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Yi S, Goldstein A, Luo H, Haefner SA. A daily diary investigation of self-regulation in gambling. Psychol Addict Behav 2022; 37:533-544. [PMID: 36265033 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limit-setting strategies have the potential to assist in reducing problem gambling, but there is little research on self-imposed gambling limits and factors that restrain self-regulation once gambling has been initiated. Using daily diary approach, we investigated individual difference and proximal factors associated with gambling limit violations. METHOD Participants were 103 individuals who gambled regularly and had set a goal to limit their gambling. Participants completed a baseline measure of trait self-control and questions about gambling and limit violations over 21 days. We examined factors associated with setting and maintaining limits across episodes of gambling as well as within-person factors associated with limit violations, including the moderating role of trait self-control. RESULTS We found that episodes of gambling where limits were set and violated were associated with riskier gambling and more negative emotional responses. In addition, gambling limits were more likely to be violated on days when temptations to violate limits were high and by people with low trait self-control, whereas urges to gamble were associated with a reduced likelihood of limit violations. Trait self-control moderated the relationship between daily stress/tension and limit violations. Low stress/tension was associated with greater limit violations for those with lower trait self-control, but the likelihood of violating limits increased on high stress days for those with higher trait self-control. CONCLUSIONS Individuals may benefit from greater awareness of temptations to violate gambling limits and the impact of daily stressors, particularly for those with high trait self-control who are most successful when stress/tension is low. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghwan Yi
- Department of Marketing and Consumer Studies, University of Guelph
| | - Abby Goldstein
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto
| | - Hai Luo
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Manitoba
| | - Sasha A Haefner
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto
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Schneider MA, Malhotra D, Spritzer PM, Hatchard T, Minuzzi L, Frey BN, Haefner SA, Nicholson A, McKinnon M, Syan SK, Cardoso TDA, Schwarz K, Anés M, Santos-Díaz A, Lobato MIR. Estradiol Replacement as a Potential Enhancer of Working Memory and Neuroplasticity in Hypogonadal Trans Women. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 113:489-500. [PMID: 36130584 DOI: 10.1159/000527130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cognitive effects of cross-sex hormone therapy (CSHT) are not well understood. In cisgender individuals, sex hormone therapy can impact neurotransmitter levels and structural anatomy. Similarly, in gender-diverse persons, CSHT has been associated with neural adaptations, such as growth in brain structures resembling those observed in cisgender individuals of the same sex. Hormone-related changes in learning and memory, as seen in menopause, are associated with physiological hypogonadism or a decline in hormones, such as estradiol. The present study examined the effect of estradiol administration in humans on glutamate concentration in brain regions involved in semantic and working memory (i.e., the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the posterior hippocampus, and the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)) and its relationship with memory. METHODS Eighteen trans women (male biological sex assigned at birth) ceased CSHT for 30-days for a washout phase (t1) upon study enrollment to reach a hypogonadal state. Working and semantic memory, cognition, hormonal assays, and brain imaging were assessed. Participants resumed CSHT for 60-days for a replacement phase (t2), after which the same evaluations from t1 were repeated. RESULTS Estradiol increased among trans women after 60-days of resumed CSHT with significant improvements in semantic memory compared to the hypogonadal phase. Working memory recall was significantly and positively correlated to glutamate in the DLPFC during the reinstatement phase, although the relationship was not moderated by levels of estradiol. DISCUSSION These results may have clinical implications for the therapeutic effects of estradiol replacement serving as a protective factor against cognitive decline and impairment for trans women post-gonadectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko A Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Devon Malhotra
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Poli M Spritzer
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Taylor Hatchard
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sasha A Haefner
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Nicholson
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret McKinnon
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina K Syan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taiane de Azevedo Cardoso
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karine Schwarz
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maurício Anés
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Maria I R Lobato
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Hatchard T, Penta S, Mioduzsewski O, Correia S, Tissera T, Brown O, Haefner SA, Poulin P, Smith AM. Increased gray matter following mindfulness-based stress reduction in breast cancer survivors with chronic neuropathic pain: preliminary evidence using voxel-based morphometry. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:735-743. [PMID: 35113361 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-01877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the impact of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) on gray matter volume (GMV) in female breast cancer survivors who suffer from chronic neuropathic pain (CNP). METHODS Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to explore differences in GMV in 13 MBSR trainees and 10 waitlisted controls, with MRI scans and self-report measures completed pre- and post-8 weeks of training. RESULTS Compared to controls, the MBSR group had greater GMV in the angular gyrus and middle frontal gyrus post-training. The MBSR group's right parahippocampal gyrus GMV increased from pre- to post-training, whereas the control group's left parahippocampal gyrus, precuneus, middle temporal gyrus, and right cuneus GMV decreased over the same time period. Pain interference was significantly reduced and mindfulness was significantly increased following MBSR for the intervention group only. CONCLUSIONS MBSR was associated with increased GMV in regions where GMV is known to (1) increase with mindfulness and reorientation of attention and (2) decrease with the experience of chronic neuropathic pain. By contrast, the control group's decreases in GMV may be due to the negative effects of CNP which potentially may be reduced with MBSR, though further research is needed. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Given the poor efficiency of pharmacotherapies in a high percentage of women with neuropathic pain following breast cancer treatment, adjunct methods are required. MBSR may affect the brain to help alter attention and perception of pain, thus playing a potentially important role in the path to wellness for breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hatchard
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Penta
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stacey Correia
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Talia Tissera
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sasha A Haefner
- Youth Wellness Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Poulin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andra M Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Daros AR, Haefner SA, Asadi S, Kazi S, Rodak T, Quilty LC. A meta-analysis of emotional regulation outcomes in psychological interventions for youth with depression and anxiety. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1443-1457. [PMID: 34545236 PMCID: PMC7611874 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Difficulties in applying emotional regulation (ER) skills are associated with depression and anxiety symptoms, and are common targets of treatment. This meta-analysis examined whether improvements in ER skills were associated with psychological treatment outcomes for depression and/or anxiety in youth. A multivariate, random-effects meta-analysis was run using metafor in R. Inclusion criteria included studies that were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of a psychological intervention for depression and/or anxiety in patients aged 14-24, were peer reviewed, were written in English, measured depression and/or anxiety symptoms as an outcome and measured ER as an outcome. Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL and The Cochrane Library were searched up to 26 June 2020. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. The meta-analysis includes 385 effect sizes from 90 RCTs with total N = 11,652. Psychological treatments significantly reduced depression, anxiety, emotion dysregulation (k = 13, Hedges' g = 0.54, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30-0.78) and disengagement ER (k = 83, g = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.15-0.32, P < 0.001); engagement ER also increased (k = 82, g = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.15-0.32, P < 0.001). Improvements in depression and anxiety were positively associated with improved engagement ER skills, reduced emotion dysregulation and reduced disengagement ER skills. Sensitivity considered study selection and publication bias. Longer treatments, group formats and cognitive-behavioural orientations produced larger positive associations between improved ER skills and reduced symptoms. ER skill improvement is linked to depression and anxiety across a broad range of interventions for youth. Limitations of the current study include reliance on self-report measures, content overlap between variables and inability to test the directionality of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Daros
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sasha A Haefner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shayan Asadi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharifa Kazi
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Terri Rodak
- CAMH Library, Department of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lena C Quilty
- Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Quilty LC, Otis E, Haefner SA, Michael Bagby R. A Multi-Method Investigation of Normative and Pathological Personality Across the Spectrum of Gambling Involvement. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:205-223. [PMID: 33655450 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathological Gambling (PG) has been linked to both specific personality traits and personality disorders (PDs). However, previous studies have used a wide variety of research designs that preclude clear conclusions about the personality features that distinguish adults with PG from other groups. The current investigation seeks to advance this research by using a sample including adults who do not gamble, who gamble socially, and who exhibit PG, using self-report, informant-report, and interview-rated measures of personality traits and disorders. A total of 245 adults completed measures of gambling behaviour and problems, as well as normative and pathological personality over two assessment visits. A multivariate ANCOVA was conducted to investigate differences between groups. Analyses supported numerous group differences including differences between all groups on the Neuroticism facet of Impulsivity, and between non-gambling/socially gambling and PG groups on the Conscientiousness facet of Self-Discipline. Adults with PG exhibited more symptoms of Borderline, Paranoid, Schizotypal, Avoidant, and Dependent PDs than adults who gamble socially or not at all. The current investigation provides a comprehensive survey of personality across a wide range of gambling involvement, using a multi-method approach. Our findings help to clarify the most pertinent personality risk factors for PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C Quilty
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H1, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
| | - Elijah Otis
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H1, Canada
| | - Sasha A Haefner
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H1, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, 252 Bloor Street West, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - R Michael Bagby
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 1025 Queen Street West, Toronto, ON, M6J 1H1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
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