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Niampradit S, Kiangkoo N, Mingkhwan R, Kliengchuay W, Worakhunpiset S, Limpananont Y, Hongsibsong S, Inthorn D, Tantrakarnapa K. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in Chao Phraya River, Thailand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8366. [PMID: 38600294 PMCID: PMC11006942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding heavy metals in rivers is crucial, as their presence and distribution impact water quality, ecosystem health, and human well-being. This study examined the presence and levels of nine heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in 16 surface water samples along the Chao Phraya River, identifying Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cr as predominant metals. Although average concentrations in both rainy and dry seasons generally adhered to WHO guidelines, Mn exceeded these limits yet remained within Thailand's acceptable standards. Seasonal variations were observed in the Chao Phraya River, and Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis established significant associations between season and concentrations of heavy metals. The water quality index (WQI) demonstrated varied water quality statuses at each sampling point along the Chao Phraya River, indicating poor conditions during the rainy season, further deteriorating to very poor conditions in the dry season. The hazard potential index (HPI) was employed to assess heavy metal contamination, revealing that during the dry season in the estuary area, the HPI value exceeded the critical threshold index, indicating the presence of heavy metal pollution in the water and unsuitable for consumption. Using the species sensitivity distribution model, an ecological risk assessment ranked the heavy metals' HC5 values as Pb > Zn > Cr > Cu > Hg > Cd > Ni, identifying nickel as the most detrimental and lead as the least toxic. Despite Cr and Zn showing a moderate risk, and Cu and Ni posing a high risk to aquatic organisms, the main contributors to ecological risk were identified as Cu, Ni, and Zn, suggesting a significant potential ecological risk in the Chao Phraya River's surface water. The results of this study provide fundamental insights that can direct future actions in preventing and managing heavy metal pollution in the river ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarima Niampradit
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, 10400, Thailand
- Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Nuttapohn Kiangkoo
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, 10400, Thailand
- Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Rachaneekorn Mingkhwan
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, 10400, Thailand
- Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, 10400, Thailand
- Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Suwalee Worakhunpiset
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, 10400, Thailand
- Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpananont
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, 10400, Thailand
- Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Duangrat Inthorn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicity (EHT), Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, 10400, Thailand.
- Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, Thailand.
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Niampradit S, Kliengchuay W, Mingkhwan R, Worakhunpiset S, Kiangkoo N, Sudsandee S, Hongthong A, Siriratruengsuk W, Muangsuwan T, Tantrakarnapa K. The Elemental Characteristics and Human Health Risk of PM 2.5 during Haze Episode and Non-Haze Episode in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19106127. [PMID: 35627664 PMCID: PMC9141133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fine particle matter (PM2.5) was directly related to seasonal weather, and has become the influencing factor of air quality that is harmful for human health in Chiang Rai province. The aims were determining the elemental composition in PM2.5 and human health risk in haze (March 2021) and non-haze episodes (July–August 2021). Nine elements in PM2.5 were measured by using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, and an enrichment factor was used to identify the emission source. The results showed that the average concentration of PM2.5 was 63.07 μg/m3 in haze episodes, and 25.00 μg/m3 in a non-haze episode. The maximum concentration was 116.7 μg/m3 in March. The majority of elements originated from anthropogenic sources. In haze episodes, PM2.5 mean concentration was approximately 4.2 times that of the WHO guidelines (15 μg/m3 24 h), and 1.3 times that of the Thai Ambient Air Quality Standard (50 μg/m3). The analysis of backward air mass trajectory showed that transboundary and local sources significantly influenced PM2.5 at the monitoring site in the sampling period. In the health risk assessment, the non-carcinogenic risk of Cd was the highest, with a Hazard Quotient (HQ) of 0.048, and the cancer risk of Cr was classified as the highest cancer risk, with the values of 1.29 × 10−5, higher than the minimum acceptable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarima Niampradit
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.K.); (R.M.); (S.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.K.); (R.M.); (S.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Rachaneekorn Mingkhwan
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.K.); (R.M.); (S.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Suwalee Worakhunpiset
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.K.); (R.M.); (S.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Nuttapohn Kiangkoo
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.K.); (R.M.); (S.W.); (N.K.)
| | - Suntorn Sudsandee
- School of Health Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (A.H.); (W.S.)
| | - Anuttara Hongthong
- School of Health Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (A.H.); (W.S.)
| | - Weerayuth Siriratruengsuk
- School of Health Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (S.S.); (A.H.); (W.S.)
| | - Thunyaluk Muangsuwan
- National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.N.); (W.K.); (R.M.); (S.W.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Kliengchuay W, Srimanus R, Srimanus W, Niampradit S, Preecha N, Mingkhwan R, Worakhunpiset S, Limpanont Y, Moonsri K, Tantrakarnapa K. Particulate matter (PM 10) prediction based on multiple linear regression: a case study in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2149. [PMID: 34819059 PMCID: PMC8611941 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The northern regions of Thailand have been facing haze episodes and transboundary air pollution every year in which particulate matter, particularly PM10, accumulates in the air, detrimentally affecting human health. Chiang Rai province is one of the country’s most popular tourist destinations as well as an important economic hub. This study aims to develop and compare the best-fitted model for PM10 prediction for different seasons using meteorological factors. Method The air pollution and weather data acquired from the Pollution Control Department (PCD) spanned from the years 2011 until 2018 at two stations on an hourly basis. Four different stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models for predicting the PM10 concentration were then developed, namely annual, summer, rainy, and winter seasons. Results The maximum daily PM10 concentration was observed in the summer season for both stations. The minimum daily concentration was detected in the rainy season. The seasonal variation of PM10 was significantly different for both stations. CO was moderately related to PM10 in the summer season. The PM10 summer model was the best MLR model to predict PM10 during haze episodes. In both stations, it revealed an R2 of 0.73 and 0.61 in stations 65 and 71, respectively. Relative humidity and atmospheric pressure display negative relationships, although temperature is positively correlated with PM10 concentrations in summer and rainy seasons. Whereas pressure plays a positive relationship with PM10 in the winter season. Conclusions In conclusion, the MLR models are effective at estimating PM10 concentrations at the local level for each seasonal. The annual MLR model at both stations indicates a good prediction with an R2 of 0.61 and 0.52 for stations 65 and 73, respectively. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12217-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissanupong Kliengchuay
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rachodbun Srimanus
- School of Medicine, St. George's University, Saint George's, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Wechapraan Srimanus
- School of Medicine, St. George's University, Saint George's, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Sarima Niampradit
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nopadol Preecha
- School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhorn Sri Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Rachaneekorn Mingkhwan
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwalee Worakhunpiset
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yanin Limpanont
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamontat Moonsri
- The Graduate School of Environmental Development Administration, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kraichat Tantrakarnapa
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Environment, Health & Social Impact Unit, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Kongpran J, Kliengchuay W, Niampradit S, Sahanavin N, Siriratruengsuk W, Tantrakarnapa K. The Health Risks of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Upper North Thailand. Geohealth 2021; 5:e2020GH000352. [PMID: 33855249 PMCID: PMC8025847 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Every year, Northern Thailand faces haze pollution during the haze episode. The particulate matter (PM), including fine fraction (PM2.5), a coarse fraction (PM2.5-10), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was measured in six provinces in upper north Thailand during the haze and non-haze episodes in 2018. Eighty-three percent of the PM2.5 measurements (21.8-194.0 µg/m3) during the haze episode exceeded the national ambient air quality standard in Thailand. All 16 PAHs were detected in the study area in both periods. The average concentration of total PAHs (particle-bound and gas-phase) during the haze episode was 134.7 ± 80.4 ng/m3, which was about 26 times higher than those in the non-haze (5.1 ± 9.7 µg/m3). Naphthalene and acenaphthene were the dominant PAHs in the gas phase; whereas, indeno[123-cd] pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and Benzo[ghi]Perylene were dominant in the particle-bound phase. The estimated inhalation excess cancer risk from PAHs exposure was 9.3 × 10-4 and 2.5 × 10-5 in the haze episode and non-haze, respectively. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis revealed that PAHs were derived from mixed sources of vehicle emission and solid combustion in the haze episode and vehicle emission in the non-haze period. High pollution levels of PM and large cancer risk attributable to the exposure of PAHs in the haze episode suggest urgent countermeasures to reduce the source emission, especially from the solid combustion in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jira Kongpran
- School of Public HealthWalailak UniversityNakhon Sri ThammaratThailand
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