1
|
Long GR, Kurdian AI, Atwood SX. Applying Multiomics to Basosquamous Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00087-3. [PMID: 38385917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Long
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Arinnae I Kurdian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Veniaminova NA, Jia YY, Hartigan AM, Huyge TJ, Tsai SY, Grachtchouk M, Nakagawa S, Dlugosz AA, Atwood SX, Wong SY. Distinct mechanisms for sebaceous gland self-renewal and regeneration provide durability in response to injury. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113121. [PMID: 37715952 PMCID: PMC10591672 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SGs) release oils that protect our skin, but how these glands respond to injury has not been previously examined. Here, we report that SGs are largely self-renewed by dedicated stem cell pools during homeostasis. Using targeted single-cell RNA sequencing, we uncovered both direct and indirect paths by which resident SG progenitors ordinarily differentiate into sebocytes, including transit through a Krt5+PPARγ+ transitional basal cell state. Upon skin injury, however, SG progenitors depart their niche, reepithelialize the wound, and are replaced by hair-follicle-derived stem cells. Furthermore, following targeted genetic ablation of >99% of SGs from dorsal skin, these glands unexpectedly regenerate within weeks. This regenerative process is mediated by alternative stem cells originating from the hair follicle bulge, is dependent upon FGFR2 signaling, and can be accelerated by inducing hair growth. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that stem cell plasticity promotes SG durability following injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Veniaminova
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yunlong Y Jia
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Adrien M Hartigan
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas J Huyge
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shih-Ying Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marina Grachtchouk
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Dermatology, Department of Cutaneous Immunology and Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stabell AR, Lee GE, Jia Y, Wong KN, Wang S, Ling J, Nguyen SD, Sen GL, Nie Q, Atwood SX. Single-cell transcriptomics of human-skin-equivalent organoids. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112511. [PMID: 37195865 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Several methods for generating human-skin-equivalent (HSE) organoid cultures are in use to study skin biology; however, few studies thoroughly characterize these systems. To fill this gap, we use single-cell transcriptomics to compare in vitro HSEs, xenograft HSEs, and in vivo epidermis. By combining differential gene expression, pseudotime analyses, and spatial localization, we reconstruct HSE keratinocyte differentiation trajectories that recapitulate known in vivo epidermal differentiation pathways and show that HSEs contain major in vivo cellular states. However, HSEs also develop unique keratinocyte states, an expanded basal stem cell program, and disrupted terminal differentiation. Cell-cell communication modeling shows aberrant epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated signaling pathways that alter upon epidermal growth factor (EGF) supplementation. Last, xenograft HSEs at early time points post transplantation significantly rescue many in vitro deficits while undergoing a hypoxic response that drives an alternative differentiation lineage. This study highlights the strengths and limitations of organoid cultures and identifies areas for potential innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Stabell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Grace E Lee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yunlong Jia
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kirsten N Wong
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ji Ling
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandrine D Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - George L Sen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Veniaminova NA, Jia Y, Hartigan AM, Huyge TJ, Tsai SY, Grachtchouk M, Nakagawa S, Dlugosz AA, Atwood SX, Wong SY. Distinct mechanisms for sebaceous gland self-renewal and regeneration provide durability in response to injury. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.05.539454. [PMID: 37205445 PMCID: PMC10187279 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.05.539454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SGs) release oils that protect our skin, but how these glands respond to injury has not been previously examined. Here, we report that SGs are largely self-renewed by dedicated stem cell pools during homeostasis. Using targeted single cell RNA-sequencing, we uncovered both direct and indirect paths by which these resident SG progenitors ordinarily differentiate into sebocytes, including transit through a PPARγ+Krt5+ transitional cell state. Upon skin injury, however, SG progenitors depart their niche, reepithelialize the wound, and are replaced by hair follicle-derived stem cells. Furthermore, following targeted genetic ablation of >99% of SGs from dorsal skin, these glands unexpectedly regenerate within weeks. This regenerative process is mediated by alternative stem cells originating from the hair follicle bulge, is dependent upon FGFR signaling, and can be accelerated by inducing hair growth. Altogether, our studies demonstrate that stem cell plasticity promotes SG durability following injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Veniaminova
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yunlong Jia
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Adrien M. Hartigan
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas J. Huyge
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shih-Ying Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marina Grachtchouk
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Seitaro Nakagawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrzej A. Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott X. Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sunny Y. Wong
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Lead Contact:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cang Z, Zhao Y, Almet AA, Stabell A, Ramos R, Plikus MV, Atwood SX, Nie Q. Screening cell-cell communication in spatial transcriptomics via collective optimal transport. Nat Methods 2023; 20:218-228. [PMID: 36690742 PMCID: PMC9911355 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Spatial transcriptomic technologies and spatially annotated single-cell RNA sequencing datasets provide unprecedented opportunities to dissect cell-cell communication (CCC). However, incorporation of the spatial information and complex biochemical processes required in the reconstruction of CCC remains a major challenge. Here, we present COMMOT (COMMunication analysis by Optimal Transport) to infer CCC in spatial transcriptomics, which accounts for the competition between different ligand and receptor species as well as spatial distances between cells. A collective optimal transport method is developed to handle complex molecular interactions and spatial constraints. Furthermore, we introduce downstream analysis tools to infer spatial signaling directionality and genes regulated by signaling using machine learning models. We apply COMMOT to simulation data and eight spatial datasets acquired with five different technologies to show its effectiveness and robustness in identifying spatial CCC in data with varying spatial resolutions and gene coverages. Finally, COMMOT identifies new CCCs during skin morphogenesis in a case study of human epidermal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Cang
- Department of Mathematics and Center for Research in Scientific Computation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yanxiang Zhao
- Department of Mathematics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Axel A Almet
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Adam Stabell
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Raul Ramos
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- The NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singha MK, Zimak J, Levine SR, Dai N, Hong C, Anaraki C, Gupta M, Halbrook CJ, Atwood SX, Spitale RC. An Optimized Enzyme-Nucleobase Pair Enables In Vivo RNA Metabolic Labeling with Improved Cell-Specificity. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2638-2642. [PMID: 36383486 PMCID: PMC10149115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Current transcriptome-wide analyses have identified a growing number of regulatory RNA with expression that is characterized in a cell-type-specific manner. Herein, we describe RNA metabolic labeling with improved cell-specificity utilizing the in vivo expression of an optimized uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) enzyme. We demonstrate improved selectivity for metabolic incorporation of a modified nucleobase (5-vinyuracil) into nascent RNA, using a battery of tests. The selective incorporation of vinyl-U residues was demonstrated in 3xUPRT LM2 cells through validation with dot blot, qPCR, LC-MS/MS and microscopy analysis. We also report using this approach in a metastatic human breast cancer mouse model for profiling cell-specific nascent RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika K Singha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jan Zimak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Samantha R Levine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nan Dai
- New England Biolabs, Beverly, Massachusetts 01915, United States
| | - Chan Hong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Cecily Anaraki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mrityunjay Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Christopher J Halbrook
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Robert C Spitale
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bardwell AJ, Wu B, Sarin KY, Waterman ML, Atwood SX, Bardwell L. ERK2 MAP kinase regulates SUFU binding by multisite phosphorylation of GLI1. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/11/e202101353. [PMID: 35831023 PMCID: PMC9279676 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a mechanism of crosstalk, potentially relevant to cancer and developmental signaling, ERK2 MAP kinase phosphorylates the Hedgehog-pathway transcription factor GLI1 on three sites, promoting release of the negative regulator SUFU and the consequent activation of GLI1. Crosstalk between the Hedgehog and MAPK signaling pathways occurs in several types of cancer and contributes to clinical resistance to Hedgehog pathway inhibitors. Here we show that MAP kinase-mediated phosphorylation weakens the binding of the GLI1 transcription factor to its negative regulator SUFU. ERK2 phosphorylates GLI1 on three evolutionarily conserved target sites (S102, S116, and S130) located near the high-affinity binding site for SUFU; these phosphorylations cooperate to weaken the affinity of GLI1–SUFU binding by over 25-fold. Phosphorylation of any one, or even any two, of the three sites does not result in the level of SUFU release seen when all three sites are phosphorylated. Tumor-derived mutations in R100 and S105, residues bordering S102, also diminish SUFU binding, collectively defining a novel evolutionarily conserved SUFU affinity–modulating region. In cultured mammalian cells, GLI1 variants containing phosphomimetic substitutions of S102, S116, and S130 displayed an increased ability to drive transcription. We conclude that multisite phosphorylation of GLI1 by ERK2 or other MAP kinases weakens GLI1-SUFU binding, thereby facilitating GLI1 activation and contributing to both physiological and pathological crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jane Bardwell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Beibei Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marian L Waterman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lee Bardwell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guerrero-Juarez CF, Lee GH, Liu Y, Wang S, Karikomi M, Sha Y, Chow RY, Nguyen TTL, Iglesias VS, Aasi S, Drummond ML, Nie Q, Sarin K, Atwood SX. Single-cell analysis of human basal cell carcinoma reveals novel regulators of tumor growth and the tumor microenvironment. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabm7981. [PMID: 35687691 PMCID: PMC9187229 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
How basal cell carcinoma (BCC) interacts with its tumor microenvironment to promote growth is unclear. We use singe-cell RNA sequencing to define the human BCC ecosystem and discriminate between normal and malignant epithelial cells. We identify spatial biomarkers of tumors and their surrounding stroma that reinforce the heterogeneity of each tissue type. Combining pseudotime, RNA velocity-PAGA, cellular entropy, and regulon analysis in stromal cells reveals a cancer-specific rewiring of fibroblasts, where STAT1, TGF-β, and inflammatory signals induce a noncanonical WNT5A program that maintains the stromal inflammatory state. Cell-cell communication modeling suggests that tumors respond to the sudden burst of fibroblast-specific inflammatory signaling pathways by producing heat shock proteins, whose expression we validated in situ. Last, dose-dependent treatment with an HSP70 inhibitor suppresses in vitro vismodegib-resistant BCC cell growth, Hedgehog signaling, and in vivo tumor growth in a BCC mouse model, validating HSP70's essential role in tumor growth and reinforcing the critical nature of tumor microenvironment cross-talk in BCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian F. Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gun Ho Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yingzi Liu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthew Karikomi
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yutong Sha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rachel Y. Chow
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tuyen T. L. Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Venus Sosa Iglesias
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sumaira Aasi
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael L. Drummond
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kavita Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott X. Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Beasley S, Vandewalle A, Singha M, Nguyen K, England W, Tarapore E, Dai N, Corrêa IR, Atwood SX, Spitale RC. Exploiting Endogenous Enzymes for Cancer-Cell Selective Metabolic Labeling of RNA in Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7085-7088. [PMID: 35416650 PMCID: PMC10032647 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissues and organs are composed of many diverse cell types, making cell-specific gene expression profiling a major challenge. Herein we report that endogenous enzymes, unique to a cell of interest, can be utilized to enable cell-specific metabolic labeling of RNA. We demonstrate that appropriately designed "caged" nucleosides can be rendered active by serving as a substrate for cancer-cell specific enzymes to enable RNA metabolic labeling, only in cancer cells. We envision that the ease and high stringency of our approach will enable expression analysis of tumor cells in complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Beasley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Abigail Vandewalle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Monika Singha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kim Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Whitney England
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Eric Tarapore
- Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Nan Dai
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Ivan R Corrêa
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938, United States
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Robert C Spitale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California─Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chow RY, Jeon US, Levee TM, Kaur G, Cedeno DP, Doan LT, Atwood SX. PI3K Promotes Basal Cell Carcinoma Growth Through Kinase-Induced p21 Degradation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:668247. [PMID: 34268113 PMCID: PMC8276170 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.668247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a locally invasive epithelial cancer that is primarily driven by the Hedgehog (HH) pathway. Advanced BCCs are a critical subset of BCCs that frequently acquire resistance to Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors and identifying pathways that bypass SMO could provide alternative treatments for patients with advanced or metastatic BCC. Here, we use a combination of RNA-sequencing analysis of advanced human BCC tumor-normal pairs and immunostaining of human and mouse BCC samples to identify a PI3K pathway expression signature in BCC. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K activity in BCC cells significantly reduces cell proliferation and HH signaling. However, treatment of Ptch1fl/fl; Gli1-CreERT2 mouse BCCs with the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 results in a reduction of tumor cell growth with no significant effect on HH signaling. Downstream PI3K components aPKC and Akt1 showed a reduction in active protein, whereas their substrate, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, showed a concomitant increase in protein stability. Our results suggest that PI3K promotes BCC tumor growth by kinase-induced p21 degradation without altering HH signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Y Chow
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ung Seop Jeon
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Taylor M Levee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daniel P Cedeno
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Linda T Doan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chow RY, Levee TM, Kaur G, Cedeno DP, Doan LT, Atwood SX. MTOR promotes basal cell carcinoma growth through atypical PKC. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:358-366. [PMID: 33617094 PMCID: PMC9924159 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advanced basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are driven by the Hedgehog (HH) pathway and often possess inherent resistance to SMO inhibitors. Identifying and targeting pathways that bypass SMO could provide alternative treatments for patients with advanced or metastatic BCC. Here, we use a combination of RNA-sequencing analysis of advanced human BCC tumor-normal pairs and immunostaining of human and mouse BCC samples to identify an MTOR expression signature in BCC. Pharmacological inhibition of MTOR activity in BCC cells significantly reduces cell proliferation without affecting HH signalling. Similarly, treatment of the Ptch1 fl/fl ; Gli1-CreERT2 mouse BCC tumor model with everolimus reduces tumor growth. aPKC, a downstream target of MTOR, shows reduced activity, suggesting that MTOR promotes tumor growth by activating aPKC and demonstrating that suppressing MTOR could be a promising target for BCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Y. Chow
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Taylor M. Levee
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gurleen Kaur
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Cedeno
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Linda T. Doan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Scott X. Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dollinger E, Bergman D, Zhou P, Atwood SX, Nie Q. Divergent Resistance Mechanisms to Immunotherapy Explain Responses in Different Skin Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2946. [PMID: 33065980 PMCID: PMC7599806 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of immune checkpoint therapy for metastatic skin cancer has greatly improved patient survival. However, most skin cancer patients are refractory to checkpoint therapy, and furthermore, the intra-immune cell signaling driving response to checkpoint therapy remains uncharacterized. When comparing the immune transcriptome in the tumor microenvironment of melanoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), we found that the presence of memory B cells and macrophages negatively correlate in both cancers when stratifying patients by their response, with memory B cells more present in responders. Moreover, inhibitory immune signaling mostly decreases in melanoma responders and increases in BCC responders. We further explored the relationships between macrophages, B cells and response to checkpoint therapy by developing a stochastic differential equation model which qualitatively agrees with the data analysis. Our model predicts BCC to be more refractory to checkpoint therapy than melanoma and predicts the best qualitative ratio of memory B cells and macrophages for successful treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Dollinger
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (E.D.); (D.B.); (P.Z.)
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Daniel Bergman
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (E.D.); (D.B.); (P.Z.)
| | - Peijie Zhou
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (E.D.); (D.B.); (P.Z.)
| | - Scott X. Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (E.D.); (D.B.); (P.Z.)
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang S, Drummond ML, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Tarapore E, MacLean AL, Stabell AR, Wu SC, Gutierrez G, That BT, Benavente CA, Nie Q, Atwood SX. Single cell transcriptomics of human epidermis identifies basal stem cell transition states. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4239. [PMID: 32843640 PMCID: PMC7447770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How stem cells give rise to epidermis is unclear despite the crucial role the epidermis plays in barrier and appendage formation. Here we use single cell-RNA sequencing to interrogate basal stem cell heterogeneity of human interfollicular epidermis and find four spatially distinct stem cell populations at the top and bottom of rete ridges and transitional positions between the basal and suprabasal epidermal layers. Cell-cell communication modeling suggests that basal cell populations serve as crucial signaling hubs to maintain epidermal communication. Combining pseudotime, RNA velocity, and cellular entropy analyses point to a hierarchical differentiation lineage supporting multi-stem cell interfollicular epidermal homeostasis models and suggest that transitional basal stem cells are stable states essential for proper stratification. Finally, alterations in differentially expressed transitional basal stem cell genes result in severe thinning of human skin equivalents, validating their essential role in epidermal homeostasis and reinforcing the critical nature of basal stem cell heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiong Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Michael L Drummond
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Eric Tarapore
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Adam L MacLean
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Adam R Stabell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Stephanie C Wu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guadalupe Gutierrez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bao T That
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Claudia A Benavente
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tarapore E, Atwood SX. Defining the Genetics of Basosquamous Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2258-2260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Kuonen F, Huskey NE, Shankar G, Jaju P, Whitson RJ, Rieger KE, Atwood SX, Sarin KY, Oro AE. Loss of Primary Cilia Drives Switching from Hedgehog to Ras/MAPK Pathway in Resistant Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1439-1448. [PMID: 30707899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) rely on Hedgehog (HH) pathway growth signal amplification by the microtubule-based organelle, the primary cilium. Despite naive tumor responsiveness to Smoothened inhibitors (Smoi), resistance in advanced tumors remains common. Although the resistant BCCs usually maintain HH pathway activation, squamous cell carcinomas with Ras/MAPK pathway activation also arise, and the molecular basis of tumor type and pathway selection are still obscure. Here, we identify the primary cilium as a critical determinant controlling tumor pathway switching. Strikingly, Smoothened inhibitor-resistant BCCs have an increased mutational load in ciliome genes, resulting in reduced primary cilia and HH pathway activation compared with naive or Gorlin syndrome patient BCCs. Gene set enrichment analysis of resistant BCCs with a low HH pathway signature showed increased Ras/MAPK pathway activation. Tissue analysis confirmed an inverse relationship between primary cilia presence and Ras/MAPK activation, and primary cilia removal in BCCs potentiated Ras/MAPK pathway activation. Moreover, activating Ras in HH-responsive cell lines conferred resistance to both canonical (vismodegib) and noncanonical (atypical protein kinase C and MRTF inhibitors) HH pathway inhibitors and conferred sensitivity to MAPK inhibitors. Our results provide insights into BCC treatment and identify the primary cilium as an important lineage gatekeeper, preventing HH-to-Ras/MAPK pathway switching.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Kuonen
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Noelle E Huskey
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gautam Shankar
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Prajakta Jaju
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ramon J Whitson
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kerri E Rieger
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Drummond ML, Li M, Tarapore E, Nguyen TTL, Barouni BJ, Cruz S, Tan KC, Oro AE, Atwood SX. Actin polymerization controls cilia-mediated signaling. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3255-3266. [PMID: 29945904 PMCID: PMC6122990 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin polymerization is important to generate primary cilia. Drummond et al. show that upstream actin regulators are necessary for this process by controlling aPKC and Src kinase activity to promote Hedgehog signaling and restrict primary cilia. Primary cilia are polarized organelles that allow detection of extracellular signals such as Hedgehog (Hh). How the cytoskeleton supporting the cilium generates and maintains a structure that finely tunes cellular response remains unclear. Here, we find that regulation of actin polymerization controls primary cilia and Hh signaling. Disrupting actin polymerization, or knockdown of N-WASp/Arp3, increases ciliation frequency, axoneme length, and Hh signaling. Cdc42, a potent actin regulator, recruits both atypical protein pinase C iota/lambda (aPKC) and Missing-in-Metastasis (MIM) to the basal body to maintain actin polymerization and restrict axoneme length. Transcriptome analysis implicates the Src pathway as a major aPKC effector. aPKC promotes whereas MIM antagonizes Src activity to maintain proper levels of primary cilia, actin polymerization, and Hh signaling. Hh pathway activation requires Smoothened-, Gli-, and Gli1-specific activation by aPKC. Surprisingly, longer axonemes can amplify Hh signaling, except when aPKC is disrupted, reinforcing the importance of the Cdc42–aPKC–Gli axis in actin-dependent regulation of primary cilia signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Drummond
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Mischa Li
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Eric Tarapore
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Tuyen T L Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Baina J Barouni
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Shaun Cruz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Kevin C Tan
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Department of Dermatology, Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA .,Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nguyen TTL, Atwood SX. Illuminating Alternative Strategies to Treat Targeted Chemotherapy-Resistant Sporadic Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1017-1019. [PMID: 29681387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic and basal cell nevus syndrome basal cell carcinomas show differential response rates to Smoothened inhibitors. Chiang et al. demonstrate notable decreases in UV-induced mutagenesis, total mutation load, genomic instability, and drug-resistant mutations among basal cell nevus syndrome basal cell carcinomas using whole exome sequencing, which may explain the differences in drug response rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen T L Nguyen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mirza AN, Fry MA, Urman NM, Atwood SX, Roffey J, Ott GR, Chen B, Lee A, Brown AS, Aasi SZ, Hollmig T, Ator MA, Dorsey BD, Ruggeri BR, Zificsak CA, Sirota M, Tang JY, Butte A, Epstein E, Sarin KY, Oro AE. Combined inhibition of atypical PKC and histone deacetylase 1 is cooperative in basal cell carcinoma treatment. JCI Insight 2017; 2:97071. [PMID: 29093271 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) circumvent Smoothened (SMO) inhibition by activating GLI transcription factors to sustain the high levels of Hedgehog (HH) signaling required for their survival. Unfortunately, there is a lack of efficacious therapies. We performed a gene expression-based drug repositioning screen in silico and identified the FDA-approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, vorinostat, as a top therapeutic candidate. We show that vorinostat only inhibits proliferation of BCC cells in vitro and BCC allografts in vivo at high dose, limiting its usefulness as a monotherapy. We leveraged this in silico approach to identify drug combinations that increase the therapeutic window of vorinostat and identified atypical PKC Ɩ/ʎ (aPKC) as a HDAC costimulator of HH signaling. We found that aPKC promotes GLI1-HDAC1 association in vitro, linking two positive feedback loops. Combination targeting of HDAC1 and aPKC robustly inhibited GLI1, lowering drug doses needed in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo in patient-derived BCC explants. We identified a bioavailable and selective small-molecule aPKC inhibitor, bringing the pharmacological blockade of aPKC and HDAC1 into the realm of clinical possibility. Our findings provide a compelling rationale and candidate drugs for combined targeting of HDAC1 and aPKC in HH-dependent cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar N Mirza
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Micah A Fry
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Nicole M Urman
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jon Roffey
- CRUK Therapeutic Discovery Laboratories, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory R Ott
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alex Lee
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Alexander S Brown
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sumaira Z Aasi
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Tyler Hollmig
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark A Ator
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce D Dorsey
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce R Ruggeri
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Craig A Zificsak
- Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marina Sirota
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Atul Butte
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ervin Epstein
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nguyen K, Fazio M, Kubota M, Nainar S, Feng C, Li X, Atwood SX, Bredy TW, Spitale RC. Cell-Selective Bioorthogonal Metabolic Labeling of RNA. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2148-2151. [PMID: 28139910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stringent chemical methods to profile RNA expression within discrete cellular populations remains a key challenge in biology. To address this issue, we developed a chemical-genetic strategy for metabolic labeling of RNA. Cell-specific labeling of RNA can be profiled and imaged using bioorthogonal chemistry. We anticipate that this platform will provide the community with a much-needed chemical toolset for cell-type specific profiling of cell-specific transcriptomes derived from complex biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Michael Fazio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Miles Kubota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sarah Nainar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Chao Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Timothy W Bredy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Robert C Spitale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Department of Neurobiology, §Department of Developmental & Cellular Biology and ∥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Urman NM, Mirza A, Atwood SX, Whitson RJ, Sarin KY, Tang JY, Oro AE. Tumor-Derived Suppressor of Fused Mutations Reveal Hedgehog Pathway Interactions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168031. [PMID: 28030567 PMCID: PMC5193403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is a potent regulator of cellular growth and plays a central role in the development of many cancers including basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The majority of BCCs arise from mutations in the Patched receptor resulting in constitutive activation of the Hedgehog pathway. Secondary driver mutations promote BCC oncogenesis and occur frequently due to the high mutational burden resulting from sun exposure of the skin. Here, we uncover novel secondary mutations in Suppressor of Fused (SUFU), the major negative regulator of the Hedgehog pathway. SUFU normally binds to a Hedgehog transcriptional activator, GLI1, in order to prevent it from initiating transcription of Hedgehog target genes. We sequenced tumor-normal pairs from patients with early sporadic BCCs. This resulted in the discovery of nine mutations in SUFU, which were functionally investigated to determine whether they help drive BCC formation. Our results show that four of the SUFU mutations inappropriately activate the Hedgehog pathway, suggesting they may act as driver mutations for BCC development. Indeed, all four of the loss of function SUFU variants were found to disrupt its binding to GLI, leading to constitutive pathway activation. Our results from functional characterization of these mutations shed light on SUFU’s role in Hedgehog signaling, tumor progression, and highlight a way in which BCCs can arise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Urman
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Amar Mirza
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Scott X. Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Ramon J. Whitson
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Kavita Y. Sarin
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Jean Y. Tang
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony E. Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Drummond ML, Atwood SX. sm"FISH"ing for Hedgehog. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:13-15. [PMID: 28010757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patched (Ptch) receptors are critical negative regulators of Hedgehog signaling, where Ptch1 loss causes basal cell carcinoma and Ptch1;Ptch2 loss disrupts skin and hair follicle development. Adolphe et al. use single molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization to show quantitatively that Ptch receptors create a Hedgehog signaling gradient that may specify hair follicle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Drummond
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ally MS, Ransohoff K, Sarin K, Atwood SX, Rezaee M, Bailey-Healy I, Kim J, Beachy PA, Chang ALS, Oro A, Tang JY, Colevas AD. Effects of Combined Treatment With Arsenic Trioxide and Itraconazole in Patients With Refractory Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol 2016; 152:452-6. [PMID: 26765315 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Tumor resistance is an emerging problem for Smoothened (SMO) inhibitor-treated metastatic basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Arsenic trioxide and itraconazole antagonize the hedgehog (HH) pathway at sites distinct from those treated by SMO inhibitors. OBJECTIVE To determine whether administration of intravenous arsenic trioxide and oral itraconazole in patients with metastatic BCC is associated with a reduction in GLI1 messenger RNA expression in tumor and/or normal skin biopsy samples. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Five men with metastatic BCC who experienced relapse after SMO inhibitor treatment underwent intravenous arsenic trioxide treatment for 5 days, every 28 days, and oral itraconazole treatment on days 6 to 28. Data were collected from April 10 to November 14, 2013. Follow-up was completed on October 3, 2015, and data were analyzed from June 5 to October 6, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was the change in messenger RNA levels of the GLI family zinc finger 1 (GLI1) gene (HH-pathway target gene) in biopsy specimens of normal skin or BCC before and after treatment. Secondary objectives were evaluation of tumor response and tolerability. RESULTS Of the 5 patients (mean [SD] age, 52 [9] years; age range, 43-62 years), 3 completed 3 cycles of treatment and 2 discontinued treatment early owing to disease progression or adverse events. Adverse effects included grade 2 transaminitis and grade 4 leukopenia with a grade 3 infection. Overall, arsenic trioxide and itraconazole reduced GLI1 messenger RNA levels by 75% from baseline (P < .001). The best overall response after 3 treatment cycles was stable disease in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Targeting the HH pathway with sequential arsenic trioxide and itraconazole treatment is a feasible treatment for metastatic BCC. Although some patients experienced stable disease for 3 months, none had tumor shrinkage, which may be owing to transient GLI1 suppression with sequential dosing. Continuous dosing may be required to fully inhibit the HH pathway and achieve clinical response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina S Ally
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Katherine Ransohoff
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California2Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kavita Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Melika Rezaee
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Jynho Kim
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anne Lynn S Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Anthony Oro
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California2Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jaju PD, Nguyen CB, Mah AM, Atwood SX, Li J, Zia A, Chang ALS, Oro AE, Tang JY, Lee CS, Sarin KY. Mutations in the Kinetochore Gene KNSTRN in Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:3197-3200. [PMID: 26348826 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta D Jaju
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christine B Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Angela M Mah
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Amin Zia
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anne Lynn S Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carolyn S Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao X, Ponomaryov T, Ornell KJ, Zhou P, Dabral SK, Pak E, Li W, Atwood SX, Whitson RJ, Chang ALS, Li J, Oro AE, Chan JA, Kelleher JF, Segal RA. RAS/MAPK Activation Drives Resistance to Smo Inhibition, Metastasis, and Tumor Evolution in Shh Pathway-Dependent Tumors. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3623-35. [PMID: 26130651 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2999-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Shh signaling promotes tumor growth in diverse cancers. The importance of Shh signaling is particularly evident in medulloblastoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), where inhibitors targeting the Shh pathway component Smoothened (Smo) show great therapeutic promise. However, the emergence of drug resistance limits long-term efficacy, and the mechanisms of resistance remain poorly understood. Using new medulloblastoma models, we identify two distinct paradigms of resistance to Smo inhibition. Sufu mutations lead to maintenance of the Shh pathway in the presence of Smo inhibitors. Alternatively activation of the RAS-MAPK pathway circumvents Shh pathway dependency, drives tumor growth, and enhances metastatic behavior. Strikingly, in BCC patients treated with Smo inhibitor, squamous cell cancers with RAS/MAPK activation emerged from the antecedent BCC tumors. Together, these findings reveal a critical role of the RAS-MAPK pathway in drug resistance and tumor evolution of Shh pathway-dependent tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Zhao
- Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tatyana Ponomaryov
- Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. University of Birmingham, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly J Ornell
- Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sukriti K Dabral
- Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ekaterina Pak
- Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wei Li
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ramon J Whitson
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Anne Lynn S Chang
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jiang Li
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph F Kelleher
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rosalind A Segal
- Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Atwood SX, Sarin KY, Li JR, Yao CY, Urman NM, Chang ALS, Tang JY, Oro AE. Rolling the Genetic Dice: Neutral and Deleterious Smoothened Mutations in Drug-Resistant Basal Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2138-2141. [PMID: 25801792 PMCID: PMC4504757 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jiang R Li
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Catherine Y Yao
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nicole M Urman
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anne Lynn S Chang
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Atwood SX, Sarin KY, Whitson RJ, Li JR, Kim G, Rezaee M, Ally MS, Kim J, Yao C, Chang ALS, Oro AE, Tang JY. Smoothened variants explain the majority of drug resistance in basal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:342-53. [PMID: 25759020 PMCID: PMC4357167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Advanced basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) frequently acquire resistance to Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors through unknown mechanisms. Here we identify SMO mutations in 50% (22 of 44) of resistant BCCs and show that these mutations maintain Hedgehog signaling in the presence of SMO inhibitors. Alterations include four ligand binding pocket mutations defining sites of inhibitor binding and four variants conferring constitutive activity and inhibitor resistance, illuminating pivotal residues that ensure receptor autoinhibition. In the presence of a SMO inhibitor, tumor cells containing either class of SMO mutants effectively outcompete cells containing the wild-type SMO. Finally, we show that both classes of SMO variants respond to aPKC-ι/λ or GLI2 inhibitors that operate downstream of SMO, setting the stage for the clinical use of GLI antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ramon J Whitson
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jiang R Li
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Geurim Kim
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Melika Rezaee
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mina S Ally
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinah Kim
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Catherine Yao
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anne Lynn S Chang
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Program in Epithelial Biology and Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang Y, Schubert S, Qi J, Nguyen B, Masoud S, Vue N, Balansay B, Yu F, Atwood SX, Whitson RJ, Ponnuswami A, Chen S, Gholamin S, Pamelyn WJ, Monje-Diesseroth M, Oh S, Lee A, Tang JY, Wechsler-Reya R, Oro AE, Bradner JE, Cho YJ. Abstract B6: Epigenetic regulation of Hedgehog pathway transcriptional output by BET bromodomain proteins. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.pedcan-b6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling drives oncogenesis in several types of cancer. As a result, there has been significant interest in developing therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway, most notably through inhibition of Smoothened. Though Smoothened inhibitors have shown efficacy in several cancer clinical trials, the initial enthusiasm for these inhibitors has been tempered by emergence of resistance and a priori resistance, often via mutation of Smoothened itself or through dysregulation of downstream components of the Hedgehog signaling axis. Here we reveal a strategy that overcomes these resistance mechanisms by targeting the far downstream transcriptional mediators of Hedgehog signaling through inhibition of the BET bromodomain protein, BRD4. We show that knockdown of BRD4 or treatment with the BET bromodomain inhibitor, JQ1, dramatically inhibits transcription of GLI1 and other Hedgehog target genes upon ligand-mediated or genetic activation of the Hedgehog pathway. We confirm the inhibitory effect of JQ1 occurs downstream of SMO and SUFU and verify by chromatin immunoprecipitation that Brd4 directly occupies the GLI1 and GLI2 promoters, with a substantial decrease in the engagement of these genomic sites upon treatment with JQ1. We observe a corresponding downregulation of genes associated with medulloblastoma-specific GLI1 binding sites upon exposure to JQ1, confirming the direct regulation of GLI1 by BET bromodomain proteins. Finally, using patient- and GEMM-derived cell lines of Hedgehog-driven cancer (basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma and ATRT), we show that JQ1 decreases Hh pathway output and proliferation, even in cell lines resistant to Smoothened inhibitors. These results expand the role of BET bromodomain inhibitors to targeting Hedgehog-driven cancers and highlight a strategy that overcomes the limitation of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors currently in clinical use.
Citation Format: Yujie Tang, Simone Schubert, Jun Qi, Brian Nguyen, Sabran Masoud, Nujsaunusi Vue, Brianna Balansay, Furong Yu, Scott X. Atwood, Ramon J. Whitson, Anitha Ponnuswami, Spencer Chen, Sharareh Gholamin, Woo J. Pamelyn, Michelle Monje-Diesseroth, Sekyung Oh, Alex Lee, Jean Y. Tang, Rob Wechsler-Reya, Anthony E. Oro, James E. Bradner, Yoon-Jae Cho. Epigenetic regulation of Hedgehog pathway transcriptional output by BET bromodomain proteins. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pediatric Cancer at the Crossroads: Translating Discovery into Improved Outcomes; Nov 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;74(20 Suppl):Abstract nr B6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Tang
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | | | - Jun Qi
- 2Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA,
| | - Brian Nguyen
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | - Sabran Masoud
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | | | | | - Furong Yu
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | | | | | | | - Spencer Chen
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | | | | | | | - Sekyung Oh
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | - Alex Lee
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | - Jean Y. Tang
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| | | | | | | | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are very common epithelial cancers that depend on the Hedgehog pathway for tumor growth. Traditional therapies such as surgical excision are effective for most patients with sporadic BCC; however, better treatment options are needed for cosmetically sensitive or advanced and metastatic BCC. The first approved Hedgehog antagonist targeting the membrane receptor Smoothened, vismodegib, shows remarkable effectiveness on both syndromic and nonsyndromic BCCs. However, drug-resistant tumors frequently develop, illustrating the need for the development of next-generation Hedgehog antagonists targeting pathway components downstream from Smoothened. In this article, we will summarize available BCC treatment options and discuss the development of next-generation antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Ramon J Whitson
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang Y, Gholamin S, Schubert S, Willardson MI, Lee A, Bandopadhayay P, Bergthold G, Masoud S, Nguyen B, Vue N, Balansay B, Yu F, Oh S, Woo P, Chen S, Ponnuswami A, Monje M, Atwood SX, Whitson RJ, Mitra S, Cheshier SH, Qi J, Beroukhim R, Tang JY, Wechsler-Reya R, Oro AE, Link BA, Bradner JE, Cho YJ. Epigenetic targeting of Hedgehog pathway transcriptional output through BET bromodomain inhibition. Nat Med 2014; 20:732-40. [PMID: 24973920 PMCID: PMC4108909 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling drives oncogenesis in several cancers and strategies targeting this pathway have been developed, most notably through inhibition of Smoothened. However, resistance to Smoothened inhibitors occurs via genetic changes of Smoothened or other downstream Hedgehog components. Here, we overcome these resistance mechanisms by modulating GLI transcription via inhibition of BET bromodomain proteins. We show the BET bromodomain protein, BRD4, regulates GLI transcription downstream of SMO and SUFU and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies reveal BRD4 directly occupies GLI1 and GLI2 promoters, with a substantial decrease in engagement of these sites upon treatment with JQ1, a small molecule inhibitor targeting BRD4. Globally, genes associated with medulloblastoma-specific GLI1 binding sites are downregulated in response to JQ1 treatment, supporting direct regulation of GLI activity by BRD4. Notably, patient- and GEMM-derived Hedgehog-driven tumors (basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor) respond to JQ1 even when harboring genetic lesions rendering them resistant to Smoothened antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Tang
- 1] Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sharareh Gholamin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Simone Schubert
- 1] Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Minde I Willardson
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alex Lee
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pratiti Bandopadhayay
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guillame Bergthold
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sabran Masoud
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nujsaubnusi Vue
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brianna Balansay
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Furong Yu
- 1] Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sekyung Oh
- 1] Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pamelyn Woo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Spenser Chen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Anitha Ponnuswami
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ramon J Whitson
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Siddhartha Mitra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Samuel H Cheshier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean Y Tang
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James E Bradner
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoon-Jae Cho
- 1] Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. [3] Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates targeting PKCι may be effective in treating Hedgehog-dependent cancers. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Justilien and colleagues present the surprising finding that PKCι promotes Hedgehog ligand production and lung squamous cell carcinoma growth through SOX2, rather than the canonical transcription factor GLI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anthony E Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chang ALS, Atwood SX, Tartar DM, Oro AE. Surgical excision after neoadjuvant therapy with vismodegib for a locally advanced basal cell carcinoma and resistant basal carcinomas in Gorlin syndrome. JAMA Dermatol 2013; 149:639-41. [PMID: 23677114 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
33
|
Atwood SX, Li M, Lee A, Tang JY, Oro AE. GLI activation by atypical protein kinase C ι/λ regulates the growth of basal cell carcinomas. Nature 2013; 494:484-8. [PMID: 23446420 PMCID: PMC3761364 DOI: 10.1038/nature11889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) growth requires high levels of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling through the transcription factor Gli1. While inhibitors of membrane protein Smoothened (Smo) effectively suppress Hh signaling, early tumor resistance illustrates the need for additional downstream targets for therapy1–6. Here we identify atypical Protein Kinase C iota/lambda (aPKC) as a novel Gli regulator. aPKC and its polarity signaling partners7 colocalize at the centrosome and form a complex with Missing-in-Metastasis (MIM), a scaffolding protein that potentiates Hh signaling8,9. Genetic or pharmacological loss of aPKC function blocks Hh signaling and proliferation of BCC cells. aPKC is a Hh target gene that forms a positive feedback loop with Gli and exhibits elevated levels in BCCs. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling shows that aPKC and Smo control the expression of similar genes in tumor cells. aPKC functions downstream of Smo to phosphorylate and activate Gli1, resulting in maximal DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Activated aPKC is upregulated in Smo-inhibitor resistant tumors and targeting aPKC suppresses signaling and growth of resistant BCC cell lines. These results demonstrate aPKC is critical for Hh-dependent processes and implicates aPKC as a new, tumor-selective therapeutic target for the treatment of Smo-inhibitor resistant cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6, 11, we can achieve robust gain- or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Meng Woo
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Dependence of basal cell carcinomas and medulloblastomas on the Hedgehog pathway provides an opportunity for targeted or "personalized" therapy. The recent effectiveness and FDA approval of the first Smoothened inhibitors validates this class of agents, but has revealed drug-resistant tumor variants that bypass Smoothened inhibition. Here, we summarize the effectiveness of Hedgehog pathway inhibitors and highlight promising areas for the development of next generation drug antagonists for Hedgehog-dependent cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Graybill C, Wee B, Atwood SX, Prehoda KE. Partitioning-defective protein 6 (Par-6) activates atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) by pseudosubstrate displacement. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21003-11. [PMID: 22544755 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.360495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) controls cell polarity by modulating substrate cortical localization. Aberrant aPKC activity disrupts polarity, yet the mechanisms that control aPKC remain poorly understood. We used a reconstituted system with purified components and a cultured cell cortical displacement assay to investigate aPKC regulation. We find that aPKC is autoinhibited by two domains within its NH(2)-terminal regulatory half, a pseudosubstrate motif that occupies the kinase active site, and a C1 domain that assists in this process. The Par complex member Par-6, previously thought to inhibit aPKC, is a potent activator of aPKC in our assays. Par-6 and aPKC interact via PB1 domain heterodimerization, and this interaction activates aPKC by displacing the pseudosubstrate, although full activity requires the Par-6 CRIB-PDZ domains. We propose that, along with its previously described roles in controlling aPKC localization, Par-6 allosterically activates aPKC to allow for high spatial and temporal control of substrate phosphorylation and polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Graybill
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bershteyn M, Atwood SX, Woo WM, Li M, Oro AE. MIM and cortactin antagonism regulates ciliogenesis and hedgehog signaling. Dev Cell 2010; 19:270-83. [PMID: 20708589 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is critical for transducing Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, but the mechanisms of its transient assembly are poorly understood. Previously we showed that the actin regulatory protein Missing-in-Metastasis (MIM) regulates Shh signaling, but the nature of MIM's role was unknown. Here we show that MIM is required at the basal body of mesenchymal cells for cilia maintenance, Shh responsiveness, and de novo hair follicle formation. MIM knockdown results in increased Src kinase activity and subsequent hyperphosphorylation of the actin regulator Cortactin. Importantly, inhibition of Src or depletion of Cortactin compensates for the cilia defect in MIM knockdown cells, whereas overexpression of Src or phospho-mimetic Cortactin is sufficient to inhibit ciliogenesis. Our results suggest that MIM promotes ciliogenesis by antagonizing Src-dependent phosphorylation of Cortactin and describe a mechanism linking regulation of the actin cytoskeleton with ciliogenesis and Shh signaling during tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
38
|
Atwood SX, Prehoda KE. aPKC phosphorylates Miranda to polarize fate determinants during neuroblast asymmetric cell division. Curr Biol 2009; 19:723-9. [PMID: 19375318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric cell divisions generate daughter cells with distinct fates by polarizing fate determinants into separate cortical domains. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of cell polarity. In Drosophila neuroblasts, apically restricted aPKC is required for segregation of neuronal differentiation factors such as Numb and Miranda to the basal cortical domain. Whereas Numb is polarized by direct aPKC phosphorylation, Miranda asymmetry is thought to occur via a complicated cascade of repressive interactions (aPKC -| Lgl -| myosin II -| Miranda). RESULTS Here we provide biochemical, cellular, and genetic data showing that aPKC directly phosphorylates Miranda to exclude it from the cortex and that Lgl antagonizes this activity. Miranda is phosphorylated by aPKC at several sites in its cortical localization domain and phosphorylation is necessary and sufficient for cortical displacement, suggesting that the repressive-cascade model is incorrect. In investigating key results that led to this model, we found that Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor used to implicate myosin II, efficiently inhibits aPKC. Lgl3A, a nonphosphorylatable Lgl variant used to implicate Lgl in this process, inhibits the formation of apical aPKC crescents in neuroblasts. Furthermore, Lgl directly inhibits aPKC kinase activity. CONCLUSIONS Miranda polarization during neuroblast asymmetric cell division occurs by displacement from the apical cortex by direct aPKC phosphorylation. Rather than mediating Miranda cortical displacement, Lgl instead promotes aPKC asymmetry by regulating its activity. The role of myosin II in neuroblast polarization, if any, is unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Cdc42 recruits Par-6-aPKC to establish cell polarity from worms to mammals. Although Cdc42 is reported to have no function in Drosophila neuroblasts, a model for cell polarity and asymmetric cell division, we show that Cdc42 colocalizes with Par-6-aPKC at the apical cortex in a Bazooka-dependent manner, and is required for Par-6-aPKC localization. Loss of Cdc42 disrupts neuroblast polarity: cdc42 mutant neuroblasts have cytoplasmic Par-6-aPKC, and this phenotype is mimicked by neuroblast-specific expression of a dominant-negative Cdc42 protein or a Par-6 protein that lacks Cdc42-binding ability. Conversely, expression of constitutively active Cdc42 leads to ectopic Par-6-aPKC localization and corresponding cell polarity defects. Bazooka remains apically enriched in cdc42 mutants. Robust Cdc42 localization requires Par-6, indicating the presence of feedback in this pathway. In addition to regulating Par-6-aPKC localization, Cdc42 increases aPKC activity by relieving Par-6 inhibition. We conclude that Cdc42 regulates aPKC localization and activity downstream of Bazooka, thereby directing neuroblast cell polarity and asymmetric cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott X Atwood
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|