsang H, Stallhofer J, Beigel F, Bedynek A, Wetzke M, Maier H, Koburger M, Wagner J, Glas J, Diegelmann J, Koglin S, Dombrowski Y, Schauber J, Wollenberg A, Brand S. Anti-TNF antibody-induced psoriasiform skin lesions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are characterised by interferon-γ-expressing Th1 cells and IL-17A/IL-22-expressing Th17 cells and respond to anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody treatment. Gut 2014; 63:567-77. [PMID: 23468464 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analysed incidence, predictors, histological features and specific treatment options of anti-tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) antibody-induced psoriasiform skin lesions in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). DESIGN Patients with IBD were prospectively screened for anti-TNF-induced psoriasiform skin lesions. Patients were genotyped for IL23R and IL12B variants. Skin lesions were examined for infiltrating Th1 and Th17 cells. Patients with severe lesions were treated with the anti-interleukin (IL)-12/IL-23 p40 antibody ustekinumab. RESULTS Among 434 anti-TNF-treated patients with IBD, 21 (4.8%) developed psoriasiform skin lesions. Multiple logistic regression revealed smoking (p=0.007; OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.55 to 13.60) and an increased body mass index (p=0.029; OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.24) as main predictors for these lesions. Nine patients with Crohn's disease and with severe psoriasiform lesions and/or anti-TNF antibody-induced alopecia were successfully treated with the anti-p40-IL-12/IL-23 antibody ustekinumab (response rate 100%). Skin lesions were histologically characterised by infiltrates of IL-17A/IL-22-secreting T helper 17 (Th17) cells and interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting Th1 cells and IFN-α-expressing cells. IL-17A expression was significantly stronger in patients requiring ustekinumab than in patients responding to topical therapy (p=0.001). IL23R genotyping suggests disease-modifying effects of rs11209026 (p.Arg381Gln) and rs7530511 (p.Leu310Pro) in patients requiring ustekinumab. CONCLUSIONS New onset psoriasiform skin lesions develop in nearly 5% of anti-TNF-treated patients with IBD. We identified smoking as a main risk factor for developing these lesions. Anti-TNF-induced psoriasiform skin lesions are characterised by Th17 and Th1 cell infiltrates. The number of IL-17A-expressing T cells correlates with the severity of skin lesions. Anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy is a highly effective therapy for these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tillack
- Department of Medicine II-Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), , Munich, Germany
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Dombrowski Y, Peric M, Koglin S, Kaymakanov N, Schmezer V, Reinholz M, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) venom induces AIM2 inflammasome activation in human keratinocytes. Allergy 2012; 67:1400-7. [PMID: 22973906 DOI: 10.1111/all.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following allergen exposure, cytokines and other pro-inflammatory signals play an important role in the immunological cascade leading to allergic sensitization. Inflammasomes sense exogenous and endogenous danger signals and trigger IL-1β and IL-18 activation which in turn shape Th2 responses. Honey bee venom (BV) allergies are very common; however, the local inflammatory cascade leading to the initiation of allergic sensitization is poorly understood. In this study, the local inflammatory cascades in skin after exposure to BV were investigated. METHODS The mechanisms of inflammasome activation in human skin and in cultured keratinocytes upon BV exposure were analyzed by ELISA, Western blot, flow cytometry, siRNA techniques, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS In an ex vivo bee sting model, BV induced IL-1β release suggesting the activation of inflammasomes. Indeed, in cultured keratinocytes, the BV component melittin triggered IL-1β and IL-18 release via the AIM2 inflammasome. AIM2 is a cytosolic DNA receptor, and mitochondrial as well as genomic DNA was detected in the cytosol of melittin-treated keratinocytes as triggers of inflammasome activation. As a mechanism, melittin mediated destruction of mitochondrial membranes leading to the leakage of mitochondrial DNA into the cytosolic compartment. CONCLUSION These data suggest that upon BV exposure, keratinocytes are involved in an innate immune response by the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome and subsequent IL-1β and IL-18 release triggered by endogenous DNA. As IL-1β and IL-18 are involved in Th2- and IgE-mediated immune reactions, these results could add to the understanding of the role of the tissue microenvironment to subsequent allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dombrowski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
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4
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Tillack C, Ehmann L, Koglin S, Schauber J, Wollenberg A, Brand S. Anti-TNF antibody-induced psoriasiform skin lesions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease are characterized by interferon-gamma-expressing Th1 and IL-17/IL-22-expressing Th17 cell infiltrates and respond to anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody treatment. Z Gastroenterol 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1324133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dombrowski Y, Koglin S, Schauber J. DNA-triggered AIM2 inflammasome activation in keratinocytes: Comment on Kopfnagel et al. Exp Dermatol. 2011. 20:1027-9. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:474-5; author reply 475-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Dombrowski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian University; Munich; Germany
| | - Sarah Koglin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian University; Munich; Germany
| | - Jürgen Schauber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian University; Munich; Germany
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Hegyi Z, Zwicker S, Bureik D, Peric M, Koglin S, Batycka-Baran A, Prinz JC, Ruzicka T, Schauber J, Wolf R. Vitamin D analog calcipotriol suppresses the Th17 cytokine-induced proinflammatory S100 "alarmins" psoriasin (S100A7) and koebnerisin (S100A15) in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1416-24. [PMID: 22402441 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptides (AMP) psoriasin (S100A7) and koebnerisin (S100A15) are differently induced in psoriatic skin. They act synergistically as chemoattractants and "alarmins" to amplify inflammation in psoriasis. Th17 cytokines are key players in psoriasis pathogenesis and vitamin D analogs feature anti-psoriatic effects; both of these activities could be mediated through epidermal AMP regulation. We show that supernatants of cultured psoriatic T cells induce and release psoriasin and koebnerisin from keratinocytes and the Th17 cytokines IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-22 differently regulate psoriasin and koebnerisin reflecting their distinct expression pattern in normal and psoriatic skin. IL-17A is the principal inducer of both S100 and their expression is further amplified by cooperating Th17 cytokines in the micromilieu of psoriatic skin. Increased extracellular psoriasin and koebnerisin also synergize as "alarmins" to prime epidermal keratinocytes for production of immunotropic cytokines that further amplify the inflammatory response. Treatment of psoriatic plaques with the vitamin D analog calcipotriol interferes with the S100-mediated positive feedback loop by suppressing the increased production of psoriasin and koebnerisin in psoriatic skin and their Th17-mediated regulation in epidermal keratinocytes. Thus, targeting the S100-amplification loop could be a beneficial anti-inflammatory approach in psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hegyi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Dombrowski Y, Peric M, Koglin S, Kammerbauer C, Göss C, Anz D, Simanski M, Gläser R, Harder J, Hornung V, Gallo RL, Ruzicka T, Besch R, Schauber J. Cytosolic DNA triggers inflammasome activation in keratinocytes in psoriatic lesions. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:82ra38. [PMID: 21562230 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a central role in the pathogenesis and the course of inflammatory skin diseases, including psoriasis. Posttranscriptional activation of IL-1β is mediated by inflammasomes; however, the mechanisms triggering IL-1β processing remain unknown. Recently, cytosolic DNA has been identified as a danger signal that activates inflammasomes containing the DNA sensor AIM2. In this study, we detected abundant cytosolic DNA and increased AIM2 expression in keratinocytes in psoriatic lesions but not in healthy skin. In cultured keratinocytes, interferon-γ induced AIM2, and cytosolic DNA triggered the release of IL-1β via the AIM2 inflammasome. Moreover, the antimicrobial cathelicidin peptide LL-37, which can interact with DNA in psoriatic skin, neutralized cytosolic DNA in keratinocytes and blocked AIM2 inflammasome activation. Together, these data suggest that cytosolic DNA is an important disease-associated molecular pattern that can trigger AIM2 inflammasome and IL-1β activation in psoriasis. Furthermore, cathelicidin LL-37 interfered with DNA-sensing inflammasomes, which thereby suggests an anti-inflammatory function for this peptide. Thus, our data reveal a link between the AIM2 inflammasome, cathelicidin LL-37, and autoinflammation in psoriasis, providing new potential targets for the treatment of this chronic skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Dombrowski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80337 Munich, Germany
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Antal AS, Dombrowski Y, Koglin S, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. Impact of vitamin D3 on cutaneous immunity and antimicrobial peptide expression. Dermatoendocrinol 2011; 3:18-22. [PMID: 21519404 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.1.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are effectors of cutaneous innate immunity and protect primarily against microbial infections. An array of AMPs can be found in and on the skin. Those include peptides that were first discovered for their antimicrobial properties but also proteins with antimicrobial activity first characterized for their activity as chemokines, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and neuropeptides. Cathelicidins were among the first families of AMPs discovered in skin. They are now known to exert a dual role in innate immune defense: they have direct antimicrobial activity and will also initiate a host cellular response resulting in cytokine release, inflammation and angiogenesis. Altered cathelicidin expression and function was observed in several common inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, rosacea and psoriasis. Until recently the molecular mechanisms underlying cathelicidin regulation were not known. Lately, vitamin D3 was identified as the major regulator of cathelicidin expression and entered the spotlight as an immune modulator with impact on both, innate and adaptive immunity. Therapies targeting vitamin D3 signalling may provide novel approaches for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory skin diseases by affecting both innate and adaptive immune functions through AMP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila S Antal
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Ludwig-Maximilian-University; Munich, Germany
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10
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Dombrowski Y, Koglin S, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. Alarmine und ihre Bedeutung für entzündliche Hauterkrankungen. Akt Dermatol 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1255865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dombrowski Y, Peric M, Koglin S, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. Control of cutaneous antimicrobial peptides by vitamin D3. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302:401-8. [PMID: 20221619 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constant exposure to a wide variety of microbial pathogens represents a major challenge for our skin. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are mediators of cutaneous innate immunity and protect primarily against microbial infections. Cathelicidins were among the first AMPs identified in human skin and recent evidence suggests that they exert a dual role in innate immune defense: At first, due to their antimicrobial activity they kill pathogens directly. In addition, these peptides initiate a potent host response to infection resulting in cytokine release, inflammation and a cellular response. Disturbed cathelicidin expression and function was observed in several common inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis where cathelicidin peptide converts inert self-DNA and self-RNA into an autoimmune stimulus. In atopic dermatitis decreased levels of cathelicidin facilitating microbial superinfections have been discussed. Furthermore, abnormally processed cathelicidin peptides induce inflammation and a vascular response in rosacea. Until recently, the molecular mechanisms underlying cathelicidin regulation were unknown. Recently, the vitamin D3 pathway was identified as the major regulator of cathelicidin expression. Consequently, vitamin D3 entered the spotlight as an immune modulator with impact on both innate and adaptive immunity. Therapies targeting vitamin D3 signaling may provide new approaches for infectious and inflammatory skin diseases by affecting both innate and adaptive immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Dombrowski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, Munich, Germany
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12
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Peric M, Lehmann B, Vashina G, Dombrowski Y, Koglin S, Meurer M, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. UV-B–triggered induction of vitamin D3 metabolism differentially affects antimicrobial peptide expression in keratinocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:746-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Peric M, Koglin S, Dombrowski Y, Gross K, Bradac E, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. VDR and MEK-ERK dependent induction of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in keratinocytes by lithocholic acid. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3183-7. [PMID: 19733911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathelicidin is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and signaling molecule in innate immunity and a direct target of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) in primary human keratinocytes (NHEK). The expression of cathelicidin is dysregulated in various skin diseases and its regulation differs depending on the epithelial cell type. The secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA) is a ligand of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and can carry out in vivo functions of vitamin D3. Therefore we analyzed cathelicidin mRNA- and peptide expression levels in NHEK and colonic epithelial cells (Caco-2) after stimulation with LCA. We found increased expression of cathelicidin mRNA and peptide in NHEK, in Caco-2 colon cells no effect was observed after LCA stimulation. The VDR as well as MEK-ERK signaled the upregulation of cathelicidin in NHEK induced by LCA. Collectively, our data indicate that cathelicidin induction upon LCA treatment differs in keratinocytes and colonic epithelial cells. Based on these observations LCA-like molecules targeting cathelicidin could be designed for the treatment of cutaneous diseases that are characterized by disturbed cathelicidin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Peric
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Peric M, Koglin S, Dombrowski Y, Groß K, Bradac E, Büchau A, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Ruzicka T, Schauber J. Vitamin D analogs differentially control antimicrobial peptide/"alarmin" expression in psoriasis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6340. [PMID: 19623255 PMCID: PMC2709447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are strongly expressed in lesional skin in psoriasis and play an important role as proinflammatory "alarmins" in this chronic skin disease. Vitamin D analogs like calcipotriol have antipsoriatic effects and might mediate this effect by changing AMP expression. In this study, keratinocytes in lesional psoriatic plaques showed decreased expression of the AMPs beta-defensin (HBD) 2 and HBD3 after topical treatment with calcipotriol. At the same time, calcipotriol normalized the proinflammatory cytokine milieu and decreased interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F and IL-8 transcript abundance in lesional psoriatic skin. In contrast, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression was increased by calcipotriol while psoriasin expression remained unchanged. In cultured human epidermal keratinocytes the effect of different vitamin D analogs on the expression of AMPs was further analyzed. All vitamin D analogs tested blocked IL-17A induced HBD2 expression by increasing IkappaB-alpha protein and inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling. At the same time vitamin D analogs induced cathelicidin through activation of the vitamin D receptor and MEK/ERK signaling. These studies suggest that vitamin D analogs differentially alter AMP expression in lesional psoriatic skin and cultured keratinocytes. Balancing AMP "alarmin" expression might be a novel goal in treatment of chronic inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Peric
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Koglin
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Dombrowski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Groß
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Bradac
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda Büchau
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Steinmeyer
- Common Mechanism Research Early Projects, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zügel
- Medicinal Chemistry, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schauber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Peric M, Koglin S, Kim SM, Morizane S, Besch R, Prinz JC, Ruzicka T, Gallo RL, Schauber J. IL-17A enhances vitamin D3-induced expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in human keratinocytes. J Immunol 2009; 181:8504-12. [PMID: 19050268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidin is strongly expressed in lesional skin in psoriasis and may play an important role as both an antimicrobial peptide and as an autoinflammatory mediator in this chronic skin disease. The mechanism of increased cathelicidin in psoriatic keratinocytes is not known, but recent observations have found that psoriasis has abundant Th17 cells that produce IL-17A and IL-22. We found that human keratinocytes stimulated with supernatants from T cells isolated from lesional psoriatic skin increased expression of cathelicidin when stimulated in the presence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3)). This increase was signaled through the IL-17RA. In vitro, IL-17A, but not IL-22, enhanced cathelicidin mRNA and peptide expression in keratinocytes dependent on the presence of 1,25D(3). At the same time, coincubation with 1,25D(3) blocked induction of human beta-defensin 2 (HBD2), IL-6, and IL-8, which are other target genes of IL-17A. Act1, an adaptor associated with IL-17RA and essential for IL-17A signaling, mediated cathelicidin induction, as its suppression by small interfering RNA inhibited HBD2 and cathelicidin. Both, 1,25D(3) and IL-17A signaled cathelicidin induction through MEK-ERK. These results suggest that increased IL-17A in psoriatic skin increases cathelicidin through a vitamin D(3)-, Act1-, and MEK-ERK-dependent mechanism. Therapy targeting this cathelicidin-regulating system might be beneficial in patients suffering from psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Peric
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
The human skin is constantly exposed to microbial pathogens but infections only rarely occur. Innate cutaneous immunity is a primary system for protection against infection, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) expressed in skin are essential defence molecules. The AMPs include molecules such as the defensins that were first characterized for their antimicrobial properties as well as other peptides and proteins first known for their activity as chemokines, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors and neuropeptides. Cathelicidins are unique AMPs that act as defensive and signalling molecules. Two different pathways are involved in this function: cathelicidins have direct antimicrobial activity and they also initiate a host of cellular responses in cytokine release, inflammation and angiogenesis. Several skin diseases are associated with cathelicidin dysfunction. In atopic eczema, for example, cathelicidin expression is suppressed, whereas in rosacea cathelicidin peptides are abnormally processed to forms that induce cutaneous inflammation and a vascular response. In psoriasis cathelicidin peptide converts self-DNA to a potent stimulus in an autoinflammatory cascade. Current studies have unexpectedly identified vitamin D3 as a major factor for the regulation of cathelicidin expression. This finding may provide new strategies in the management of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the skin by targeting control of the expression and function of cathelicidin and other AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peric
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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