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Irwin SM, Prideaux B, Lyon ER, Zimmerman MD, Brooks EJ, Schrupp CA, Chen C, Reichlen MJ, Asay BC, Voskuil MI, Nuermberger EL, Andries K, Lyons MA, Dartois V, Lenaerts AJ. Bedaquiline and Pyrazinamide Treatment Responses Are Affected by Pulmonary Lesion Heterogeneity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infected C3HeB/FeJ Mice. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:251-267. [PMID: 27227164 PMCID: PMC4874602 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
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BALB/c and Swiss mice are routinely
used to validate the effectiveness of tuberculosis drug regimens,
although these mouse strains fail to develop human-like pulmonary
granulomas exhibiting caseous necrosis. Microenvironmental conditions
within human granulomas may negatively impact drug efficacy, and this
may not be reflected in non-necrotizing lesions found within conventional
mouse models. The C3HeB/FeJ mouse model has been increasingly utilized
as it develops hypoxic, caseous necrotic granulomas which may more
closely mimic the pathophysiological conditions found within human
pulmonary granulomas. Here, we examined the treatment response of
BALB/c and C3HeB/FeJ mice to bedaquiline (BDQ) and pyrazinamide (PZA)
administered singly and in combination. BALB/c mice consistently displayed
a highly uniform treatment response to both drugs, while C3HeB/FeJ
mice displayed a bimodal response composed of responsive and less-responsive
mice. Plasma pharmacokinetic analysis of dissected lesions from BALB/c
and C3HeB/FeJ mice revealed that PZA penetrated lesion types from
both mouse strains with similar efficiency. However, the pH of the
necrotic caseum of C3HeB/FeJ granulomas was determined to be 7.5,
which is in the range where PZA is essentially ineffective under standard
laboratory in vitro growth conditions. BDQ preferentially accumulated
within the highly cellular regions in the lungs of both mouse strains,
although it was present at reduced but still biologically relevant
concentrations within the central caseum when dosed at 25 mg/kg. The
differential treatment response which resulted from the heterogeneous
pulmonary pathology in the C3HeB/FeJ mouse model revealed several
factors which may impact treatment efficacy, and could be further
evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Irwin
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Edward R. Lyon
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Matthew D. Zimmerman
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Elizabeth J. Brooks
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Christopher A. Schrupp
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Chao Chen
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Matthew J. Reichlen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Bryce C. Asay
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Martin I. Voskuil
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Eric L. Nuermberger
- Center
for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Koen Andries
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Janssen Pharmaceutica, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Michael A. Lyons
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria
Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and
Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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2
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Via LE, Savic R, Weiner DM, Zimmerman MD, Prideaux B, Irwin SM, Lyon E, O’Brien P, Gopal P, Eum S, Lee M, Lanoix JP, Dutta NK, Shim T, Cho JS, Kim W, Karakousis PC, Lenaerts A, Nuermberger E, Barry CE, Dartois V. Host-Mediated Bioactivation of Pyrazinamide: Implications for Efficacy, Resistance, and Therapeutic Alternatives. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:203-214. [PMID: 26086040 DOI: 10.1021/id500028m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazinamide has played a critical role in shortening therapy against drug-sensitive, drug-resistant, active, and latent tuberculosis (TB). Despite widespread recognition of its therapeutic importance, the sterilizing properties of this 60-year-old drug remain an enigma given its rather poor activity in vitro. Here we revisit longstanding paradigms and offer pharmacokinetic explanations for the apparent disconnect between in vitro activity and clinical impact. We show substantial host-mediated conversion of prodrug pyrazinamide (PZA) to the active form, pyrazinoic acid (POA), in TB patients and in animal models. We demonstrate favorable penetration of this pool of circulating POA from plasma into lung tissue and granulomas, where the pathogen resides. In standardized growth inhibition experiments, we show that POA exhibits superior in vitro potency compared to PZA, indicating that the vascular supply of host-derived POA may contribute to the in vivo efficacy of PZA, thereby reducing the apparent discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo activity. However, the results also raise the possibility that subinhibitory concentrations of POA generated by the host could fuel the emergence of resistance to both PZA and POA. In contrast to widespread expectations, we demonstrate good oral bioavailability and exposure in preclinical species in pharmacokinetic studies of oral POA. Baseline exposure of oral POA can be further increased by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor and approved gout drug allopurinol. These promising results pave the way for clinical investigations of oral POA as a therapeutic alternative or an add-on to overcome PZA resistance and salvage this essential TB drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Research
Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIH-NIAID, 33 North
Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3206, United States
| | - Rada Savic
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of
Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, 1550
Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94143-2911, United States
| | - Danielle M. Weiner
- Tuberculosis Research
Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIH-NIAID, 33 North
Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3206, United States
| | - Matthew D. Zimmerman
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey
Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren
Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Brendan Prideaux
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey
Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren
Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Scott M. Irwin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Ft.
Collins, Colorado 80523-4629, United States
| | - Eddie Lyon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Ft.
Collins, Colorado 80523-4629, United States
| | - Paul O’Brien
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey
Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren
Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
| | - Pooja Gopal
- Department
of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University
Health System, National University of Singapore, MD4A #05-01, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597
| | - Seokyong Eum
- International Tuberculosis
Research Center, 475-1 Gapo-dong, Masan, Kyeungsangnam-do 631-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsun Lee
- International Tuberculosis
Research Center, 475-1 Gapo-dong, Masan, Kyeungsangnam-do 631-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Philippe Lanoix
- Department
of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans
Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Noton K. Dutta
- Department
of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans
Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - TaeSun Shim
- Asan Medical
Center, 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Cho
- Pusan National University Hospital, 305 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-Gu, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooshik Kim
- National Medical Center, 245 Euljiro, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Petros C. Karakousis
- Department
of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans
Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Anne Lenaerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 200 West Lake Street, Ft.
Collins, Colorado 80523-4629, United States
| | - Eric Nuermberger
- Department
of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans
Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research
Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIH-NIAID, 33 North
Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3206, United States
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey
Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 225 Warren
Street, Newark, New Jersey 07103, United States
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Irwin SM, Driver E, Lyon E, Schrupp C, Ryan G, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Basaraba RJ, Nuermberger EL, Lenaerts AJ. Presence of multiple lesion types with vastly different microenvironments in C3HeB/FeJ mice following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:591-602. [PMID: 26035867 PMCID: PMC4457037 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cost-effective animal models that accurately reflect the pathological progression of pulmonary tuberculosis are needed to screen and evaluate novel tuberculosis drugs and drug regimens. Pulmonary disease in humans is characterized by a number of heterogeneous lesion types that reflect differences in cellular composition and organization, extent of encapsulation, and degree of caseous necrosis. C3HeB/FeJ mice have been increasingly used to model tuberculosis infection because they produce hypoxic, well-defined granulomas exhibiting caseous necrosis following aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A comprehensive histopathological analysis revealed that C3HeB/FeJ mice develop three morphologically distinct lesion types in the lung that differ with respect to cellular composition, degree of immunopathology and control of bacterial replication. Mice displaying predominantly the fulminant necrotizing alveolitis lesion type had significantly higher pulmonary bacterial loads and displayed rapid and severe immunopathology characterized by increased mortality, highlighting the pathological role of an uncontrolled granulocytic response in the lung. Using a highly sensitive novel fluorescent acid-fast stain, we were able to visualize the spatial distribution and location of bacteria within each lesion type. Animal models that better reflect the heterogeneity of lesion types found in humans will permit more realistic modeling of drug penetration into solid caseous necrotic lesions and drug efficacy testing against metabolically distinct bacterial subpopulations. A more thorough understanding of the pathological progression of disease in C3HeB/FeJ mice could facilitate modulation of the immune response to produce the desired pathology, increasing the utility of this animal model. Summary: C3HeB/FeJ mice develop three morphologically distinct lesion types, which differ with respect to bacterial load, cellular composition and degree of immunopathology following low-dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Irwin
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Emily Driver
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Edward Lyon
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Christopher Schrupp
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gavin Ryan
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Randall J Basaraba
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Anne J Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Henao-Tamayo M, Irwin SM, Shang S, Ordway D, Orme IM. T lymphocyte surface expression of exhaustion markers as biomarkers of the efficacy of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:308-13. [PMID: 21530406 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Predictive biomarkers illustrating the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic regimens for tuberculosis still remain elusive. To date, most are predicated on assays using sputum or serum; as a result, if not predictive, treatment failure in patients may not be evident for some time. We report here the results of a simple screening study in which T cell surface markers were examined in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and then treated with drugs. These studies identified certain markers, the exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIM-3, as well as the marker KLRG-1, particularly on CD8 T cells, that changed in concert with reduction of the bacterial load in the lungs. While there is no guarantee these changes would also be seen on T cells in the blood, this approach should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO 80523, USA.
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Irwin SM, Izzo AA, Dow SW, Skeiky YAW, Reed SG, Alderson MR, Orme IM. Tracking antigen-specific CD8 T lymphocytes in the lungs of mice vaccinated with the Mtb72F polyprotein. Infect Immun 2005; 73:5809-16. [PMID: 16113299 PMCID: PMC1231129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.9.5809-5816.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used a major histocompatibility complex class I tetramer reagent to track antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the lungs of mice immunized with the tuberculosis vaccine candidate Mtb72F. The results show that CD8 T cells recognizing an immunodominant Mtb32-specific epitope could be detected in significant numbers over the course of infection in mice exposed to low-dose aerosol challenge with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and that prior vaccination substantially increased the numbers of these cells early in the lungs. The effector phenotype of the cells was shown by the demonstration that many secreted gamma interferon, but very few contained granzyme B. As the course of the infection progressed, many activated CD8 T cells down-regulated expression of CD45RB and upregulated expression of the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain, indicating a transition of these cells to a state of memory. These data support the hypothesis that M. tuberculosis-specific CD8 T cells can be targeted by vaccination with the Mtb72F polyprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Irwin
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA.
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Abstract
The cell origins of ten anaplastic small cell neoplasms of the thyroid gland were investigated using the immunoperoxidase technique. Sections of the neoplasms were examined for immunostaining for the tissue markers of B lymphocytes, thyroid follicular cells, and C cells by incubation with antisera to the lambda and kappa light chains, human thyroxine and human calcitonin, respectively. Six neoplasms were identified as malignant lymphomas, and two were identified as anaplastic small cell follicular carcinomas. The cell origins of the remaining two neoplasms could not be determined. The prognosis for patients with malignant lymphoma was favorable compared with the prognoses for patients in the other two groups. The prognosis for patients with anaplastic small cell follicular carcinomas was better than for those with small cell malignancies of undetermined cell origins. These findings suggest an important role for the immunoperoxidase technique in the precise classification of anaplastic small cell neoplasms of the thyroid.
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