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Villanueva PJ, Martinez A, Baca ST, DeJesus RE, Larragoity M, Contreras L, Gutierrez DA, Varela-Ramirez A, Aguilera RJ. Pyronaridine exerts potent cytotoxicity on human breast and hematological cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206467. [PMID: 30395606 PMCID: PMC6218039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent antimalarial drug pyronaridine (PND) was tested for its potential as an anticancer drug. After exposing cancerous (17) and non-cancerous (2) cells to PND for 72 hr, PND was found to exhibit consistent and potent cytotoxic activity at low micromolar (μM) concentrations that ranged from 1.6 μM to 9.4 μM. Moreover, PND exerted a significant selective cytotoxicity index (SCI) on five out of seven breast cancer cell lines tested, with favorable values of 2.5 to 4.4, as compared with the non-cancerous breast MCF-10A cell line. By using the same comparison, PND exhibited a significant SCI on three out of four leukemia/lymphoma cell lines with promising values of 3.3 to 3.5. One breast cancer and one leukemia cell line were tested further in order to determine the likely mode of action of PND. PND was found to consistently elicit phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial depolarization, and DNA fragmentation, in both the triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and HL-60 leukemia cell lines. In addition, PND treatment altered cell cycle progression in both cancer cells. Subsequent DNA mobility-shift assays, UV-Visible spectroscopic titrations, and circular dichroism (CD) experiments revealed that PND intercalates with DNA. The findings presented in this study indicates that PND induces apoptosis and interfered with cell cycle progression of cancer cell lines and these results indicate that this drug has the potential as a repurposed drug for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina J. Villanueva
- The Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility & Border Biomedical Research Center & Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alberto Martinez
- Chemistry Department, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah T. Baca
- The Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility & Border Biomedical Research Center & Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rebecca E. DeJesus
- The Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility & Border Biomedical Research Center & Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Manuel Larragoity
- The Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility & Border Biomedical Research Center & Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lisett Contreras
- The Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility & Border Biomedical Research Center & Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Denisse A. Gutierrez
- The Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility & Border Biomedical Research Center & Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- The Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility & Border Biomedical Research Center & Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Renato J. Aguilera
- The Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility & Border Biomedical Research Center & Department of Biological Sciences, the University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
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Montoya A, Amaya CN, Belmont A, Diab N, Trevino R, Villanueva G, Rains S, Sanchez LA, Badri N, Otoukesh S, Khammanivong A, Liss D, Baca ST, Aguilera RJ, Dickerson EB, Torabi A, Dwivedi AK, Abbas A, Chambers K, Bryan BA, Nahleh Z. Use of non-selective β-blockers is associated with decreased tumor proliferative indices in early stage breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6446-6460. [PMID: 28031536 PMCID: PMC5351644 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest beta-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonists (β-blockers) decrease breast cancer progression, tumor metastasis, and patient mortality; however the mechanism for this is unknown. Immunohistochemical analysis of normal and malignant breast tissue revealed overexpression of β1-AR and β3-AR in breast cancer. A retrospective cross-sectional study of 404 breast cancer patients was performed to determine the effect of β-blocker usage on tumor proliferation. Our analysis revealed that non-selective β-blockers, but not selective β-blockers, reduced tumor proliferation by 66% (p < 0.0001) in early stage breast cancer compared to non-users. We tested the efficacy of propranolol on an early stage breast cancer patient, and quantified the tumor proliferative index before and after treatment, revealing a propranolol-mediated 23% reduction (p = 0.02) in Ki67 positive tumor cells over a three-week period. The anti-proliferative effects of β-blockers were measured in a panel of breast cancer lines, demonstrating that mammary epithelial cells were resistant to propranolol, and that most breast cancer cell lines displayed dose dependent viability decreases following treatment. Selective β-blockers alone or in combination were not as effective as propranolol at reducing breast cancer cell proliferation. Molecular analysis revealed that propranolol treatment of the SK-BR-3 breast cancer line, which showed high sensitivity to beta blockade, led to a reduction in Ki67 protein expression, decreased phosphorylation of the mitogenic signaling regulators p44/42 MAPK, p38 MAPK, JNK, and CREB, increased phosphorylation of the cell survival/apoptosis regulators AKT, p53, and GSK3β. In conclusion, use of non-selective β-blockers in patients with early stage breast cancer may lead to decreased tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Montoya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Clarissa N Amaya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Andres Belmont
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Nabih Diab
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Trevino
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Geri Villanueva
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Steven Rains
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Luis A Sanchez
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University Health Sciences Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Nabeel Badri
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University Health Sciences Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Salman Otoukesh
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University Health Sciences Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Danielle Liss
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University Health Sciences Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Sarah T Baca
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Renato J Aguilera
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Erin B Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alireza Torabi
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Alok K Dwivedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Aamer Abbas
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University Health Sciences Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Karinn Chambers
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Brad A Bryan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Zeina Nahleh
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University Health Sciences Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Santiago-Vázquez Y, Das U, Varela-Ramirez A, Baca ST, Ayala-Marin Y, Lema C, Das S, Baryyan A, Dimmock JR, Aguilera RJ. Tumor-selective cytotoxicity of a novel pentadiene analogue on human leukemia/ lymphoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:138-146. [PMID: 27857884 DOI: 10.2174/2212697x03666160830165250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel series of structurally divergent 1,5-diaryl-3-oxo-1,4-pentadiene analogues 1-10 displayed marked cytotoxic potencies towards a number of human leukemia/lymphoma cells. OBJECTIVE To identify novel selective cytotoxic compounds that induce apoptosis. METHODS The Differential Nuclear Staining (DNS) screening protocol was utilized to measure the cytotoxicity of all experimental dienones on several cancerous cells. Additionally, the selective cytotoxicity index was calculated by comparing the dienone's cytotoxicity between leukemia/lymphoma cells vs. non-cancerous cells. Furthermore, to discern whether a selected dienone induced cell death via apoptosis or necrosis on T-lymphocyte leukemia cells, diverse approaches were utilized to detect individual biochemical facets of apoptosis. RESULTS The dienones were tested for their anti-neoplastic efficiency on human leukemia/lymphoma-derived cell lines. Special emphasis was applied on dienone 1, on the basis of its sub-micromolar cytotoxicity (CC50=0.43+0.02 μM) and high selective cytotoxicity index (11.1) exerted on T-leukemia cells. In general, dienone 1 showed the most potent cytotoxic properties as compared to other dienones and a related reference cytotoxin curcumin as well as the EF-24 curcumin analogue. Dienone 1 caused cell death by apoptosis in Jurkat cells as evidenced by inducing phosphatidylserine externalization, mitochondrial depolarization and caspase-3/7. These effects were mainly attributed to the induction of apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSION The novel dienone 1 was found to exhibit potent anti-leukemia activity by inducing programmed cell death/apoptosis. Consequently, dionone 1 should be developed further to examine its potential efficacy to combat malignancies in a pre-clinical animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaira Santiago-Vázquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioscience Research Building, Border Biomedical Research Center, Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Umashankar Das
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioscience Research Building, Border Biomedical Research Center, Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Sarah T Baca
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioscience Research Building, Border Biomedical Research Center, Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Yoshira Ayala-Marin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioscience Research Building, Border Biomedical Research Center, Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Carolina Lema
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioscience Research Building, Border Biomedical Research Center, Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA; College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Swagatika Das
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Alaa Baryyan
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Dimmock
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Renato J Aguilera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bioscience Research Building, Border Biomedical Research Center, Cytometry, Screening and Imaging Core Facility, University of Texas at El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
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