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Wali AR, Pathuri S, Brandel MG, Sindewald RW, Hirshman BR, Bravo JA, Steinberg JA, Olson SE, Pannell JS, Khalessi A, Santiago-Dieppa D. Reducing frame rate and pulse rate for routine diagnostic cerebral angiography: ALARA principles in practice. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2024; 26:46-50. [PMID: 38092365 PMCID: PMC10995471 DOI: 10.7461/jcen.2023.e2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnostic cerebral angiograms (DCAs) are widely used in neurosurgery due to their high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose and characterize pathology using ionizing radiation. Eliminating unnecessary radiation is critical to reduce risk to patients, providers, and health care staff. We investigated if reducing pulse and frame rates during routine DCAs would decrease radiation burden without compromising image quality. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of prospectively acquired data after implementing a quality improvement protocol in which pulse rate and frame rate were reduced from 15 p/s to 7.5 p/s and 7.5 f/s to 4.0 f/s respectively. Radiation doses and exposures were calculated. Two endovascular neurosurgeons reviewed randomly selected angiograms of both doses and blindly assessed their quality. RESULTS A total of 40 consecutive angiograms were retrospectively analyzed, 20 prior to the protocol change and 20 after. After the intervention, radiation dose, radiation per run, total exposure, and exposure per run were all significantly decreased even after adjustment for BMI (all p<0.05). On multivariable analysis, we identified a 46% decrease in total radiation dose and 39% decrease in exposure without compromising image quality or procedure time. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that for routine DCAs, pulse rate of 7.5 with a frame rate of 4.0 is sufficient to obtain diagnostic information without compromising image quality or elongating procedure time. In the interest of patient, provider, and health care staff safety, we strongly encourage all interventionalists to be cognizant of radiation usage to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure and consequential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin R. Wali
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarath Pathuri
- Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Ryan W. Sindewald
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brian R. Hirshman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Javier A. Bravo
- Department of General Surgery, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott E. Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
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Horton JR, Pathuri S, Wong K, Ren R, Rueda L, Fosbenner DT, Heerding DA, McCabe MT, Pappalardi MB, Zhang X, King BW, Cheng X. Structural characterization of dicyanopyridine containing DNMT1-selective, non-nucleoside inhibitors. Structure 2022; 30:793-802.e5. [PMID: 35395178 PMCID: PMC9177618 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DNMT1 maintains the parental DNA methylation pattern on newly replicated hemimethylated DNA. The failure of this maintenance process causes aberrant DNA methylation that affects transcription and contributes to the development and progression of cancers such as acute myeloid leukemia. Here, we structurally characterized a set of newly discovered DNMT1-selective, reversible, non-nucleoside inhibitors that bear a core 3,5-dicyanopyridine moiety, as exemplified by GSK3735967, to better understand their mechanism of inhibition. All of the dicyanopydridine-containing inhibitors examined intercalate into the hemimethylated DNA between two CpG base pairs through the DNA minor groove, resulting in conformational movement of the DNMT1 active-site loop. In addition, GSK3735967 introduces two new binding sites, where it interacts with and stabilizes the displaced DNMT1 active-site loop and it occupies an open aromatic cage in which trimethylated histone H4 lysine 20 is expected to bind. Our work represents a substantial step in generating potent, selective, and non-nucleoside inhibitors of DNMT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Horton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarath Pathuri
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristen Wong
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Ren Ren
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lourdes Rueda
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - David T Fosbenner
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Dirk A Heerding
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Michael T McCabe
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Melissa B Pappalardi
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bryan W King
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Pappalardi MB, Keenan K, Cockerill M, Kellner WA, Stowell A, Sherk C, Wong K, Pathuri S, Briand J, Steidel M, Chapman P, Groy A, Wiseman AK, McHugh CF, Campobasso N, Graves AP, Fairweather E, Werner T, Raoof A, Butlin RJ, Rueda L, Horton JR, Fosbenner DT, Zhang C, Handler JL, Muliaditan M, Mebrahtu M, Jaworski JP, McNulty DE, Burt C, Eberl HC, Taylor AN, Ho T, Merrihew S, Foley SW, Rutkowska A, Li M, Romeril SP, Goldberg K, Zhang X, Kershaw CS, Bantscheff M, Jurewicz AJ, Minthorn E, Grandi P, Patel M, Benowitz AB, Mohammad HP, Gilmartin AG, Prinjha RK, Ogilvie D, Carpenter C, Heerding D, Baylin SB, Jones PA, Cheng X, King BW, Luengo JI, Jordan AM, Waddell I, Kruger RG, McCabe MT. Discovery of a first-in-class reversible DNMT1-selective inhibitor with improved tolerability and efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia. Nat Cancer 2021; 2:1002-1017. [PMID: 34790902 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation, a key epigenetic driver of transcriptional silencing, is universally dysregulated in cancer. Reversal of DNA methylation by hypomethylating agents, such as the cytidine analogs decitabine or azacytidine, has demonstrated clinical benefit in hematologic malignancies. These nucleoside analogs are incorporated into replicating DNA where they inhibit DNA cytosine methyltransferases DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B through irreversible covalent interactions. These agents induce notable toxicity to normal blood cells thus limiting their clinical doses. Herein we report the discovery of GSK3685032, a potent first-in-class DNMT1-selective inhibitor that was shown via crystallographic studies to compete with the active-site loop of DNMT1 for penetration into hemi-methylated DNA between two CpG base pairs. GSK3685032 induces robust loss of DNA methylation, transcriptional activation and cancer cell growth inhibition in vitro. Due to improved in vivo tolerability compared with decitabine, GSK3685032 yields superior tumor regression and survival mouse models of acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Pappalardi
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn Keenan
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Mark Cockerill
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
- These authors contributed equally: Mark Cockerill, Wendy A. Kellner
| | - Wendy A Kellner
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Mark Cockerill, Wendy A. Kellner
| | - Alexandra Stowell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Christian Sherk
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Kristen Wong
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Sarath Pathuri
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacques Briand
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Michael Steidel
- Cellzome GmbH, Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philip Chapman
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Arthur Groy
- Future Pipeline Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Ashley K Wiseman
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Charles F McHugh
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Nino Campobasso
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Alan P Graves
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Emma Fairweather
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Thilo Werner
- Cellzome GmbH, Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ali Raoof
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Roger J Butlin
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Lourdes Rueda
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - John R Horton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David T Fosbenner
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Cunyu Zhang
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jessica L Handler
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Morris Muliaditan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Modelling, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Makda Mebrahtu
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Jaworski
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Dean E McNulty
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Charlotte Burt
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - H Christian Eberl
- Cellzome GmbH, Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amy N Taylor
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Thau Ho
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Susan Merrihew
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Shawn W Foley
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Anna Rutkowska
- Cellzome GmbH, Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mei Li
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Stuart P Romeril
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Kristin Goldberg
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher S Kershaw
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Marcus Bantscheff
- Cellzome GmbH, Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Minthorn
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Paola Grandi
- Cellzome GmbH, Functional Genomics, GlaxoSmithKline, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mehul Patel
- Medicinal Science & Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Helai P Mohammad
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | | | - Rab K Prinjha
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Donald Ogilvie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | - Dirk Heerding
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Jones
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W King
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Juan I Luengo
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Allan M Jordan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Ian Waddell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Ryan G Kruger
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Michael T McCabe
- Cancer Epigenetics Research Unit, Oncology, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
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